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Zhao Y, Cui Y, Ni W, Yu S, Pan D, Liu S, Jia Z, Gao Y, Zhao D, Liu M, Wang S. Ginseng total saponin improves red blood cell oxidative stress injury by regulating tyrosine phosphorylation and glycolysis in red blood cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155785. [PMID: 38823342 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is the main cause of many diseases, but because of its complex pathogenic factors, there is no clear method for treating it. Ginseng total saponin (GTS) an important active ingredients in Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (PG) and has potential therapeutic ability for oxidative stress due to various causes. However, the molecular mechanism of GTS in the treating oxidative stress damage in red blood cells (RBCs) is still unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the protective effect of GTS on RBCs under oxidative stress damage and to determine its potential mechanism. METHODS The oxidative stress models of rat RBCs induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and exhaustive swimming in vivo and in vitro was used. We determined the cell morphology, oxygen carrying capacity, apoptosis, antioxidant capacity, and energy metabolism of RBCs. The effect of tyrosine phosphorylation (pTyr) of Band 3 protein on RBCs glycolysis was also examined. RESULTS GTS reduced the hemolysis of RBCs induced by H2O2 at the lowest concentration. Moreover, GTS effectively improved the morphology, enhanced the oxygen carrying capacity, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in RBCs. GTS also promoted the expression of membrane proteins in RBCs, inhibited pTyr of Band 3 protein, and further improved glycolysis, restoring the morphological structure and physiological function of RBCs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows, that GTS can protect RBCs from oxidative stress damage by improving RBCs morphology and physiological function. Changes in pTyr expression and its related pTyr regulatory enzymes before and after GTS treatment suggest that Band 3 protein is the main target of GTS in the treating endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress. Moreover, GTS can enhance the glycolytic ability of RBCs by inhibiting pTyr of Band 3 protein, thereby restoring the function of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchu Zhao
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Weifeng Ni
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Shiting Yu
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Daian Pan
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Academic Affairs Office, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Ziyi Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Siming Wang
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
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Liu L, Jin M, Han X, Dou D. Identifying biomarkers of ginseng medicines with different natures on heart failure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118134. [PMID: 38574777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The nature of Chinese medicine is a unique index to measure its efficacy. Generally, treating the hot syndrome with cold nature medicine and vice versa. Ginseng medicines, a renowned Chinese medicine known for its qi tonifying action, encompasses various herbal materials such as ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng (GS, RG, and BG, respectively), ginseng leaves (GL), and American ginseng (AG), which exhibited different natures, thought contained similar ginsenosides. This traditional effect of GS and RG "reinvigorate the pulse for relieving qi depletion". It is closely linked to anti-heart failure (HF), HF is a clinical manifestation of deficiency of "heart-qi". However, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying the anti-HF effects of ginseng medicines with different natures remains a significant challenge. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effect of ginseng medicines on HF, and to identify biomarkers associated with their various natures. Furthermore, it provides the basis for the different applications of ginseng medicines with various natures. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study established a rat model of HF induced by isoproterenol (ISO) combined with a specific diet. Four representative hot/cold herbs were selected as compared references for the medicine natures. The divergent effects of these herbs on the HF model were investigated by analyzing RNA-seq data to identify genes expressed differentially. Additionally, pathways associated with medicine natures were obtained using KEGG. Furthermore, UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS, as well as ELISA, were used to measure indexes associated with the nervous system, energy metabolisms, and endocrinology systems, such as BNP, CK, IL-1, T3, T4, cAMP, cGMP, AD, adrenal hormones (DOC, CORT, and COR), progestogens (pregnenolone, P, 17-OH-PR, and 17-OH-P), androgens (DHEA, A4, and T), and estrogens hormones (E2). RESULTS All ginseng medicines demonstrated varying levels of efficacy in alleviating HF and GS exhibited a significant protective effect on HF. The ginseng medicines with qi tonifying primarily achieve their effect by enhancing the levels of adrenal hormones (DOC, CORT, and COR), T4, elevation of cAMP/cGMP, and activation of AchE. Warm nature qi tonifying ginseng medicines increased the levels of 17-OH-PR and P while decreasing 17-OH-P and the ratio of E2/T. On the other hand, cold nature qi tonifying ginseng medicines decreased the levels of A4 and T while increasing the ratio of E2/T. CONCLUSION Overall, the effects of warm nature ginseng medicines are stronger on HF compared to cold nature ginseng medicines. Our research firstly reported that the E2/T ratio, progestogens (17-OH-PR, 17-OH-P, and P), and androgens (A4 and T) have been identified as significant biomarkers for discerning the mechanism differences of ginseng medicines with differences natures in treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Mozhu Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xueying Han
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China.
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Hernández-García D, Granado-Serrano AB, Martín-Gari M, Ensenyat A, Naudí A, Serrano JCE. Short-Term Panax Ginseng Extract Supplementation Reduces Fasting Blood Triacylglycerides and Oxygen Consumption during Sub-Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Male Recreational Athletes. Biomolecules 2024; 14:533. [PMID: 38785940 PMCID: PMC11118118 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a popular herbal supplement among athletes, is believed to enhance exercise capacity and performance. This study investigated the short-term effects of Panax ginseng extract (PG) on aerobic capacity, lipid profile, and cytokines. In a 14-day randomized, double-blind trial, male participants took 500 mg of PG daily. Two experiments were conducted: one in 10 km races (n = 31) and another in a laboratory-controlled aerobic capacity test (n = 20). Blood lipid and cytokine profile, ventilation, oxygen consumption, hemodynamic and fatigue parameters, and race time were evaluated. PG supplementation led to reduced total blood lipid levels, particularly in triacylglycerides (10 km races -7.5 mg/dL (95% CI -42 to 28); sub-maximal aerobic test -14.2 mg/dL (95% CI -52 to 23)), while post-exercise blood IL-10 levels were increased (10 km 34.0 pg/mL (95% CI -2.1 to 70.1); sub-maximal aerobic test 4.1 pg/mL (95% CI -2.8 to 11.0)), and oxygen consumption decreased during the sub-maximal aerobic test (VO2: -1.4 mL/min/kg (95% CI -5.8 to -0.6)). No significant differences were noted in race time, hemodynamic, or fatigue parameters. Overall, PG supplementation for 2 weeks showed benefits in blood lipid profile and energy consumption during exercise among recreational athletes. This suggests a potential role for PG in enhancing exercise performance and metabolic health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Hernández-García
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Ana Belén Granado-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Meritxell Martín-Gari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Assumpta Ensenyat
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, 08038 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Alba Naudí
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
| | - Jose C. E. Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, NUTREN-Nutrigenomics, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.H.-G.); (A.B.G.-S.); (M.M.-G.); (A.N.)
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Liu L, Han X, Shan G, Fu L, Dou D. Mechanism difference of ginseng medicines with different natures on hyperthyroidism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117194. [PMID: 37742875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Medicinal nature is a unique index in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to measure the efficacy of Chinese medicines. Hyperthyroidism, qi-Yin deficiency syndrome in TCM was regarded as the classic heat syndrome category in Chinese medicine. Moreover, it is extensively employed to evaluate the medicinal nature of herbs within the framework of the 'hot/cold' nature theory. Ginseng, red and black ginseng (GS, RG, and BG, respectively), and ginseng leaves (GL) are qi-tonifying herbs with different medicinal natures and were just right used to examine the underlying mechanisms between the nature of ginseng medicines and their tonifying effect. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the different mechanisms between different natures of ginseng medicines and their qi-tonifying action by comparison of their effects on hyperthyroidism and elucidate the nature of BG. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hyperthyroidism model was induced through the oral administration of Euthyrox. Steroids belonging to hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes were determined with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) method. Furthermore, the biochemical indexes associated with energy metabolism, including the serum cyclic nucleotide system and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways were examined. Additionally, the gut microbiota was subjected to 16 S rDNA sequencing, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). RESULTS GS, RG, and BG could treat hyperthyroidism rats by regulating the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis. The RG also had a strong regulatory effect on the HPA and HPG axis. The BG has a regulatory effect on the HPG axis. GL had a strong regulatory effect on HPA, HPG, and HPT axes. GS had the ability to regulate Firmicutes/Bacteroides of the intestinal flora, and GS, RG, and BG ameliorated the decrease of SCFAs induced by hyperthyroidism. According to PCA, BG is similar to GS, indicating a mild-warm nature. CONCLUSION The nature of BG was attributable to mild-warm and the GL with cold nature is best for the treatment of hyperthyroidism based on PCA analysis with all the bio-indices. In addition, the mechanism study indicated that the qi-tonifying effects of ginseng medicines are involved in HPT, HPA, and HPG axes to alleviate hyperthyroidism. In addition, the primary indexes reflected different natures of ginseng medicines are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), AchE, and substance metabolism associated with Na+-K+-ATPase and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, which are potential biomarkers for evaluation on the natures of qi-tonifying medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Xueying Han
- Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Guoshun Shan
- Department of Processing of Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China.
| | - Li Fu
- Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicine Development Co.Ltd, China
| | - Deqiang Dou
- Department of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China.
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Bioactive Compounds as Inhibitors of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Regulation of Cellular Redox Balance and Histone Acetylation State. Foods 2023; 12:foods12050925. [PMID: 36900446 PMCID: PMC10000917 DOI: 10.3390/foods12050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds (BCs) are known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties by regulating the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state. BCs can control chronic oxidative states caused by dietary stress, i.e., alcohol, high-fat, or high-glycemic diet, and adjust the redox balance to recover physiological conditions. Unique functions of BCs to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) can resolve the redox imbalance due to the excessive generation of ROS. The ability of BCs to regulate the histone acetylation state contributes to the activation of transcription factors involved in immunity and metabolism against dietary stress. The protective properties of BCs are mainly ascribed to the roles of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). As a histone deacetylase (HDAC), SIRT1 modulates the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state by mediating ROS generation, regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH ratio, and activating NRF2 in metabolic progression. In this study, the unique functions of BCs against diet-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction have been considered by focusing on the cellular redox balance and histone acetylation state. This work may provide evidence for the development of effective therapeutic agents from BCs.
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Wang Y, Zhao R, Wu C, Liang X, He L, Wang L, Wang X. Activation of the sirtuin silent information regulator 1 pathway inhibits pathological myocardial remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111320. [PMID: 36843938 PMCID: PMC9950519 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial remodeling refers to structural and functional disorders of the heart caused by molecular biological changes in the cardiac myocytes in response to neurological and humoral factors. A variety of heart diseases, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and valvular heart disease, can cause myocardial remodeling and eventually lead to heart failure. Therefore, counteracting myocardial remodeling is essential for the prevention and treatment of heart failure. Sirt1 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent deacetylase that plays a wide range of roles in transcriptional regulation, energy metabolism regulation, cell survival, DNA repair, inflammation, and circadian regulation. It positively or negatively regulates myocardial remodeling by participating in oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and other processes. Taking into account the close relationship between myocardial remodeling and heart failure and the involvement of SIRT1 in the development of the former, the role of SIRT1 in the prevention of heart failure via inhibition of myocardial remodeling has received considerable attention. Recently, multiple studies have been conducted to provide a better understanding of how SIRT1 regulates these phenomena. This review presents the progress of research involving SIRT1 pathway involvement in the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial remodeling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rusheng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chengyan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xuefei Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,Department of Cardiology, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China,*Correspondence: Libo Wang, ; Xuehui Wang,
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China,*Correspondence: Libo Wang, ; Xuehui Wang,
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu S, Ni W, Bai X, Yang Z, Zhao D, Liu M. Ginseng polysaccharide attenuates red blood cells oxidative stress injury by regulating red blood cells glycolysis and liver gluconeogenesis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115716. [PMID: 36122792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (PG) is famous for "Qi-tonifying" effect, which has a medicinal history of more than 2 millennia. Modern pharmacology has confirmed that the "Qi-tonifying" effect of PG may be closely related to its pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidation, antineoplastic and treatment of cardiovascular disease. As one of the earliest cells affected by oxidative stress, RBCs are widely used in the diagnosis of diseases. Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS), is one of the major active components of PG, which plays an important role in resisting oxidative stress, affecting energy metabolism and other effects. However, the molecular mechanism explaining the "Qi-tonifying" effect of GPS from the perspective of RBCs oxidative damage has not been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of GPS on oxidatively damaged RBCs using in vitro and in vivo models and explore the molecular mechanisms from the perspective of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. To provides a theoretical basis for the future research of antioxidant drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Established three different in vitro and in vivo research models: an in vitro model of RBCs exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (40 mM), an in vivo model of RBCs from rats subjected to exhaustive swimming, and an in vitro model of BRL-3A cells exposed to H2O2 (25 μM). All three models were also tested in the presence of different concentrations of GPS. RESULTS The findings showed that GPS was the most potent antagonist of H2O2-induced hemolysis and redox inbalance in RBCs. In exhaustive exercise rats, GPS ameliorated RBVs hemolysis, including reducing whole-blood viscosity (WBV), improving deformability, oxygen-carrying and -releasing capacities, which was related to the enhancing of antioxidant capacity. Moreover, GPS promoted RBCs glycolysis in rats with exhaustive exercise by recovering the activities of glycolysis-related enzymes and increasing band 3 protein expression, thereby regulating the imbalance of energy metabolism caused by oxidative stress. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GPS improved antioxidant defense system, enhanced energy metabolism, and regulated gluconeogenesis via activating PPAR gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) pathway in H2O2-exposed BRL-3A cells. Mechanistically, GPS promoted glycolysis and protected RBCs from oxidative injury was partly dependent on the regulation of gluconeogenesis, as inhibition of gluconeogenesis by metformin (Met) attenuates the regulation of antioxidant enzymes and key enzymes of glycolytic by GPS in exhaustive exercise rats. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GPS protects RBCs from oxidative stress damage by promoting RBCs glycolysis and liver gluconeogenesis pathways. These results may contribute to the study of new RBCs treatments to boost antioxidant capacity and protect RBCs against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Wang
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Yuchu Zhao
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Junjie Yang
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Shichao Liu
- Academic Affairs Office, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Weifeng Ni
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Xueyuan Bai
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
| | - Meichen Liu
- Northeast Asian Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China.
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Huang Q, Lou T, Lu J, Wang M, Chen X, Xue L, Tang X, Qi W, Zhang Z, Su H, Jin W, Jing C, Zhao D, Sun L, Li X. Major ginsenosides from Panax ginseng promote aerobic cellular respiration and SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:759-770. [PMID: 36312736 PMCID: PMC9597436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic cellular respiration provides chemical energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to maintain multiple cellular functions. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) can deacetylate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) to promote mitochondrial biosynthesis. Targeting energy metabolism is a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cardiac and neurological disorders. Ginsenosides, one of the major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, have been extensively used due to their diverse beneficial effects on healthy subjects and patients with different diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of total ginsenosides (GS) on energy metabolism remain unclear. Methods In this study, oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, mitochondrial biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, and SIRT1-PGC-1α pathways in untreated and GS-treated different cells, fly, and mouse models were investigated. Results GS pretreatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration capacity and ATP production in aerobic respiration-dominated cardiomyocytes and neurons, and promoted tricarboxylic acid metabolism in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, GS clearly enhanced NAD+-dependent SIRT1 activation to increase mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons, which was completely abrogated by nicotinamide. Importantly, ginsenoside monomers, such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rh1, Rb2, and Rb3, were found to activate SIRT1 and promote energy metabolism. Conclusion This study may provide new insights into the extensive application of ginseng for cardiac and neurological protection in healthy subjects and patients.
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Li XX, Wu Y, Fan ZJ, Cui J, Li D, Lin Q, Zhuang R, Yan RK, Lin Q, Li Y. Qishen Taohong Granule () as Adjuvant Therapy for Improving Cardiac Function and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:12-19. [PMID: 34387827 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-2866-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm the improvement of cardiac function and quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) via Chinese medicine (CM) Qishen Taohong Granule (, QTG). METHODS This study was a single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Seventy-six patients from 27 to 84 years old diagnosed with CHF New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III in stage C were enrolled and randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive QTG or trimetazidine (TMZ), in addition to their standard medications for the treatment of CHF. The study period was 4 weeks. The primary outcomes included cardiac function evaluated by NYHA classification and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), as well as QOL evaluated by CHF Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Survival Scale (CHFQLS). The secondary outcomes included 6-min walking test (6MWT), CM syndrome score, symptom and sign scores and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). All indices were measured at baseline and the end of the trial. RESULTS At the 4-week follow-up period, the effective rate according to NYHA classification in the QTG group was better than that in the TMZ group (74.29% vs. 54.29%, P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in post-treatment level of LVEF between the two groups (P>0.05). The CHFQLS scores improved by 13.82±6.04 vs. 7.49±2.28 in the QTG and TMZ groups, respectively (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis of the CHFQLS results showed that physiological function, role limitation and vitality were significantly higher in the QTG group than in the TMZ group (15.76±7.85 vs. 7.40±3.36, P<0.05; 16.00±8.35 vs. 10.53±4.64, P<0.05; 15.31±8.09 vs. 7.89±4.60, P<0.05). Compared with TMZ group, treatment with QTG also demonstrated superior performance with respect to 6MWT, CM syndrome, shortness of breath, fatigue, gasping, general edema and NT-proBNP level. No significant adverse reactions or adverse cardiac events occurred during treatment in either group. CONCLUSION In addition to conventional treatments, the use of QTG as an adjuvant therapy significantly improved cardiac function and QOL in patients with CHF class II or III in stage C. [Registration No. ChiCTR1900022036 (retrospectively registered)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Li
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Zong-Jing Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China
| | - Quan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Rui Zhuang
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong-Kun Yan
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100078, China.
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10
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Role of Silent Information Regulator 1 (SIRT1) in Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Inflammation 2021; 43:1589-1598. [PMID: 32410071 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein and has an intricate role in the pathology, progression, and treatment of several diseases. SIRT1 is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase and regulates gene expression by histone deacetylation. Deletion of SIRT1 in the liver, pancreas, and brain significantly increases the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory response. Literature survey on SIRT1 shows the evidence for its role in preventing oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely related pathophysiological processes and are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic disorders such as fatty liver diseases, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Both oxidative stress and inflammation alter the expression of several genes such as nuclear factor E2 related factor (Nrf2), nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nef2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX1), interleukin-1 (IL1), forkhead box class O (FOXO), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). By annotating this knowledge, we can conclude that modulating the expression of SIRT1 might prevent the onset of diseases inexorably linked to the liver, pancreas, and brain. Graphical Abstract Role of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) in the pancreas, brain, and liver.
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11
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Thu VT, Yen NTH, Tung NH, Bich PT, Han J, Kim HK. Majonoside-R2 extracted from Vietnamese ginseng protects H9C2 cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via modulating mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127814. [PMID: 33486054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vietnamese ginseng has a therapeutic effect on various diseases; however its bioactivity against cardiac hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR) injury remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the protective roles of total saponin extract (TSE) and majonoside-R2 (MR2) targeting mitochondria in HR-induced rat cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells. The results showed that both TSE and MR2 effectively protected the cells from HR damage. Particularly, 9 µM of MR2 significantly increased the viability of HR-induced cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, MR2 treatment markedly prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiolipin content, and an increase in reactive oxygen species production in HR-treated H9C2 cells. Moreover, MR2 treatment altered the mRNA expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis under HR conditions. The present study documented for the first time the cardioprotective effects of MR2 against HR injury by maintaining mitochondrial function and modulating mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ngo Thi Hai Yen
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Pham Thi Bich
- Center for Life Science Research, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jin Han
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Hong T, Kim MY, Da Ly D, Park SJ, Eom YW, Park KS, Baik SK. Ca 2+-activated mitochondrial biogenesis and functions improve stem cell fate in Rg3-treated human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:467. [PMID: 33148318 PMCID: PMC7640456 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mitochondrial functions are essential for cell survival, their critical roles in stem cell fate, including proliferation, differentiation, and senescence, remain elusive. Ginsenoside Rg3 exhibits various biological activities and reportedly increases mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. Herein, we observed that Rg3 increased proliferation and suppressed senescence of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Osteogenic, but not adipogenic, differentiation was facilitated by Rg3 treatment. Rg3 suppressed reactive oxygen species production and upregulated mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase. Consistently, Rg3 strongly augmented basal and ATP synthesis-linked respiration with high spare respiratory capacity. Rg3 treatment elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration contributing to mitochondrial activation. Reduction of intracellular or extracellular Ca2+ levels strongly inhibited Rg3-induced activation of mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis. Taken together, Rg3 enhances capabilities of mitochondrial and antioxidant functions mainly through a Ca2+-dependent pathway, which improves the proliferation and differentiation potentials and prevents the senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeui Hong
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-ro 20, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.,Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dat Da Ly
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-ro 20, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.,Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, 26426, Republic of Korea. .,Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-ro 20, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea. .,Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, 26426, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Effect of Korean Red Ginseng through comparative analysis of cardiac gene expression in db/db mice. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:450-455. [PMID: 34025138 PMCID: PMC8134846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal oriental medicine known to alleviate cardiovascular dysfunction. To analysis the expression of diabetic cardiac complication-associated genes in db/db mice, we studied the cardiac gene expression following KRG treatment. In result, a total of 585 genes were found to be changed in db/db mice. Among the changed expression, 245 genes were found to 2-fold upregulated, and 340 genes were 2-fold downregulated. In addition, the changed gene expressions were ameliorated by KRG. In conclusion, KRG may be possible to normalize cardiac gene expressions in db/db mice.
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14
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Hu WH, Mak SH, Zheng ZY, Xia YJ, Xu ML, Duan R, Dong TTX, Li SP, Zhan CS, Shang XH, Tsim KWK. Shexiang Baoxin Pill, a Traditional Chinese Herbal Formula, Rescues the Cognitive Impairments in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1045. [PMID: 32765267 PMCID: PMC7381243 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP), a formulated traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases for years. This herbal mixture has been shown to promote differentiation of cultured neuronal cells. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of SBP in attenuating cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. METHODS Ethanol and water extracts of SBP, denoted as SBPEtOH and SBPwater, were standardized and applied onto cultured rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. The potential effect of SBPEtOH extract in attenuating the cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice was shown by following lines of evidence: (i) inhibition of Aβ fibril formation, (ii) suppression of secretions of cytokines, and (iii) improvement of behavioral tests by Morris water maze. RESULTS SBPwater and SBPEtOH inhibited the formation of β-amyloid fibrils and protected the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in cultured PC12 cells. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, the treatment of SBPEtOH inhibited expressions of NO, NOS, AChE, as well as aggregation of Aβ. Besides, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were suppressed by SBP treatment in the transgenic mice. Importantly, the behavioral tests by Morris Water maze indicated that SBP attenuated cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSION The current result has supported the notion that SPB might ameliorate the cognitive impairment through multiple targets, suggesting that SBP could be considered as a promising anti-AD agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shing-Hung Mak
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Yu Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Jie Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Miranda Li Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tina Ting-Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau
| | - Chang-Sen Zhan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Innovation of Solid Preparation of TCM, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Shang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Innovation of Solid Preparation of TCM, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Hutchison Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Shin SJ, Jeon SG, Kim JI, Jeong YO, Kim S, Park YH, Lee SK, Park HH, Hong SB, Oh S, Hwang JY, Kim HS, Park H, Nam Y, Lee YY, Kim JJ, Park SH, Kim JS, Moon M. Red Ginseng Attenuates Aβ-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Aβ-mediated Pathology in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3030. [PMID: 31234321 PMCID: PMC6627470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is known to be a major cause of AD pathogenesis. However, recent studies have clarified that mitochondrial deficiency is also a mediator or trigger for AD development. Interestingly, red ginseng (RG) has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on AD pathology. However, there is no evidence showing whether RG extract (RGE) can inhibit the mitochondrial deficit-mediated pathology in the experimental models of AD. The effects of RGE on Aβ-mediated mitochondrial deficiency were investigated in both HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and the brains of 5XFAD Aβ-overexpressing transgenic mice. To examine whether RGE can affect mitochondria-related pathology, we used immunohistostaining to study the effects of RGE on Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis in hippocampal formation of 5XFAD mice. In vitro and in vivo findings indicated that RGE significantly improves Aβ-induced mitochondrial pathology. In addition, RGE significantly ameliorated AD-related pathology, such as Aβ deposition, gliosis, and neuronal loss, and deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in brains with AD. Our results suggest that RGE may be a mitochondria-targeting agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Yu-On Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Seong-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ha Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Sua Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - HyunHee Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34128, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hyun Park
- R&D center for Advanced Pharmaceuticals & Evaluation, Korea Institute of toxicology, 141, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea.
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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16
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Huang Y, Yao P, Leung KW, Wang H, Kong XP, Wang L, Dong TTX, Chen Y, Tsim KWK. The Yin-Yang Property of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Relates to Chemical Composition but Not Anti-Oxidative Activity: An Illustration Using Spleen-Meridian Herbs. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1304. [PMID: 30498446 PMCID: PMC6249273 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
"Yin-Yang" and "Five Elements" theories are the basis theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). To probe and clarify the theoretical basis of these ancient Chinese wisdoms, extensive efforts have been taken, however, without a full success. In the classification of TCM herbs, hot, cold and neutral herbs are believed to possess distinct profile of chemical compositions of which the compounds should have different polarity and mass: this view provides a new perspective for further illustration. To understand the chemical properties of TCMs in the classification of "Yin-Yang" and "Five Elements," 15 commonly used herbs attributed to spleen-meridian were selected for analyses. Chemically standardized water extracts, 50% ethanol extracts and 90% ethanol extracts were prepared and subjected to different analytic measurements. Principle component analysis (PCA) of full spectrum of HPLC, NMR and LC-MS of the extracts were established. The results revealed that the LC-MS profile showed a strong correlation with the "Yin-Yang" classification criterion. The Yang-stimulating herbs generally contain more compounds with lower molecular weight and less polar property. Additionally, a comprehensive anti-oxidative profiles of selected herbs were developed, and the results showed that its correlation with cold and hot properties of TCM, however, was rather low. Taken together, the "Yin-Yang" nature of TCM is closely related to the physical properties of the ingredients, such as polarity and molecular mass; while such classification has little correlation with anti-oxidative property. Therefore, the present results provide a new direction in probing the basic principle of TCM classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Wing Leung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Huaiyou Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Peng Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Long Wang
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Tina Ting Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Yicun Chen
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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17
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Huang Y, Kwan KKL, Leung KW, Wang H, Kong XP, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. The Extracts and Major Compounds Derived from Astragali Radix Alter Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Cultured Cardiomyocytes: Comparison of Various Polar Solvents and Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1574. [PMID: 29799462 PMCID: PMC6032251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragali Radix (AR) is a widely used "Qi-invigorating" herb in China for its tonic effects in strengthening biological tissues. The extract of AR contains abundant antioxidants, including astragalosides and isoflavonoids. However, very few reports have systematically measured the effects of the major components of AR on cell mitochondrial bioenergetics. Here, a systemic approach employing an extracellular flux analyzer was developed to evaluate mitochondrial respiration in cultured cardiomyocyte cells H9C2. The effects of different polar extractives, as well as of the major compounds of AR, were compared. The contents of astragaloside IV, calycosin, formononetin, and genistein in the AR extracts obtained by using water, 50% ethanol, and 90% ethanol were measured by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC⁻MS). The antioxidant activities of the AR extracts, as well as of their major compounds, were determined by measuring the free radical scavenging activity and protective effects in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-treated H9C2 cells. By monitoring the real-time oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in tBHP-treated cardiomyocytes with a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, the tonic effects of the AR extracts and of their main compounds on mitochondrial bioenergetics were evaluated. AR water extracts possessed the strongest antioxidant activity and protective effects in cardiomyocytes exposed to oxidative stress. The protection was proposed to be mediated via increasing the spare respiratory capacity and mitochondrial ATP production in the stressed cells. The major compounds of AR, astragaloside IV and genistein, showed opposite effects in regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. These results demonstrate that highly polar extracts of AR, especially astragaloside-enriched extracts, possess better tonic effects on mitochondrial bioenergetics of cultured cardiomyocytes than extracts with a lower polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kenneth Kin Leung Kwan
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Wing Leung
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Huaiyou Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Xiang Peng Kong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Tina Ting Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518000, China.
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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