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Chen W, Zhao X, Huang Z, Luo S, Zhang X, Sun W, Lan T, He R. Determination of Flavonolignan Compositional Ratios in Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) Extracts Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2024; 29:2949. [PMID: 38998902 PMCID: PMC11243550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle is one of the most popular ingredients in the liver protection products market. Silymarin is the main component of milk thistle and contains multiple isomers. There have been few studies focusing on the compositional ratios of silymarin isomers. In this study, we developed an HPLC method for the separation and quantification of silymarin isomers, thereby elucidating their compositional ratios. Through the analysis of more than 40 milk thistle extract products on the market, we found that the ratios, specifically Ratio 1 (the silybin B content to the silybin A content, SBNB/SBNA) and Ratio 2 (the sum of the contents of silybin B and isosilybin B to the sum of the contents of silybin A and isosilybin A, (SBNB + IBNB)/(SBNA + IBNA)), are highly consistent across milk thistle extracts, averaging approximately 1.58 and 1.28, respectively. Furthermore, such ratios were verified in milk thistle seed samples. This study introduces significant findings concerning the stable ratios among silymarin isomers in milk thistle extracts and seeds, thereby offering an innovative approach for quality assurance of milk thistle extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Zhenghua Huang
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Shihui Luo
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Sun
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Tao Lan
- China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruikun He
- BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510663, China
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2
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Li J, Lin M, Xie Z, Chen L, Qi J, Yu B. Target Cell Extraction and Spectrum-Effect Relationship Coupled with BP Neural Network Classification for Screening Potential Bioactive Components in Ginseng Extract with a Protective Effect against Myocardial Damage. Molecules 2024; 29:2028. [PMID: 38731522 PMCID: PMC11085743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become a common ailment that endangers human health, having garnered widespread attention due to its high prevalence, recurrence rate, and sudden death risk. Ginseng possesses functions such as invigorating vital energy, enhancing vein recovery, promoting body fluid and blood nourishment, calming the nerves, and improving cognitive function. It is widely utilized in the treatment of various heart conditions, including palpitations, chest pain, heart failure, and other ailments. Although numerous research reports have investigated the cardiovascular activity of single ginsenoside, there remains a lack of systematic research on the specific components group that predominantly contribute to cardiovascular efficacy in ginseng medicinal materials. In this research, the spectrum-effect relationship, target cell extraction, and BP neural network classification were used to establish a rapid screening system for potential active substances. The results show that red ginseng extract (RGE) can improve the decrease in cell viability and ATP content and inhibit the increase in ROS production and LDH release in OGD-induced H9c2 cells. A total of 70 ginsenosides were identified in RGE using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Chromatographic fingerprints were established for 12 batches of RGE by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 36 common ingredients were found in 12 batches of RGE. The cell viability, ATP, ROS, and LDH of 12 batches RGE were tested to establish gray relationship analysis (GRA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). BP neural network classification and target cell extraction were used to narrow down the scope of Spectral efficiency analysis and screen the potential active components. According to the cell experiments, RGE can improve the cell viability and ATP content and reduce the oxidative damage. Then, seven active ingredients, namely, Ginsenoside Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rb1, Rd, Re, and Ro, were screened out, and their cardiovascular activity was confirmed in the OGD model. The seven ginsenosides were the main active substances of red ginseng in treating myocardial injury. This study offers a reference for quality control in red ginseng and preparations containing red ginseng for the management of cardiovascular diseases. It also provides ideas for screening active ingredients of the same type of multi-pharmacologically active traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Min Lin
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zexin Xie
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liwenyu Chen
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; (J.L.); (M.L.); (Z.X.); (L.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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3
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Wang R, Zhou T, Wang Y, Dong J, Bai Y, Huang X, Chen C. Exploring the allelopathic autotoxicity mechanism of ginsenosides accumulation under ginseng decomposition based on integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1365229. [PMID: 38515624 PMCID: PMC10955472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1365229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous cropping obstacles seriously constrained the sustainable development of the ginseng industry. The allelopathic autotoxicity of ginsenosides is the key "trigger" of continuous cropping obstacles in ginseng. During harvest, the ginseng plants could be broken and remain in the soil. The decomposition of ginseng residue in soil is one of the important release ways of ginsenosides. Therefore, the allelopathic mechanism of ginsenosides through the decomposed release pathway needs an in-depth study. To investigate this allelopathic regulation mechanism, the integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics was applied. The prototype ginsenosides in ginseng were detected converse to rare ginsenosides during decomposition. The rare ginsenosides caused more serious damage to ginseng hairy root cells and inhibited the growth of ginseng hairy roots more significantly. By high-throughput RNA sequencing gene transcriptomics study, the significantly differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained under prototype and rare ginsenoside interventions. These DEGs were mainly enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and metabolic pathways, phytohormone signal transduction, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathways. Based on the functional enrichment of DEGs, the targeted metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-MS/MS determination was applied to screen endogenous differential metabolized phytohormones (DMPs). The influence of prototype and rare ginsenosides on the accumulation of endogenous phytohormones was studied. These were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid, zeatin, and secondary metabolites, phytohormone signal transduction, and metabolic pathways. After integrating the transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, ginsenosides could regulate the genes in phytohormone signaling pathways to influence the accumulation of JA, ABA, and SA. The conclusion was that the prototype ginsenosides were converted into rare ginsenosides by ginseng decomposition and released into the soil, which aggravated its allelopathic autotoxicity. The allelopathic mechanism was to intervene in the response regulation of genes related to the metabolic accumulation of endogenous phytohormones in ginseng. This result provides a reference for the in-depth study of continuous cropping obstacles of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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4
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Zhang YX, Wang XF, Niu YQ, Wang YG, Zhang WJ, Song ZP, Yang J, Li LF. Evolutionary roles of polyploidization-derived structural variations in the phenotypic diversification of Panax species. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4999-5012. [PMID: 37525516 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Genomic structural variations (SVs) are widespread in plant and animal genomes and play important roles in phenotypic novelty and species adaptation. Frequent whole genome duplications followed by (re)diploidizations have resulted in high diversity of genome architecture among extant species. In this study, we identified abundant genomic SVs in the Panax genus that are hypothesized to have occurred through during the repeated polyploidizations/(re)diploidizations. Our genome-wide comparisons demonstrated that although these polyploidization-derived SVs have evolved at distinct evolutionary stages, a large number of SV-intersecting genes showed enrichment in functionally important pathways related to secondary metabolites, photosynthesis and basic cellular activities. In line with these observations, our metabolic analyses of these Panax species revealed high diversity of primary and secondary metabolites both at the tissue and interspecific levels. In particular, genomic SVs identified at ginsenoside biosynthesis genes, including copy number variation and large fragment deletion, appear to have played important roles in the evolution and diversification of ginsenosides. A further herbivore deterrence experiment demonstrated that, as major triterpenoidal saponins found exclusively in Panax, ginsenosides provide protection against insect herbivores. Our study provides new insights on how polyploidization-derived SVs have contributed to phenotypic novelty and plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qian Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Guo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Feng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Yang J, Song J, Shilpha J, Jeong BR. Top and Side Lighting Induce Morphophysiological Improvements in Korean Ginseng Sprouts ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Grown from One-Year-Old Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2849. [PMID: 37571002 PMCID: PMC10421474 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, not only the roots, but also leaves and flowers of ginseng are increasingly popular ingredients in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. The cultivation of the shade-loving crop, ginseng, is very demanding in terms of the light environment. Along with the intensity and duration, light direction is another important factor in regulating plant morphophysiology. In the current study, three lighting directions-top (T), side (S), or top + side (TS)-with an intensity of 30 ± 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were employed. Generally, compared with the single T lighting, the composite lighting direction, TS, was more effective in shaping the ginseng with improved characteristics, including shortened, thick shoots; enlarged, thick leaves; more leaf trichomes; earlier flower bud formation; and enhanced photosynthesis. The single S light resulted in the worst growth parameters and strongly inhibited the flower bud formation, leading to the latest flower bud observation. Additionally, the S lighting acted as a positive factor in increasing the leaf thickness and number of trichomes on the leaf adaxial surface. However, the participation of the T lighting weakened these traits. Overall, the TS lighting was the optimal direction for improving the growth and development traits in ginseng. This preliminary research may provide new ideas and orientations in ginseng cultivation lodging resistance and improving the supply of ginseng roots, leaves, and flowers to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Yang
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Jia Sixie College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinnan Song
- Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Jia Sixie College of Agriculture, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayabalan Shilpha
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea;
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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6
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Ji C, Lu Y, Li J, Hua MZ, Xie Y, Ma Y, Shi R, Zhao L, Yang M, He X, Zheng W, Lu X. Determination of Dencichine in Panax notoginseng in the Forest and Field Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27450-27457. [PMID: 37546611 PMCID: PMC10399182 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Dencichine is a nonprotein amino acid, an effective ingredient in Panax notoginseng with hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects. There are few studies on the effects of regions and cultivation models on the accumulation of dencichine. In the current study, the content of dencichine in P. notoginseng collected from its global cultivation and trading center Yunnan, China, (>640 samples) was determined using an optimized high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with a diode array detector but without derivatization. The recovery rate of this method was 80-110%, the relative standard deviation was <10%, and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.003% (w/w) and 0.01% (w/w), respectively. The content of dencichine in each part of P. notoginseng was as follows: rootlets (39.59%) > main roots (29.91%) > leaves (16.21%) > stems (14.29%). For leaves, P. notoginseng in the forest (5.52 ± 2.26 mg/g) was significantly higher than that in the field (3.93 ± 1.72 mg/g) but opposite for main roots. The origins and altitudes made different contributions to the accumulation of dencichine in P. notoginseng. This study provides an effective analytical method to determine dencichines in various parts of P. notoginseng from different origins and altitudes and supports quality control and product development of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ji
- Laboratory
for Quality Control and Traceability of Food and Agricultural Products, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuxiao Lu
- Department
of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural
and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory
for Quality Control and Traceability of Food and Agricultural Products, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Marti Z. Hua
- Department
of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural
and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Laboratory
for Quality Control and Traceability of Food and Agricultural Products, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory
for Quality Control and Traceability of Food and Agricultural Products, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key
Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the
Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape
Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Liangjuan Zhao
- The
Animal, Plant & Foodstuff Inspection Center of Tianjin Customs, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Min Yang
- State
Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in
Yunnan, National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology
of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xiahong He
- Key
Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the
Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape
Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
- State
Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in
Yunnan, National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology
of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Laboratory
for Quality Control and Traceability of Food and Agricultural Products, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Key
Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the
Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape
Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry
University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
- State
Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in
Yunnan, National Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology
of Agricultural Biodiversity, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Department
of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural
and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3 V9, Canada
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7
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Yang J, Qiu M, Lu T, Yang S, Yu J, Lin J, Ma H, Guo Z, Chen Z, Han X, Zhang D. Discovery and verification of bitter components in Panax notoginseng based on the integrated strategy of pharmacophore model, system separation and bitter tracing technology. Food Chem 2023; 428:136716. [PMID: 37413835 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is a world-renowned tonic herb, which has been used as a characteristic food in Southwest China for hundreds of years. However, the taste of Panax notoginseng is extremely bitter and serious after tasting, and its bitter components are unknown. This manuscript proposes a new strategy for discovering bitter components of Panax notoginseng based on the integrated analysis of pharmacophore model, system separation and bitter tracing technology. Firstly, 16 potential bitter components were obtained by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS combined with virtual screening, most of which were saponins.Then, the bitter components were further separated by system component separation and 5 potential bitter components were obtained. Finally, the main contributors of bitterness in Panax notoginseng were verified to be Ginsenoside Rg1, Ginsenoside Rb1 and Ginsenoside Rd by components knock-in and fNIRS. In general, this paper is the first literature report on the relatively systematic study of bitter components in Panax notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Min Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Tai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Shangdong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, PR China
| | - Ji Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Junzhi Lin
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Hongyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Zhiping Guo
- Sichuan Houde Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhencai Chen
- Department of Psychology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, PR China.
| | - Xue Han
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, PR China; Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou 611900, PR China.
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8
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Sun Y, Liu X, Fu X, Xu W, Guo Q, Zhang Y. Discrepancy Study of the Chemical Constituents of Panax Ginseng from Different Growth Environments with UPLC-MS-Based Metabolomics Strategy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072928. [PMID: 37049688 PMCID: PMC10095802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), the dried root and rhizome of P. ginseng C. A. Meyer, is widely used in many fields as dietary supplements and medicine. To characterize the chemical constituents in P. ginseng cultivated in different growth environments, a UPLC-TOF-MS method was established for qualitative analysis. Four hundred and eight ginsenosides, including 81 new compounds, were characterized in P. ginseng from different regions. Among the detected compounds, 361 ginsenosides were recognized in P. ginseng cultivated in the region of Monsoon Climate of Medium Latitudes, possessing the largest amount of ginsenosides in all samples. Furthermore, 41 ginsenosides in 12 batches of P. ginsengs were quantified with a UPLC-MRM-MS method, and P. ginsengs from different regions were distinguished via chemometric analysis. This study showed that the different environments have a greater influence on P. ginseng, which laid a foundation for further quality control of the herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingmei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Youbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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9
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Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropic Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees as Potential Cognitive Enhancers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12061364. [PMID: 36987052 PMCID: PMC10056569 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based nootropics are a diverse group of natural drugs that can improve cognitive abilities through various physiological mechanisms, especially in cases where these functions are weakened or impaired. In many cases, the nootropics enhance erythrocyte plasticity and inhibit aggregation, which improves the blood's rheological properties and increases its flow to the brain. Many of these formulations possess antioxidant activity that protects brain tissue from neurotoxicity and improves the brain's oxygen supply. They can induce the synthesis of neuronal proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids for constructing and repairing neurohormonal membranes. These natural compounds can potentially be present in a great variety of herbs, shrubs, and even some trees and vines. The plant species reviewed here were selected based on the availability of verifiable experimental data and clinical trials investigating potential nootropic effects. Original research articles, relevant animal studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and clinical trials were included in this review. Selected representatives of this heterogeneous group included Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst., Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Ginkgo biloba L., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Paullinia cupana Kunth, Rhodiola rosea L., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The species are depicted and described, together with their active components and nootropic effects, and evidence of their efficacy is presented. The study provides brief descriptions of the representative species, their occurrence, history, and the chemical composition of the principle medicinal compounds, with uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosages, possible side effects, and contraindications. Most plant nootropics must be taken at optimal doses for extended periods before measurable improvement occurs, but they are generally very well tolerated. Their psychoactive properties are not produced by a single molecule but by a synergistic combination of several compounds. The available data suggest that including extracts from these plants in medicinal products to treat cognitive disorders can have substantial potential therapeutic benefits.
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10
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Sun Y, Fu X, Qu Y, Chen L, Liu X, He Z, Xu J, Yang J, Ma W, Li J, Guo Q, Zhang Y. Characterization of Ginsenosides from the Root of Panax ginseng by Integrating Untargeted Metabolites Using UPLC-Triple TOF-MS. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052068. [PMID: 36903315 PMCID: PMC10004652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the chemical distinctions of Panax ginseng Meyer in different growth environments and explore the effects of growth-environment factors on P. ginseng growth, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Triple-TOF-MS/MS) was used to characterize the ginsenosides obtained by ultrasonic extraction from P. ginseng grown in different growing environments. Sixty-three ginsenosides were used as reference standards for accurate qualitative analysis. Cluster analysis was used to analyze the differences in main components and clarified the influence of growth environment factors on P. ginseng compounds. A total of 312 ginsenosides were identified in four types of P. ginseng, among which 75 were potential new ginsenosides. The number of ginsenosides in L15 was the highest, and the number of ginsenosides in the other three groups was similar, but it was a great difference in specie of ginsenosides. The study confirmed that different growing environments had a great influence on the constituents of P. ginseng, and provided a new breakthrough for the further study of the potential compounds in P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zichao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingmei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (Q.G.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0531-82805106 (Q.G.); +86-10-82805106 (Y.Z.)
| | - Youbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Q.G.); (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-0531-82805106 (Q.G.); +86-10-82805106 (Y.Z.)
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11
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Wang Q, Liu W, Peng B, Gong X, Shi J, Zhang K, Li B, Tu P, Li J, Jiang J, Zhao Y, Song Y. Two-dimensional code enables visibly mapping herbal medicine chemome: an application in Ganoderma lucidum. Chin Med 2023; 18:6. [PMID: 36635742 PMCID: PMC9837956 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical profile provides the pronounced evidence for herbal medicine (HM) authentication; however, the chemome is extremely sophisticated. Fortunately, two-dimensional (2D) code, as a quick response means, is conceptually able to store abundant information, exactly fulfilling the chemical information storage demands of HMs. METHODS We here attempted to denote both MS[Formula: see text] and MS[Formula: see text] dataset of HM with a single 2D-code chart. Measurement of Ganoderma lucidum that is one of the most famous HMs with LC-MS/MS was employed to illustrate the "coding-decoding" workflow for the conversion amongst MS/MS dataset, 2D-code, and chemical profile, and to evaluate the applicability as well. After data acquisition, and m/z value of each deprotonated molecular signal was divided into integer and decimal portions, corresponding to x and y coordinates of 2D-plot, respectively. On the other side, m/z values of all its fragment ions were exactly assigned to serial x values sharing an identical y value being equal to the precursor ion. 2D-code was thereafter produced by plotting these defined dots at a 2D-chart. Regarding a given 2D-code map, the entire chart (x coordinate: 0-600; y coordinate: 0-600) was fragmented into two regions by the line of y=x. MS[Formula: see text] spectral signals always located below the line, whereas all fragment ions lay at the left zone. After extracting information from the edges of each square frame, m/z values of both precursor ion and fragment ions could be harvested and putatively deciphered to a compound through applying some empirical mass fragmentation rules. RESULTS The entire code of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies therefore corresponded exactly to a compound set. The elution program, even the employment of direct infusion, couldn't significantly impact the code, and dramatical differences occurred between different species and amongst different parts of Ganoderma lucidum as well. Not only ganoderic acid cluster but also certain primary metabolites served as the diagnostic compounds towards species differentiation. CONCLUSION 2D-code might be a meaningful, practical visual way for rapid HM recognition because it is convenient to achieve the conversion amongst MS/MS dataset, 2D-barcode plot, and the chemome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Amway (China) Botanical Research Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingcheng Gong
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Amway (Shanghai) Innovation & Science Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- grid.495496.3Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Ji’nan, China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelin Song
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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12
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Tao W, Zhao C, Lin G, Wang Q, Lv Q, Wang S, Chen Y. UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Analysis of the Phytochemical Compositions From Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai Fruits. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 61:15-31. [PMID: 35134870 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (C. speciosa Nakai) is a popular fruit widely used in China for its health-promoting properties. The presences of phytochemical compositions in the plants play an important role in the health benefits. Nevertheless, the detailed information of these ingredients is still unknown. Therefore, in this work, an untargeted analytical method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight coupled to mass spectrometry in two different ionization modes was used to qualitative the phytochemicals in C. speciosa Nakai, meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity of these phytochemicals was researched through detecting the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) that was induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The results showed that there were totally 175 primary and secondary metabolites were identified in the fruit of C. speciosa Nakai, including phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids and other phyto-constituents. Actually, most compounds were described in C. speciosa Nakai fruits for the first time. Besides, the anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the result of NO inhibition rate, the consequence showed that the value of half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 365.208 μg/mL. These results indicate that C. speciosa Nakai is an efficient medicinal fruit, which owns various bioactivities and has the potential to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanyi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Gengxue Lin
- Guangdong Weian Detection Technology Co., Ltd, Jieyang 515300, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongjin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyun Wang
- Center for Core Facilities, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
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13
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Identification of a Hydroxygallic Acid Derivative, Zingibroside R1 and a Sterol Lipid as Potential Active Ingredients of Cuscuta chinensis Extract That Has Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effects in Aged Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194199. [PMID: 36235851 PMCID: PMC9570774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of the extracts from two traditional Chinese medicine plants, Cuscuta chinensis and Eucommia ulmoides, on the healthspan of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. C. chinensis increased the short-term memory and the mechanosensory response of aged C. elegans. Furthermore, both extracts improved the resistance towards oxidative stress, and decreased the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species. Chemical analyses of the extracts revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, and quercetin. A fraction from the C. chinensis extract enriched in zingibroside R1 improved the lifespan, the survival after heat stress, and the locomotion in a manner similar to the full C. chinensis extract. Thus, zingibroside R1 could be (partly) responsible for the observed health benefits of C. chinensis. Furthermore, a hydroxygallic acid derivative and the sterol lipid 4-alpha-formyl-stigmasta-7,24(241)-dien-3-beta-ol are abundantly present in the C. chinensis extract and its most bioactive fraction, but hardly in E. ulmoides, making them good candidates to explain the overall healthspan benefits of C. chinensis compared to the specific positive effects on stress resistance by E. ulmoides. Our findings highlight the overall anti-aging effects of C. chinensis in C. elegans and provide first hints about the components responsible for these effects.
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14
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Quantitative Analysis and Differential Evaluation of Radix Bupleuri Cultivated in Different Regions Based on HPLC-MS and GC-MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154830. [PMID: 35956782 PMCID: PMC9369679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of Radix Bupleuri is greatly affected by its growing environment. In this study, Radix Bupleuri samples that were harvested from seven different regions across northwest China were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to reveal significant differences in quality contributed by the cultivation region. An HPLC-MS method was firstly established and used in the multiple reaction monitoring mode for the quantitative analysis of five saikosaponins in Radix Bupleuri so as to evaluate the difference in the absolute content of saikosaponins attributable to the cultivation region. The effect on the components of Radix Bupleuri was further investigated based on the profiles of the representative saponins and volatile compounds, which were extracted from the Radix Bupleuri samples and analyzed by HPLC-MS and GC-MS. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to differentiate the Radix Bupleuri samples cultivated in different regions and to discover the differential compositions. The developed quantitative method was validated to be accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the determination of five saikosaponins. Further statistical tests revealed that the collected Radix Bupleuri samples were distinctly different from each other in terms of both saponins and volatile compounds, based on the provinces where they were grown. In addition, twenty-eight saponins and fifty-eight volatile compounds were identified as the differentially accumulated compositions that contributed to the discrimination of the Radix Bupleuri samples. The Radix Bupleuri samples grown in Shouyang county showed the highest content of saikosaponins. All of the results indicated that the cultivation region significantly affected the accumulation and diversity of the main chemical components of Radix Bupleuri. The findings of this research provide insights into the effect of the cultivation region on the quality of Radix Bupleuri and the differentiation of Radix Bupleuri cultivated in different regions based on the use of HPLC-MS and GC-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis.
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15
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Jin Y, Hao Y, Zhang H, Qu Z, Wang Y, Piao X. Dynamic changes of ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium fruit at different development stages measured using UHPLC-Orbitrap MS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9270. [PMID: 35178804 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some studies have shown that Panax quinquefolium fruit (PQF) could also be used as a potential medicinal resource. However, little is known about the composition of ginsenosides and their dynamic changes at different development stages of PQF. Therefore, this study is of great significance for the metabolomics and rational utilization of PQF. METHODS The samples were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Orbitrap MS), and the method of metabonomics was applied to profile the dynamic changes of ginsenosides in PQF at different development stages. RESULTS A total of 109 ginsenosides were identified or tentatively characterized. Samples collected from different development stages were significantly discriminated according to ginsenoside contents. A total of 25 potential chemical markers enabling the differentiation were discovered. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the study developed an UHPLC-Orbitrap MS-based approach to detect ginsenoside in PQF at different development stages using a non-targeted mode. This comprehensive phytochemical profile study revealed the structural diversity and discrimination of ginsenosides in PQF at different development stages, which could provide the basis for the metabolomics and rational application of PQF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Jin
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Hao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengyi Qu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangmin Piao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Material, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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16
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Multi-Element Analysis and Origin Discrimination of Panax notoginseng Based on Inductively Coupled Plasma Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092982. [PMID: 35566332 PMCID: PMC9105934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is an important functional health product, and has been used worldwide because of a wide range of pharmacological activities, of which the taproot is the main edible or medicinal part. However, the technologies for origin discrimination still need to be further studied. In this study, an ICP-MS/MS method for the accurate determination of 49 elements was established, whereby the instrumental detection limits (LODs) were between 0.0003 and 7.716 mg/kg, whereas the quantification limits (LOQs) were between 0.0011 and 25.7202 mg/kg, recovery of the method was in the range of 85.82% to 104.98%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 10%. Based on the content of multi-element in P. notoginseng (total of 89 mixed samples), the discriminant models of origins and cultivation models were accurately determined by the neural networks (prediction accuracy was 0.9259 and area under ROC curve was 0.9750) and the support vector machine algorithm (both 1.0000), respectively. The discriminant models established in this study could be used to support transparency and traceability of supply chains of P. notoginseng and thus avoid the fraud of geographic identification.
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17
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Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Dong Q, An Y, Du G, Wang J, Liu J, Su J, Xie H, Liang C, Liu J. Identification of ginsenoside metabolites in plasma related to different bioactivities of Panax notoginseng and Panax Ginseng. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5334. [PMID: 35045586 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the chemical components of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Panax ginseng (PG) are similar, the bioactivities of them are different. In this study, the differential bioactivities of PN and PG were used as the research object. First, the different metabolites in the plasma after oral administration of PN and PG were analyzed by a UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach. Afterward, the metabolite-target- pathway network of PN and PG was constructed, thus the pathways related to different bioactivities were analyzed. As the results, 7 different metabolites were identified in PN group, and 10 different metabolites were identified in the PG group. In the PN group, the metabolite of N1 was related to hemostasis, N1 and N3 were related to inhibiting the nerve center, antihypertensive, and abirritation. The metabolites of N1, N3, N4, N5, and N6 were related to protecting the liver. The results showed that the metabolites of G1, G2, G3, G5, and G6 in PG group were related to anti-heart failure, and G1, G2, G6, and G9 were related to raising blood pressure. There were 13 signaling pathways related to different biological activities of PN (eight pathways) and PG (five pathways). These pathways further clarified the mechanism of action that caused the different bioactivities between PN and PG. In summary, metabolomics combined with network pharmacology could be helpful to clarify the material basis of different bioactivities between PN and PG, promoting the research on PN and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Dong
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Guangguang Du
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jun Su
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | | | - Chongyang Liang
- Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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19
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Ginkgonitroside, a new nitrophenyl glycoside and bioactive compounds from Ginkgo biloba leaves controlling adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128322. [PMID: 34407463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight compounds (1-8) including one novel nitrophenyl glycoside, ginkgonitroside (1) were isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, a popular medicinal plant. The structure of the new compound was characterized using extensive spectroscopic analyses via 1D and 2D NMR data interpretations, HR-ESIMS, and chemical transformation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the presence of nitrophenyl glycosides, which are relatively unique phytochemicals in natural products, in G. biloba. The isolated compounds (1-8) were examined for their effects on the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. Compounds 1-3 and 8 were able to suppress MSC differentiation toward adipocytes. In contrast, compounds 5 and 8 showed activity promoting osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. These findings demonstrate that the active compounds showed regulatory activity on MSC differentiation between adipocytes and osteocytes.
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Nguyen HT, Vu-Huynh KL, Nguyen HM, Le HT, Le THV, Park JH, Nguyen MD. Evaluation of the Saponin Content in Panax vietnamensis Acclimatized to Lam Dong Province by HPLC-UV/CAD. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175373. [PMID: 34500805 PMCID: PMC8433671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax vietnamensis, or Vietnamese ginseng (VG), an endemic Panax species in Vietnam, possesses a unique saponin profile and interesting biological activities. This plant is presently in danger of extinction due to over-exploitation, resulting in many preservation efforts towards the geographical acclimatization of VG. Yet, no information on the saponin content of the acclimatized VG, an important quality indicator, is available. Here, we analyzed the saponin content in the underground parts of two- to five-year-old VG plants acclimatized to Lam Dong province. Nine characteristic saponins, including notoginsenoside-R1, ginsenoside-Rg1, -Rb1, -Rd, majonoside-R1, -R2 vina-ginsenoside-R2, -R11, and pseudoginsenoside-RT4, were simultaneously determined by HPLC coupled with UV and with a charged aerosol detector (CAD). Analyzing the results illustrated that the detection of characteristic ocotillol-type saponins in VG by CAD presented a superior capacity compared with that of UV, thus implying a preferential choice of CAD for the analysis of VG. The quantitative results indicating the saponin content in the underground parts of VG showed an increasing tendency from two to five years old, with the root and the rhizome exhibiting different saponin accumulation patterns. This is the first study that reveals the preliminary success of VG acclimatization and thereby encourages the continuing efforts to develop this valuable saponin-rich plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Kim Long Vu-Huynh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Hien Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Huong Thuy Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (M.D.N.); Tel.: +82-10-37027857 (J.H.P.); +84-28-37761043 (M.D.N.)
| | - Minh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (H.T.N.); (K.L.V.-H.); (H.M.N.); (H.T.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.P.); (M.D.N.); Tel.: +82-10-37027857 (J.H.P.); +84-28-37761043 (M.D.N.)
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Zhao P, He F, Xiao W, Zhu J, Ding Y. A comprehensive evaluation protocol for sulfur fumigation of ginseng using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Zhang N, Huang X, Guo YL, Yue H, Chen CB, Liu SY. Evaluation of storage period of fresh ginseng for quality improvement of dried and red processed varieties. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:290-295. [PMID: 35509815 PMCID: PMC9058840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dried and red ginseng are well-known types of processed ginseng and are widely used as healthy food. The dried and red ginseng quality may vary with the storage period of raw ginseng. Therefore, herein, the effect of the storage period of fresh ginseng on processed ginseng quality was evaluated through multicomponent quantification with statistical analysis. Methods A method based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (UPLC-MRM-MS) was developed for quantitation of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in dried and red ginseng. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were conducted to evaluate the dynamic distributions of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides after different storage periods. Results Eighteen PPD, PPT and OLE ginsenosides and nine reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides were identified and quantified. With storage period extension, the ginsenoside content in the processed ginseng increased slightly in the first 2 weeks and decreased gradually in the following 9 weeks. The content of reducing oligosaccharides decreased continuously as storage time extending, while that of the nonreducing oligosaccharides increased. Chemical conversions occurred during storage, based on which potential chemical markers for the storage period evaluation of fresh ginseng were screened. Conclusion According to ginsenoside and oligosaccharide distributions, it was found that the optimal storage period was 2 weeks and that the storage period of fresh ginseng should not exceed 4 weeks at 0 °C. This study provides deep insights into the quality control of processed ginseng and comprehensive factors for storage of raw ginseng.
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23
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Zhong S, Yan M, Zou H, Zhao P, Ye H, Zhang T, Zhao C. Spectroscopic and in silico investigation of the interaction between GH1 β-glucosidase and ginsenoside Rb 1. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1917-1928. [PMID: 33841810 PMCID: PMC8020931 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The function and application of β-glucosidase attract attention nowadays. β-glucosidase was confirmed of transforming ginsenoside Rb1 to rare ginsenoside, but the interaction mechanism remains not clear. In this work, β-glucosidase from GH1 family of Paenibacillus polymyxa was selected, and its gene sequence bglB was synthesized by codon. Then, recombinant plasmid was transferred into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and expressed. The UV-visible spectrum showed that ginsenoside Rb1 decreased the polarity of the corresponding structure of hydrophobic aromatic amino acids (Trp) in β-glucosidase and increased new π-π* transition. The fluorescence quenching spectrum showed that ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited intrinsic fluorescence, formed static quenching, reduced the surface hydrophobicity of β-glucosidase, and KSV was 8.37 × 103 L/M (298K). Circular dichroism (CD) showed that secondary structure of β-glucosidase was changed by the binding action. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) showed that β-glucosidase and Rb1 had strong binding power which KD value was 5.24 × 10-4 (±2.35 × 10-5) M. Molecular docking simulation evaluated the binding site, hydrophobic force, hydrogen bond, and key amino acids of β-glucosidase with ginsenoside Rb1 in the process. Thus, this work could provide basic mechanisms of the binding and interaction between β-glucosidase and ginsenoside Rb1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Mi Yan
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ping Zhao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Haiqing Ye
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Changhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchunChina
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24
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Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061733. [PMID: 33808840 PMCID: PMC8003784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-l-arabinofuranosidase is a subfamily of glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of l-arabinofuranosidic bonds, especially in those of the terminal non-reducing arabinofuranosyl residues of glycosides, from which efficient glycoside hydrolases can be screened for the transformation of ginsenosides. In this study, the ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase gene, BsAbfA, was cloned from Bacilus subtilis, and its codons were optimized for efficient expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein BsAbfA fused with an N-terminal His-tag was overexpressed and purified, and then subjected to enzymatic characterization. Site-directed mutagenesis of BsAbfA was performed to verify the catalytic site, and the molecular mechanism of BsAbfA catalyzing ginsenoside Rc was analyzed by molecular docking, using the homology model of sequence alignment with other β-glycosidases. The results show that the purified BsAbfA had a specific activity of 32.6 U/mg. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, 40 °C), the kinetic parameters Km of BsAbfA for pNP-α-Araf and ginsenoside Rc were 0.6 mM and 0.4 mM, while the Kcat/Km were 181.5 s-1 mM-1 and 197.8 s-1 mM-1, respectively. More than 90% of ginsenoside Rc could be transformed by 12 U/mL purified BsAbfA at 40 °C and pH 5 in 24 h. The results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the E173 and E292 variants for BsAbfA are important in recognizing ginsenoside Rc effectively, and to make it enter the active pocket to hydrolyze the outer arabinofuranosyl moieties at C20 position. These remarkable properties and the catalytic mechanism of BsAbfA provide a good alternative for the effective biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rc into Rd.
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25
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Alishir A, Yu JS, Park M, Kim JC, Pang C, Kim JK, Jang TS, Jung WH, Kim KH. Ulmusakidian, a new coumarin glycoside and antifungal phenolic compounds from the root bark of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127828. [PMID: 33508466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity-driven LC/MS-based phytochemical analysis of the root bark extract of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica led to the isolation of 10 compounds including a new coumarin glycoside derivative, ulmusakidian (1). The structure of the new compound was elucidated using extensive spectroscopic analyses via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data interpretations, HR-ESIMS, and chemical transformation. The isolated compounds 1-10 were tested for their antifungal activity against human fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. Compounds 9 and 10 showed antifungal activity against C. neoformans, with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5-25.0 µg/mL, whereas none of the compounds showed antifungal activity against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akida Alishir
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Su Jang
- Department of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Piao X, Zhang H, Kang JP, Yang DU, Li Y, Pang S, Jin Y, Yang DC, Wang Y. Advances in Saponin Diversity of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153452. [PMID: 32751233 PMCID: PMC7435442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, which have pharmacological effects. Although there are several reviews in regards to ginsenosides, new ginsenosides have been detected continually in recent years. This review updates the ginsenoside list from P. ginseng to 170 by the end of 2019, and aims to highlight the diversity of ginsenosides in multiple dimensions, including chemical structure, tissue spatial distribution, time, and isomeride. Protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol and C17 side-chain varied (C17SCV) manners are the major types of ginsenosides, and the constitute of ginsenosides varied significantly among different parts. Only 16 ginsenosides commonly exist in all parts of a ginseng plant. Protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside is dominant in root, rhizome, leaf, stem, and fruit, whereas malonyl- and C17SCV-type ginsenosides occupy a greater proportion in the flower and flower bud compared with other parts. In respects of isomeride, there are 69 molecular formulas corresponding to 170 ginsenosides, and the median of isomers is 2. This is the first review on diversity of ginsenosides, providing information for reasonable utilization of whole ginseng plant, and the perspective on studying the physiological functions of ginsenoside for the ginseng plant itself is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Piao
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.P.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.P.); (H.Z.)
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jong Pyo Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (J.P.K.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Dong Uk Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (J.P.K.); (D.U.Y.)
| | - Yali Li
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Shifeng Pang
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yinping Jin
- Institute of Special Wild Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China; (Y.L.); (S.P.); (Y.J.)
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin si, Gyeonggi do 17104, Korea; (J.P.K.); (D.U.Y.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +82-031-281-6326 (D.C.Y.); +86-431-8453-3431 (Y.W.)
| | - Yingping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130118, China; (X.P.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +82-031-281-6326 (D.C.Y.); +86-431-8453-3431 (Y.W.)
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27
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Changes of Ginsenoside Composition in the Creation of Black Ginseng Leaf. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122809. [PMID: 32570758 PMCID: PMC7355439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is an increasingly popular ingredient in supplements for healthcare products and traditional medicine. Heat-processed ginsengs, such as red ginseng or black ginseng, are regarded as more valuable for medicinal use when compared to white ginseng due to some unique less polar ginsenosides that are produced during heat-treatment. Although ginseng leaf contains abundant ginsenosides, attention has mostly focused on ginseng root; relatively few publications have focused on ginseng leaf. Raw ginseng leaf was steamed nine times to make black ginseng leaf using a process that is similar to that used to produce black ginseng root. Sixteen ginsenosides were analyzed during each steaming while using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of ginsenosides Rd and Re decreased and the less polar ginsenosides (F2, Rg3, Rk2, Rk3, Rh3, Rh4, and protopanaxatriol) enriched during steam treatment. After nine cycles of steaming, the contents of the less polar ginsenosides F2, Rg3, and Rk2 increased by 12.9-fold, 8.6-fold, and 2.6-fold, respectively. Further, we found that the polar protopanaxadiol (PPD) -type ginsenosides are more likely to be converted from ginsenoside Rg3 to ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 via dehydration from Rg3, and from ginsenoside Rh2 to ginsenosides Rk2 and Rh3 through losing an H2O molecule than to be completely degraded to the aglycones PPD during the heat process. This study suggests that ginseng leaves can be used to produce less polar ginsenosides through heat processes, such as steaming.
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Yue J, Zuo Z, Huang H, Wang Y. Application of Identification and Evaluation Techniques for Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plant of Genus Panax: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:373-398. [PMID: 32166968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1736506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genus Panax, as worldwide medicinal plants, has a medical history for thousands of years. Most of the entire genus are traditional ethnobotanical medicine in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos, which have given rise to international attention and use. This paper reviewed more than 210 articles and related books on the research of Panax medicinal plants and their Chinese patent medicines published in the last 30 years. The purpose was to review and summarize the species classification, geographical distribution, and ethnic minorities medicinal records of the genus Panax, and further to review the analytical tools and data analysis methods for the authentication and quality assessment of Panax medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines. Five main technologies applied in the identification and evaluation of Panax have been introduced and summarized. Chromatography was the most widely used one. Further research and development of molecular identification technology had the potential to become a mainstream identification technology. In addition, some novel, controversial, and worthy methods including electronic noses, electronic eyes, and DNA barcoding were also introduced. At the same time, more than 80% of the researches were carried out by a combination of chemometric pattern-recognition technologies and multi-analysis technologies. All the technologies and methods applied can provide strong support and guarantee for the identification and evaluation of genus Panax, and also conduce to excellent reference value for the development and in-depth research of new technologies in Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yue
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hengyu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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29
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Qian Z, Huang Q, Li C, Chen J, Li G, Ma H, Xie J. Analysis of ginseng root and leaf by multiple columns and detections liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1730890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Qian
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Agricultural Environments and Resources Research Center, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juying Xie
- School of Rehabilitation, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
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30
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Chen W, Balan P, Popovich DG. Comparison of Ginsenoside Components of Various Tissues of New Zealand Forest-Grown Asian Ginseng ( Panax Ginseng) and American Ginseng ( Panax Quinquefolium L.). Biomolecules 2020; 10:E372. [PMID: 32121159 PMCID: PMC7175180 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) are the two most important ginseng species for their medicinal properties. Ginseng is not only popular to consume, but is also increasingly popular to cultivate. In the North Island of New Zealand, Asian ginseng and American ginseng have been grown in Taupo and Rotorua for more than 15 years. There are no publications comparing the chemical constituents between New Zealand-grown Asian ginseng (NZPG) and New Zealand-grown American ginseng (NZPQ). In this study, fourteen ginsenoside reference standards and LC-MS2 technology were employed to analyze the ginsenoside components of various parts (fine root, rhizome, main root, stem, and leaf) from NZPG and NZPQ. Fifty and 43 ginsenosides were identified from various parts of NZPG and NZPQ, respectively, and 29 ginsenosides were found in both ginseng species. Ginsenoside concentrations in different parts of ginsengs were varied. Compared to other tissues, the fine roots contained the most abundant ginsenosides, not only in NZPG (142.49 ± 1.14 mg/g) but also in NZPQ (115.69 ± 3.51 mg/g). For the individual ginsenosides of both NZPG and NZPQ, concentration of Rb1 was highest in the underground parts (fine root, rhizome, and main root), and ginsenoside Re was highest in the aboveground parts (stem and leaf).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Prabhu Balan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David G Popovich
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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31
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Chen W, Balan P, Popovich DG. Analysis of Ginsenoside Content ( Panax ginseng) from Different Regions. Molecules 2019; 24:E3491. [PMID: 31561496 PMCID: PMC6803836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) grown ginseng. Ten batches of NZ-grown ginseng were extracted using 70% methanol and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The average content of ginsenosides from China and Korea grown ginseng were obtained by collecting data from 30 and 17 publications featuring China and Korea grown ginseng, respectively. The average content of total ginsenosides in NZ-grown ginseng was 40.06 ± 3.21 mg/g (n = 14), which showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentration than that of China grown ginseng (16.48 ± 1.24 mg/g, n = 113) and Korea grown ginseng (21.05 ± 1.57 mg/g, n = 106). For the individual ginsenosides, except for the ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, and Rd, ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, and Rg1 from NZ-grown ginseng were 2.22, 2.91, 1.65, and 1.27 times higher than that of ginseng grown in China, respectively. Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 in NZ-grown ginseng were also 2.14 and 1.63 times higher than ginseng grown in Korea. From the accumulation of ginsenosides, New Zealand volcanic pumice soil may be more suitable for ginseng growth than its place of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Prabhu Balan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - David G Popovich
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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