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Liu H, Li J, Takahashi S, Toyoda A, Inoue R, Koyanagi M, Hayashi SM, Xu M, Yamamoto Y, Nagaoka K. Alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin alleviates subchronic social defeat stress-induced depression symptoms by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis in mice. Life Sci 2024; 344:122561. [PMID: 38490298 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Increasing evidence suggests a link between gut microbial dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of depression. Alpha-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ), consisting of isoquercitrin and its glycosylated quercetin, has beneficial effects on the gut microbiome and brain function. Here, we detected the potential antidepressant impact of a four-week administration of AGIQ and its underlying mechanisms using a mouse model of depression. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were orally administered AGIQ (0.05 % or 0.5 % in drinking water) for 28 days; subchronic social defeat stress was performed in the last 10 days. Behavior tests were conducted to assess anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. Additionally, evaluations encompassed 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, the gut microbiota composition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, short-chain fatty acids levels, and intestinal barrier integrity changes. KEY FINDINGS AGIQ significantly alleviated depression-like behaviors and increased hippocampal 5-HT levels. Further, AGIQ mitigated stress-induced gut microbial abnormalities and reduced the levels of LPS in the serum, which affected the relative gene expression levels of 5-HT biosynthesis enzymes in vitro. Furthermore, AGIQ reversed the reduced butyrate levels in cecal contents and improved the impaired intestinal barrier by increasing the expression of colonic zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and occludin, thereby decreasing LPS leakage. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that AGIQ could improve stress-induced depression by regulating the gut microbiome, which inhibits LPS production and maintains the gut barrier. This is the first report on the potential effect of AGIQ on depression via the gut microbiota-brain axis, shedding new light on treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junjie Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Laboratory of Feed Science, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Meiyu Xu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shin MS, Lee Y, Cho IH, Yang HJ. Brain plasticity and ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:286-297. [PMID: 38707640 PMCID: PMC11069001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its structure, accompanied by its functional changes. It is influenced by learning, experiences, and dietary factors, even in later life. Accumulated researches have indicated that ginseng may protect the brain and enhance its function in pathological conditions. There is a compelling need for a more comprehensive understanding of ginseng's role in the physiological condition because many individuals without specific diseases seek to improve their health by incorporating ginseng into their routines. This review aims to deepen our understanding of how ginseng affects brain plasticity of people undergoing normal aging process. We provided a summary of studies that reported the impact of ginseng on brain plasticity and related factors in human clinical studies. Furthermore, we explored researches focused on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the influence of ginseng on brain plasticity and factors contributing to brain plasticity. Evidences indicate that ginseng has the potential to enhance brain plasticity in the context of normal aging by mediating both central and peripheral systems, thereby expecting to improve age-related declines in brain function. Moreover, given modern western diet can damage neuroplasticity in the long term, ginseng can be a beneficial supplement for better brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Healthcare, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Govindula A, Ranadive N, Nampoothiri M, Rao CM, Arora D, Mudgal J. Emphasizing the Crosstalk Between Inflammatory and Neural Signaling in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:248-266. [PMID: 37097603 PMCID: PMC10577110 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic incapacitating condition with recurrent experience of trauma-related memories, negative mood, altered cognition, and hypervigilance. Agglomeration of preclinical and clinical evidence in recent years specified that alterations in neural networks favor certain characteristics of PTSD. Besides the disruption of hypothalamus-pituitary-axis (HPA) axis, intensified immune status with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic metabolites of COX-2 such as PGE2 creates a putative scenario in worsening the neurobehavioral facet of PTSD. This review aims to link the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) symptomology to major neural mechanisms that are supposed to underpin the transition from acute stress reactions to the development of PTSD. Also, to demonstrate how these intertwined processes can be applied to probable early intervention strategies followed by a description of the evidence supporting the proposed mechanisms. Hence in this review, several neural network mechanisms were postulated concerning the HPA axis, COX-2, PGE2, NLRP3, and sirtuins to unravel possible complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms that are obscured in PTSD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Govindula
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Niraja Ranadive
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Yang S, Zhu G. Phytotherapy of abnormality of fear memory: A narrative review of mechanisms. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105618. [PMID: 37482307 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the high expression of fear memory is mainly determined by amygdala hyperactivity and hippocampus hypoactivity. In this review, we firstly updated the mechanisms of fear memory, and then searched the experimental evidence of phytotherapy for fear memory in the past five years. Based on the summary of those experimental studies, we further discussed the future research strategies of plant medicines, including the study of the mechanism of specific brain regions, the optimal time for the prevention and treatment of fear memory-related diseases such as PTSD, and the development of new drugs with active components of plant medicines. Accordingly, plant medicines play a clear role in improving fear memory abnormalities and have the drug development potential in the treatment of fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China.
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Nguyen BT, Sharma N, Tran CNK, Nah SY, Lee Y, Byun JK, Ko SK, Kim HC. Ginsenoside Re attenuates 8-OH-DPAT-induced serotonergic behaviors in mice via interactive modulation between PKCδ gene and Nrf2. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:281-296. [PMID: 35707918 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.2022689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that serotonergic blocker showed serious side effects, and that ginsenoside modulated serotonergic system with the safety. However, the effects of ginsenoside on serotonergic impairments remain to be clarified. Thus, we investigated ginsenoside Re (GRe), a major bioactive component in the mountain-cultivated ginseng on (±)-8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist. In the present study, we observed that the treatment with GRe resulted in significant inhibition of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) phosphorylation induced by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist (±)-8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in the hypothalamus of the wild-type (WT) mice. The inhibition of GRe was comparable with that of the PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin or the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (WAY). 8-OH-DPAT-induced significant reduction in nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-related system (i.e., Nrf2 DNA binding activity, γ-glutamylcysteine ligase modifier (GCLm) and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic (GCLc) mRNA expression, and glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio) was significantly attenuated by GRe, rottlerin, or WAY in WT mice. However, PKCδ gene knockout significantly protected the Nrf2-dependent system from 8-OH-DPAT insult in mice. Increases in 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) turnover rate, overall serotonergic behavioral score, and hypothermia induced by 8-OH-DPAT were significantly attenuated by GRe, rottlerin, or WAY in WT mice. Consistently, PKCδ gene knockout significantly attenuated these parameters in mice. However, GRe or WAY did not provide any additional positive effects on the serotonergic protective potential mediated by PKCδ gene knockout in mice. Therefore, our results suggest that PKCδ is an important mediator for GRe-mediated protective activity against serotonergic impairments/oxidative burden caused by the 5-HT1A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Medicine, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao-Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, College of Medicine, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cuong Ngoc Kim Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Industrial Plant Science & Technology, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Byun
- Korea Society of Forest Environmental Research, Namyangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwon Ko
- Department of Oriental Medical Food and Nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Ye XW, Li CS, Zhang HX, Li Q, Cheng SQ, Wen J, Wang X, Ren HM, Xia LJ, Wang XX, Xu XF, Li XR. Saponins of ginseng products: a review of their transformation in processing. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1177819. [PMID: 37188270 PMCID: PMC10175582 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1177819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary processed product of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is red ginseng. As technology advances, new products of red ginseng have arisen. Red ginseng products, e.g., traditional red ginseng, sun ginseng, black ginseng, fermented red ginseng, and puffed red ginseng, are commonly used in herbal medicine. Ginsenosides are the major secondary metabolites of P. ginseng. The constituents of P. ginseng are significantly changed during processing, and several pharmacological activities of red ginseng products are dramatically increased compared to white ginseng. In this paper, we aimed to review the ginsenosides and pharmacological activities of various red ginseng products, the transformation law of ginsenosides in processing, and some clinical trials of red ginseng products. This article will help to highlight the diverse pharmacological properties of red ginseng products and aid in the future development of red ginseng industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Ye
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Shuai Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Xia Zhang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Qing Cheng
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wen
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Min Ren
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jing Xia
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Xing Wang
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Fang Xu
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Fang Xu, ; Xiang-Ri Li,
| | - Xiang-Ri Li
- Centre of TCM Processing Research, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Fang Xu, ; Xiang-Ri Li,
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Korean red ginseng water extract produces antidepressant-like effects through involving monoamines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats. J Ginseng Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Bui BP, Nguyen PL, Do HTT, Cho J. Anxiolytic effect of Korean Red Ginseng through upregulation of serotonin and GABA transmission and BDNF expression in immobilized mice. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:819-829. [PMID: 36312738 PMCID: PMC9597442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anxiolytic properties of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) have been previously reported. However, the exact mechanism(s) of action remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the effect of KRG on immobilization-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice and explored the involvement of the serotonin and GABA systems and BDNF in the anxiolytic action. Methods Mice were orally administered with KRG (200 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks and immobilized once daily for 2 h. p-Chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) was intraperitoneally injected on day 22-28, and flumazenil or bicuculline was injected on day 25-28. After behavioral evaluations, brains were dissected for biochemical analyses. Results KRG improved immobilization-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice, as assessed by the elevated plus maze (EPM) and marble burying tests (MBT). The anxiolytic effect of KRG was comparable to that of fluoxetine, a reference drug clinically used for anxiety disorders. A serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-CPA, blocked the effect of KRG in the EPM and MBT, indicating the requirement of serotonin synthesis for anxiolytic action. In addition, the anxiolytic effect of KRG was inhibited by bicuculline (a GABAA antagonist) in MBT, implying the involvement of GABA transmission. Western blotting analyses revealed that KRG upregulated the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase and GABAA receptor in the brain, which was blocked by p-CPA. Enhanced BDNF expression by KRG in the hippocampus was also indicated to mediate the anxiolytic action of KRG in immobilized mice. Conclusion KRG exhibited the anxiolytic effect in immobilized mice by multiple mechanisms of action, involving enhanced serotonin and GABA transmissions and BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jungsook Cho
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Effect of Sopoongsan on Skin Inflammation and Hyperlocomotion in Socially Isolated Mice with Atopic Dermatitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3323201. [PMID: 36159556 PMCID: PMC9507749 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3323201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress is a major exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Sopoongsan (SPS), a traditional herbal formula, has been indicated for the treatment of various skin disorders, including AD. This study investigated the effects of SPS on a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD mice model exposed to social isolation (SI) stress. The severity of the AD symptoms and behavioral abnormalities was evaluated. SPS reduced the clinical skin score as evaluated with the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and suppressed the cutaneous infiltration of T-lymphocyte cells, mast cells, and eosinophils in SI-AD mice. The SPS treatment decreased the total distance and mean speed and increased resting time in the open field test (OFT) for these mice. In addition, the time spent in the social zone in the social interaction test also improved when SPS treatment was given. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the SI-AD mice were reduced by the oral administration of SPS. HaCaT and BV2 cells were used for the in vitro experiments. The pretreatment with SPS reduced the protein levels of the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in the HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (TI). SPS also suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated BV2 cells. These results imply that SPS could be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD in patients under stress conditions and at risk of exacerbation.
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Sur B, Lee B. Ginsenoside Rg3 modulates spatial memory and fear memory extinction by the HPA axis and BDNF-TrkB pathway in a rat post-traumatic stress disorder. J Nat Med 2022; 76:821-831. [PMID: 35982366 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disorder that can develop after exposure to extreme stress. Korean red ginseng, whose major active component is ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), is a widely used traditional antioxidant that has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anxiolytics effects. This study investigated whether the administration of Rg3 ameliorated the memory deficit induced by a single prolonged stress (SPS) in rats. Male rats were dosed with Rg3 (25 or 50 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Rg3 administration improved fear memory and spatial memory might be involved in modulating the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and monoamine imbalance in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. It also increased the reduction in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) mRNAs expression, and the ratio of p-Akt/Akt in the hippocampus. Thus, Rg3 exerted memory-improving actions might be involved in regulating HPA axis and activating BDNF-TrkB pathway. Our findings suggest that Rg3 could be useful for preventing traumatic stress, such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Sur B, Lee B. Luteolin reduces fear, anxiety, and depression in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:174-182. [PMID: 36046028 PMCID: PMC9423864 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to severe stress can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The cause of PTSD is dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and an imbalance of monoamines. Fruits and vegetables contain large amounts of luteolin (LU; 3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxylflavone), which has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergic effects. We investigated the effects of LU on fear, depression, and anxiety following monoamine imbalance and hyperactivation of the HPA axis in rats exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS). Male rats were dosed with LU (10 and 20 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Administration of LU reduced fear freezing responses to extinction recall and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, and suppressed increases in plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Also, administration of LU restored the increased norepinephrine and decreased serotonin levels in the structures within the fear circuit, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Our results showed that administration of LU improved freezing behavior according in a situation-dependent manner, and showed anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects. Thus, LU may be a useful therapeutic agent to prevent traumatic stress such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Cai M, Park HR, Yang EJ. Nutraceutical Interventions for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Animal Models: A Focus on the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070898. [PMID: 35890196 PMCID: PMC9324528 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after exposure to traumatic events and is characterized by overwhelming fear and anxiety. Disturbances in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, including anxiety, PTSD, and major depressive disorders. Studies have demonstrated the relationship between the HPA axis response and stress vulnerability, indicating that the HPA axis regulates the immune system, fear memory, and neurotransmission. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sertraline and paroxetine, are the only drugs that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of PTSD. However, SSRIs require long treatment times and are associated with lower response and remission rates; therefore, additional pharmacological interventions are required. Complementary and alternative medicine therapies ameliorate HPA axis disturbances through regulation of gut dysbiosis, insomnia, chronic stress, and depression. We have described the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which the HPA axis is involved in PTSD pathogenesis and have evaluated the potential of herbal medicines for PTSD treatment. Herbal medicines could comprise a good therapeutic strategy for HPA axis regulation and can simultaneously improve PTSD-related symptoms. Finally, herbal medicines may lead to novel biologically driven approaches for the treatment and prevention of PTSD.
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Yang S, Qu Y, Wang J, Gao F, Ji M, Xie P, Zhu A, Tan B, Wang X, Zhu G. Anshen Dingzhi prescription in the treatment of PTSD in mice: Investigation of the underlying mechanism from the perspective of hippocampal synaptic function. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154139. [PMID: 35523115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anshen Dingzhi prescription (ADP) is an important prescription for the treatment of mental diseases in traditional Chinese medicine and is widely used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. PURPOSE To explore the ameliorative effect of ADP on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like behaviors in mice and determine the underlying mechanism. METHODS The constituents of ADP were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The PTSD-like behaviors of mice subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS) were evaluated using behavioral tests. Potential pathological changes in the hippocampus were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to detect the expression of proteins involved in relevant signaling pathways. RESULTS Five quality control markers (ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, tenuifolin, poricoic acid B, and α-asarone) were detected in the ADP solution. The ginsenoside Rg1 content in ADP was found to be 0.114 mg/g. Mice subjected to SPS showed obvious fear generalization and anxiety-like behaviors. ADP treatment prevented the behavioral changes caused by exposure to SPS. Compared with control animals, the number of normal pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of mice exposed to SPS was decreased and the number of degenerating pyramidal cells was increased; however, ADP administration could counteract these effects. Furthermore, the protein expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, μ-calpain, PSD95, GluN2A, GluA1, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and ARC was decreased, while that of PTEN and GluN2B was increased in the hippocampus of mice subjected to SPS compared with that in control animals; however, these changes in protein expression were reversed following ADP treatment. Importantly, the ameliorative effect of ADP on PTSD-like behaviors and synaptic protein expression were inhibited by rapamycin administration. CONCLUSIONS ADP administration improves PTSD-like behaviors in mice and this effect may be mediated through an mTOR-dependent improvement in synaptic function in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Manman Ji
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Bei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Xuncui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China.
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Myricetin Inhibited Fear and Anxiety-Like Behaviors by HPA Axis Regulation and Activation of the BDNF-ERK Signaling Pathway in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8320256. [PMID: 35722162 PMCID: PMC9200513 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8320256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related psychiatric or mental disorder characterized by experiencing a traumatic stress. The cause of such PTSD is dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and imbalance of monoamines. Myricetin (MYR) is a common natural flavonoid that has various pharmacological activities. We investigated the effects of MYR on fear, depression, and anxiety following monoamine imbalance and hyperactivation of HPA axis in rats exposed to a single prolonged stress (SPS). Male rats were dosed with MYR (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Administration of MYR reduced freezing responses to extinction recall, depression, and anxiety-like behaviors and decreased increase of plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Also, administration of MYR restored decreased serotonin and increased norepinephrine in the fear circuit regions, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. It also increased the reduction in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B mRNA expression and the ratio of p-ERK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the hippocampus. Thus, MYR exerted antidepressant and anxiolytic effects by regulation of HPA axis and activation of the BDNF-ERK signaling pathway. Finally, we suggest that MYR could be a useful therapeutic agent to prevent traumatic stress such as PTSD.
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Jung YJ, Kim HS, Jaygal G, Cho HR, Lee KB, Song IB, Kim JH, Kwak MS, Han KH, Bae MJ, Sung MH. Postbiotics Enhance NK Cell Activation in Stress-Induced Mice through Gut Microbiome Regulation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:612-620. [PMID: 35283424 PMCID: PMC9628878 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that probiotics and their metabolites are present under various conditions; however, the role of probiotic metabolites (i.e., postbiotics in pathological states) is controversial. Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. In this study, we examined NK cell activation influenced by a postbiotics mixture in response to gut microbiome modulation in stress-induced mice. In vivo activation of NK cells increased in the postbiotics mixture treatment group in accordance with Th1/Th2 expression level. Meanwhile, the Red Ginseng treatment group, a reference group, showed very little expression of NK cell activation. Moreover, the postbiotics mixture treatment group in particular changed the gut microbiome composition. Although the exact role of the postbiotics mixture in regulating the immune system of stress-induced mice remains unclear, the postbiotics mixture-induced NK cell activation might have affected gut microbiome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Jung
- Department of R&D Research Center, KookminBio Corporation, Seoul 02826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Department of R&D Research Center, KookminBio Corporation, Seoul 02826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunn Jaygal
- Department of R&D Research Center, KookminBio Corporation, Seoul 02826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rin Cho
- Technical Assistance Department (R&D Department), The Food Industrial Promotional Agency of Korea, Iksan 54576, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung bae Lee
- Technical Assistance Department (R&D Department), The Food Industrial Promotional Agency of Korea, Iksan 54576, Republic of Korea
| | - In-bong Song
- Technical Assistance Department (R&D Department), The Food Industrial Promotional Agency of Korea, Iksan 54576, Republic of Korea,Osstem Implant Co., Ltd., Bio R&D Center, Seoul 07789, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Kwak
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Han
- Department of R&D Research Center, KookminBio Corporation, Seoul 02826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Bae
- Technical Assistance Department (R&D Department), The Food Industrial Promotional Agency of Korea, Iksan 54576, Republic of Korea,
M.J. Bae Phone: +82- 63-720-0540 E-mail:
| | - Moon-Hee Sung
- Department of R&D Research Center, KookminBio Corporation, Seoul 02826, Republic of Korea,Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors M.H. Sung Phone: +82-2-910-4808 Fax: +82-22-910-5739 E-mail:
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16
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Sur B, Kwon S, Hahm DH, Lee B. The Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Protocatechuic Acid in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Med Food 2022; 25:495-502. [PMID: 35561272 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extinction, depression, and anxiety caused by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and an imbalance of monoamines. Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), a major polyphenol metabolite, has various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activities. In this study, the efficacy of PCA for fear extinction, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects in PTSD-mediated psychiatric disorders, were evaluated by exposing rats to single prolonged stress (SPS). Male rats were administered PCA (100 or 200 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. PCA significantly decreased situational fear, depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, and corticosterone levels. In addition, PCA regulated the imbalance of serotonin and norepinephrine in the fear circuit region (i.e., the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus [Hipp]), and suppressed the decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in the Hipp. The results showed that PCA administration improves freezing behavior and has antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects through modulation of the serotonergic nervous system and monoamines in rats. These results indicated that PCA may be useful as a food ingredient to prevent PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lee B. Neuroprotective Effect of Acupuncture against Single Prolonged Stress-Induced Memory Impairments and Inflammation in Rat Brain via Modulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:4430484. [PMID: 35251208 PMCID: PMC8890831 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4430484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental disorder that can appear after exposure to extreme stress. Acupuncture is an alternative therapy that is widely used to treat various neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cognitive and memory impairments. The aim of this study was to examine whether acupuncture stimulation at a specific acupoint (Shenmen or heart meridian, HT7) could improve memory defects caused by single prolonged stress (SPS) in rats. After exposure to SPS, acupuncture on the HT7 acupoint in male rats was performed, once daily for 21 days. We confirmed that this treatment improved fear memory, cognitive function, and spatial memory by modulating the neuroinflammation and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA in the brain. It also significantly inhibited the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β and the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 in the brain; it increased the expression of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus. Our findings provide valuable information concerning the clinical usefulness of acupuncture in the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lee B, Sur B, Oh S. Neuroprotective effect of Korean red ginseng against single prolonged stress-induced memory impairments and inflammation in the rat brain associated with BDNF expression. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:435-443. [PMID: 35600771 PMCID: PMC9120622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disease that develops following exposure to a traumatic event and is a stress-associated mental disorder characterized by an imbalance of neuroinflammation. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is the herbal supplement that is known to be involved in a variety of pharmacological activities. We aimed to investigate the effects of KRG on neuroinflammation as a potential mechanism involved in single prolonged stress (SPS) that negatively influences memory formation and consolidation and leads to cognitive and spatial impairment by regulating BDNF signaling, synaptic proteins, and the activation of NF-kB. Methods We analyzed the cognitive and spatial memory, and inflammatory cytokine levels during the SPS procedure. SPS model rats were injected intraperitoneally with 20, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day KRG for 14 days. Results KRG administration significantly attenuated the cognitive and spatial memory deficits, as well as the inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus associated with activation of NF-κB in the hippocampus induced by SPS. Moreover, the effects of KRG were equivalent to those exerted by paroxetine. In addition, KRG improved the expression of BDNF mRNA and the synaptic protein PSD-95 in the hippocampus. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that KRG exerts memory-improving actions by regulating anti-inflammatory activities and the NF-κB and neurotrophic pathway. Conclusion Our findings suggest that KRG is a potential functional ingredient for protecting against memory deficits in mental diseases, such as PTSD.
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