Removal of toxic chromium from wastewater using green alga Ulva lactuca and its activated carbon

Adsorption of Acid Yellow 36 and direct blue 86 dyes to Delonix regia biochar-sulphur

This study aims to investigate a new approach to removing hazardous dyes like Direct Blue 86 (DB86) and Acid Yellow 36 (AY36) from aqueous environments. Delonix regia biochar-sulphur (DRB-S), made from Delonix regia seed pods (DPSPs), is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly adsorbent. Different characterization investigations using BJH, BET, FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and EDX were utilized in the descriptions of the DRB-S biosorbent. The optimal pH for AY36 dye and DB86 dye adsorption to the DRB-S adsorvbent was at pH 1.5. For the adsorption of AY36 and DB86 to DRB-S, equilibrium was attained at 30 and 90 min of reaction time interaction. The Langmuir model (LGM) and pseudo-second-order-model (PSOM) best describe the biosorption of both dye molecules to the biosorbent owing to the equal and homogeneous spread of the dye molecules over the biosorbent porous surface and a chemisorption process which involved the valency force through the exchange of electrons between the dye molecules and the prepared biosorbent. The determined biosorption capacities for both dyes (AY36 and DB86) were found to be 270.27 mg/g and 36.23 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, this recently synthesised DRB-S adsorbent exhibited an impressive sorption capacity and successfully removed AY36 and DB86 dyes. This suggests that the biosorbent has potential applications in wastewater treatment and can be recycled without affecting its adsorption effectiveness.

Speciation-specific chromium bioaccumulation and detoxification in fish using hydrogel microencapsulated biogenic nanosilver and zeolite synergizing with biomarkers

Grass carp intestinal waste-mediated biosynthesized nanosilver (AgNPs) was valorized using guaran and zeolite matrices, resulting in AgNPs-guaran, AgNPs-zeolite, and AgNPs-guaran -zeolite composites. The valorized products were examined using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray Diffraction analysis to confirm uniform dispersion and entrapment of AgNPs within the matrixes. These valorized products were evaluated for their efficacy in detoxifying the ubiquitous and toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) in aquatic environments, with Anabas testudineus exposed to 2 mg l-1 of Cr6+ for 60 days. Remarkable reduction of Cr6+ concentration to 0.86 ± 0.007 mg l-1 was achieved with AgNPs-guaran-zeolite composite, indicating successful reclamation of contaminated water and food safety assurance. Consistency in results was further corroborated by minimal stress-related alterations in fish physiological parameters and integrated biomarker response within the experimental group treated with the AgNPs-guaran-zeolite composite. Despite observed chromium accumulation in fish tissues, evidence of physiological stability was apparent, potentially attributable to trivalent chromium accumulation, serving as an essential nutrient for the fish. Additionally, the challenge study involving Anabas testudineus exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila exhibited the lowest cumulative mortality (11.11%) and highest survival rate (87.5%) within the same experimental group. The current study presents a novel approach encompassing the valorization of AgNPs for Cr6+ detoxification under neutral to alkaline pH conditions, offering a comprehensive framework for environmental remediation.

Isothermal and kinetic screening of methyl red and methyl orange dyes adsorption from water by Delonix regia biochar-sulfur oxide (DRB-SO)

In this study, Delonix regia seed pods (DRSPs) as a locally available material were refluxed in 90% H2SO4 to yield a novel D. regia seed pods biochar-sulfur oxide (DRB-SO). FTIR, BET, BJH, SEM, EDX, XRD, DSC and TGA were applied to investigate the characterizations of the prepared DRB-SO. Various adsorption parameters like pH effect, dye concentration effect, adsorbent dose, reaction time isotherm and kinetic study were carried out to explain the process of adsorption of methyl orange (MO) and methyl red (MR) onto DRB-SO. Langmuir's adsorption model perfectly explained the adsorption process onto the surface of DRB-SO as a monolayer. The maximum adsorption efficiency of DRB-SO was (98%) and (99.6%) for MO and MR respectively which attained after 150 min with an adsorbent dose of 0.75 g/L. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best explained the process of adsorption of MO and MR dyes by DRB-SO. The highest observed adsorption amount was as high as 144.9 mg/g for MO dye and 285.7 mg/g for MR dye, comparable with other reported materials based on activated carbon materials. All of the outcomes signposted a prodigious perspective of the fabricated biochar composite material in wastewater treatment. Using the regenerating DRB-SO through an acid-base regeneration process, six cycles of adsorption/desorption were examined. Over the course of the cycles, there was a minor decrease in the adsorption and desorption processes. Also, it was revealed what the most plausible mechanism was for DRB-SO to absorb the ions of the MO and MR dyes.

Mandarin biochar-CO-TETA was utilized for Acid Red 73 dye adsorption from water, and its isotherm and kinetic studies were investigated

Environmental pollution is a major issue today due to the release of dyestuff waste into the environment through industrial wastewater. There is a need for affordable and effective adsorbents to remove harmful dyes from industrial waste. In this study, Mandarin biochar-CO-TETA (MBCOT) adsorbent was prepared and used to remove Acid Red 73 (AR73) dye from aqueous solutions. The efficiency of dye removal was influenced by various factors such as solution pH, contact time, initial AR73 dye concentration, and MBCOT dosage. All experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2 °C, and the optimal pH was determined to be 1.5. The optimal conditions for dye removal were found to be an AR73 dye concentration of 100 mg/L, an MBCOT dosage of 1.5 g/L, and a contact time of 150 min, resulting in a 98.08% removal rate. Various models such as pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), film diffusion (FD), and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) were used to determine the adsorption kinetics of AR73 dye onto MBCOT. The results showed that the PSO model best explains the AR73 dye adsorption. Furthermore, Langmuir and Freundlich's isotherm models were studied to explain the adsorption mechanism using experimental data. The adsorption capacities at equilibrium (qe) in eliminating AR73 dye varied from 92.05 to 32.15, 128.9 to 65.39, 129.25 to 91.69, 123.73 to 111.77, and 130.54 to 125.01 mg/g. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) was found to be 140.85 mg/g. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that biochar produced from mandarin peels has the potential to be an effective and promising adsorbent for removing AR73 dye from water.

Green algae Ulva lactuca-derived biochar-sulfur improves the adsorption of methylene blue from water

The present investigation explores the efficacy of green algae Ulva lactuca biochar-sulfur (GABS) modified with H2SO4 and NaHCO3 in adsorbing methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions. The impact of solution pH, contact duration, GABS dosage, and initial MB dye concentration on the adsorption process are all methodically investigated in this work. To obtain a thorough understanding of the adsorption dynamics, the study makes use of several kinetic models, including pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order models, in addition to isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich. The findings of the study reveal that the adsorption capacity at equilibrium (qe) reaches 303.78 mg/g for a GABS dose of 0.5 g/L and an initial MB dye concentration of 200 mg/L. Notably, the Langmuir isotherm model consistently fits the experimental data across different GABS doses, suggesting homogeneous adsorption onto a monolayer surface. The potential of GABS as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of MB dye from aqueous solutions is highlighted by this discovery. The study's use of kinetic and isotherm models provides a robust framework for understanding the intricacies of MB adsorption onto GABS. By elucidating the impact of various variables on the adsorption process, the research contributes valuable insights that can inform the design of efficient wastewater treatment solutions. The comprehensive analysis presented in this study serves as a solid foundation for further research and development in the field of adsorption-based water treatment technologies.

A Comprehensive Review of the Current Progress of Chromium Removal Methods from Aqueous Solution

Chromium (Cr) exists in aqueous solution as trivalent (Cr³⁺) and hexavalent (Cr⁶⁺) forms. Cr³⁺ is an essential trace element while Cr⁶⁺ is a dangerous and carcinogenic element, which is of great concern globally due to its extensive applications in various industrial processes such as textiles, manufacturing of inks, dyes, paints, and pigments, electroplating, stainless steel, leather, tanning, and wood preservation, among others. Cr³⁺ in wastewater can be transformed into Cr⁶⁺ when it enters the environment. Therefore, research on Cr remediation from water has attracted much attention recently. A number of methods such as adsorption, electrochemical treatment, physico-chemical methods, biological removal, and membrane filtration have been devised for efficient Cr removal from water. This review comprehensively demonstrated the Cr removal technologies in the literature to date. The advantages and disadvantages of Cr removal methods were also described. Future research directions are suggested and provide the application of adsorbents for Cr removal from waters.

Algal-derived biochar as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Cr (VI) in textile industry wastewater: Non-linear isotherm, kinetics and ANN studies

Textile industries release effluent that contains the vast majority of heavy metals in which Cr (VI) is a toxic carcinogenic element that causes an environmental problem. The aim of the work is to synthesize algae-derived biochar derived from algae using slow pyrolysis at an operating temperature of 500 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min and a residence time of 60 min and to use it as an adsorbent to remove Cr (VI). The batch experiment was carried out using different concentrations of Cr (VI) (1, 10, 25, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 ppm) at different intervals of time (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min). The maximum removal percentage of Cr (VI) is 97.88% for the metal concentration of 1 ppm exhibiting non-linear adsorption isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin models) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, nth order, and intra-particle diffusion) were analyzed using a solver add-in of Microsoft Excel. According to the results, the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.999) and pseudo-nth order models are suitable to describe monolayer adsorption and the process kinetics, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of algal biochar to adsorb is 186.94 mg/g. For the prediction of the optimal removal efficacy, an artificial neural network of the MLP-2-7-1 model was used. The results obtained are useful for future work using algal biochar as an adsorbent of Cr (VI) from textile wastewater to achieve sustainable development goals.

Uptake of BF Dye from the Aqueous Phase by CaO-g-C3N4 Nanosorbent: Construction, Descriptions, and Recyclability

Removing organic dyes from contaminated wastewater resulting from industrial effluents with a cost-effective approach addresses a major global challenge. The adsorption technique onto carbon-based materials and metal oxide is one of the most effective dye removal procedures. The current work aimed to evaluate the application of calcium oxide-doped carbon nitride nanostructures (CaO-g-C3N4) to eliminate basic fuchsine dyes (BF) from wastewater. CaO-g-C3N4 nanosorbent were obtained via ultrasonication and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, TEM, and BET. The TEM analysis reveals 2D nanosheet-like nanoparticle architectures with a high specific surface area (37.31 m2/g) for the as-fabricated CaO-g-C3N4 nanosorbent. The adsorption results demonstrated that the variation of the dye concentration impacted the elimination of BF by CaO-C3N4 while no effect of pH on the removal of BF was observed. Freundlich isotherm and Pseudo-First-order adsorption kinetics models best fitted BF adsorption onto CaO-g-C3N4. The highest adsorption capacity of CaO-g-C3N4 for BF was determined to be 813 mg. g−1. The adsorption mechanism of BF is related to the π-π stacking bridging and hydrogen bond, as demonstrated by the FTIR study. CaO-g-C3N4 nanostructures may be easily recovered from solution and were effectively employed for BF elimination in at least four continuous cycles. The fabricated CaO-g-C3N4 adsorbent display excellent BF adsorption capacity and can be used as a potential sorbent in wastewater purification.

Applications of Ulva Biomass and Strategies to Improve Its Yield and Composition: A Perspective for Ulva Aquaculture

Sea lettuce (Ulva spp.), with its worldwide distribution and remarkable ability to grow rapidly under various conditions, represents an important natural resource that is still under-exploited. Its biomass can be used for a wide range of applications in the food/feed, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, biofuel, and bioremediation industries. However, knowledge of the factors affecting Ulva biomass yield and composition is far from complete. Indeed, the respective contributions of the microbiome, natural genetic variation in Ulva species, environmental conditions and importantly, the interactions between these three factors on the Ulva biomass, have been only partially elucidated. Further investigation is important for the implementation of large-scale Ulva aquaculture, which requires stable and controlled biomass composition and yields. In this review, we document Ulva biomass composition, describe the uses of Ulva biomass and we propose different strategies for developing a sustainable and profitable Ulva aquaculture industry.

Investigation of the Adsorption Process of Chromium (VI) Ions from Petrochemical Wastewater Using Nanomagnetic Carbon Materials

Magnetic mesoporous carbon (MMC) and magnetic activated carbon (MAC) are good functionalized carbon materials to use when applying environmental techniques. In this work, a series of efficient magnetic composite adsorbents containing Fe₃O₄ and carbon were prepared successfully and used for the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions in petrochemical wastewater. The morphology and structure of these magnetic adsorbents were characterized with FTIR, TG, XRD, VSM, BET, and SEM technologies. The effect of different factors, such as pH, adsorption time, initial Cr(VI) ions' concentration, Fe₃O₄ loading, and adsorption time, on the adsorption behavior were discussed. The results showed that the 8%Fe₃O₄@MMC adsorbent exhibited a high removal rate, reutilization, and large adsorption capacity. The corresponding adsorption capacity and removal rate could reach 132.80 mg·g^-1 and 99.60% when the pH value, adsorption time, and initial Cr(VI) ions' concentration were 2, 180 min, and 80 mg·L^-1 at 298 K. Four kinds of adsorption isotherm models were used for fitting the experimental data by the 8%Fe₃O₄@MMC adsorbent at different temperatures in detail, and a kinetic model and thermodynamic analysis also were performed carefully. The reutilization performance was investigated, and the Fe₃O₄@MMC adsorbent exhibited greater advantage in the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions. These good performances can be attributed to a unique uniform pore structure, different crystalline phases of Fe₃O₄ particles, and adsorption potential rule. Hence, the 8%Fe₃O₄@MMC adsorbent can be used in industrial petrochemical wastewater treatment.

Green complexation for heavy metals removal from wastewater by Keggin-polyoxometalates enhanced ultrafiltration

The presence of heavy metals in wastewater has become a serious issue and a global concern for the environment and public health with rapid progress of modern textile industry. To minimize the health risks of heavy metals their complexation to a chelating agent constitute a promising process using membrane separation. We highlight for the first time the use of Keggin type-polyoxometalates (PW₁₂) as complexing agent to eliminate heavy metals from synthetic textile wastewater. Indeed, filtration experiments were performed through the ultrafiltration organic regenerated cellulose membrane (3KDa). Effects of pressure (1-2.5 bar), PW₁₂ concentration (10-50 mg·L^-1), salt concentration (10^-4-2 M) and pH value (2-12) on cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) removal were regularly explored. Experimental data showed that the addition of PW₁₂ improves metal removal efficiency (up to 90%). The addition of NaCl salt significantly decreases the metals retention to 42%. The retention drop is probably due to the competition between Na+ and metals on complexation same negative sites of the PW₁₂ and to the electric double-layer compressing. 2⁴ full factorial design has been used to evaluate the most influencing parameters. The results obtained revealed that the maximum metal retention was 99% for both Cd and Cu.

Optimization, Nature, and Mechanism Investigations for the Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin and Malachite Green onto Carbon Nanoparticles Derived from Low-Cost Precursor via a Green Route

The spread of organic pollutants in water spoils the environment, and among the best-known sorbents for removing organic compounds are carbonaceous materials. Sunflower seed waste (SFSW) was employed as a green and low-cost precursor to prepare carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) via pyrolysis, followed by a ball-milling process. The CNPs were treated with a nitric–sulfuric acid mixture (1:1) at 100 °C. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a particle size range of 38 to 45 nm, and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was 162.9 m2 g−1. The elemental analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and the functional groups on the CNPs were examined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, an X-ray diffractometer was employed to test the phase crystallinity of the prepared CNPs. The fabricated CNPs were used to adsorb ciprofloxacin (CFXN) and malachite green (MLG) from water. The experimentally obtained adsorption capacities for CFXN and MLG were 103.6 and 182.4 mg g−1, respectively. The kinetic investigation implied that the adsorption of both pollutants fitted the pseudo-first-order model, and the intraparticle diffusion step controlled the process. The equilibrium findings for CFXN and MLG sorption on the CNPs followed the Langmuir and the Fredulich isotherm models, respectively. It was concluded that both pollutants spontaneously adsorbed on the CNPs, with physisorption being the likely mechanism. Additionally, the FTIR analysis of the adsorbed CFXN showed the disappearance of some functional groups, suggesting a chemisorption contribution. The CNPs showed an excellent performance in removing CFXN and MLG from groundwater and seawater samples and possessed consistent efficiency during the recycle–reuse study. The application of CNPs to treat synthetically contaminated natural water samples indicated the complete remediation of polluted water using the ball-mill-fabricated CNPs.

Highly efficient oxidative-alkaline-leaching process of vanadium-chromium reducing residue and parameters optimization by response surface methodology

Vanadium-chromium reducing residue was not only a typical solid waste in the steel industry but also a valuable secondary source for recovery of vanadium and chromium. A highly efficient oxidative-alkaline-leaching technology with Na₂S₂O₈ was applied in this work. The effect of experimental factors including m(NaOH)/m(Residue), liquid-to-solid ratio, reaction temperature, m(Na₂S₂O₈)/m(Residue) and reaction time, on the leaching process were investigated. It was showed that 96.3% vanadium was leached out under selected conditions: m(NaOH)/m(Residue) = 0.30, liquid-to-solid ratio of 5 mL/g, reaction time of 60 min, m(Na₂S₂O₈)/m(Residue) = 0.50, reaction temperature of 90°C and stirring rate at 500 rpm, respectively. The leaching kinetics behaviour analysis demonstrated that the controlling step of the reaction was the diffusion of residue through the liquid film, and the Ea for vanadium leaching out was calculated to 15.57 kJ/mol. Response surface methodology was applied to analyze the interaction of the main conditions and the results showed that the influence of experimental factors on the leaching efficiency of vanadium followed the order: m(NaOH)/m(Residue) (B) > m(Na₂S₂O₈)/m(Residue) (C) > reaction temperature (E) > reaction time (D) > liquid-to-solid ratio (A).

Gas Hydrate-Based Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Industrial Wastewater: A Review

Innovating methods for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals frequently incorporate toxicity-reduction technologies to keep up with regulatory requirements. This article reviews the latest advances, benefits, opportunities and drawbacks of several heavy metal removal treatment systems for industrial wastewater in detail. The conventional physicochemical techniques used in heavy metal removal processes with their advantages and limitations are evaluated. A particular focus is given to innovative gas hydrate-based separation of heavy metals from industrial effluent with their comparison, advantages and limitations in the direction of commercialization as well as prospective remedies. Clathrate hydrate-based removal is a potential technology for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. In this work, a complete assessment of the literature is addressed based on removal efficiency, enrichment factor and water recovery, utilizing the gas hydrate approach. It is shown that gas hydrate-based treatment technology may be the way of the future for water management purposes, as the industrial treated water may be utilized for process industries, watering, irrigation and be safe to drink.

Superior removal of dyes by mesoporous MgO/g-C3N4 fabricated through ultrasound method: Adsorption mechanism and process modeling

The present research concerns the synthesis of a mesoporous composite characterized with high surface area and superior adsorption capacity in order to investigate its efficacity in removing hazardous and harmful dyes molecules from water. The synthesized mesoporous composite, MgO/g-C₃N₄ (MGCN), was successfully prepared through the sonication method in a methanolic solution followed by an evaporation and a calcination process. The configuration, crystalline phase, surface properties, chemical bonding, and morphological study of the fabricated nanomaterials were investigated via XRD, BET, FESEM, HRTEM, XPS, and FTIR instrumentation. The obtained nanomaterials were used as sorbents of Congo Red (CR) and Basic Fuchsin (BF) dyes from aqueous solutions. Batch elimination experimental studies reveal that the elimination of CR and BF dyes from an aqueous solution onto the MGCN surface was pH-dependent. The highest removal of CR and BF pollutants occurs, respectively, at pH 5 and 7. The absorptive elimination of CR and BF dyes into the MGCN surface was well-fitted with a pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. In this concern, the maximum nanocomposite elimination capacity for CR and BF was observed to be 1250 and 1791 mg g^-1, respectively. This investigation confirms that MGCN composite is an obvious and efficient adsorbent of CR, BF, and other organic dyes from wastewater.

A systematic review on adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions: Recent advances

The contamination of natural resources by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) originating from natural and anthropogenic activities is a serious environmental concern. Although many articles on chromium remediation have been published, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in remediation with different sorbents is not yet available. In this systematic review, the performance and applicability of several adsorptive materials for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous media are discussed, along with a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved. Statistical analysis is applied to compare the efficacies of different adsorbents, while a similar approach is used to determine the effects of sorbent properties and experimental conditions on the adsorption capacity. A detailed analysis of the factors involved in fixed-bed column studies is also presented. A suitable desorption approach to the regeneration of the spent adsorbent and its adsorption performance in reuse is also examined. Among the different sorbents, nanoparticles and mineral-doped biochar were found to be the most effective sorbents, while the adsorption was higher at low pH (~4.0) than that at intermediate pH (6-8). Contrary to our expectation, adsorption was high for sorbents with low specific surface areas, suggesting that the adsorption of Cr(VI) is largely influenced by the chemical properties of the sorbents. The optimum adsorption in fixed-bed column systems is obtained at a lower Cr(VI) ion concentration, a lower influent flow rate, and a higher bed height. Since most of the studies reviewed herein were merely experimental and utilized ideal conditions with the presence of a single contaminant, i.e. Cr(VI) in water, further studies on adsorption dynamics with the presence of other interfering ions are suggested. This review is promising for the further development of Cr(VI) removal strategies and closes the research gaps pertaining to their challenges.

Heavy metal-contained wastewater in China: Discharge, management and treatment

A large amount of heavy metal-contained wastewater (HMW) was discharged during Chinese industry development, which has caused many environmental problems. This study reviewed discharge, management and treatment of HMW in China through collecting and analyzing data from China's official statistical yearbook, standards, technical specifications, government reports, case reports, and research paper. Results showed that industry wastewater discharged by an amount of about 221.6 × 10⁸ t (in 2012), where emission of heavy metals including Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr(VI), T-Cr was around 388.4 t (in 2012). Heavy metal emission with wastewater in east China and central south China was observed to be graver than that in other areas. However, control of heavy metals in Pb and Cd in northwest China was more difficult compared with other areas. In terms of management, China's government has issued many wastewater discharge standards, strict management policies for controlling HMW discharge in recent years, resulting in reduced HMW discharge. In addition, main HMW treatment technology in China was chemical precipitation, and other technologies such as membrane separation, adsorption, ion exchange, electrochemical and biological methods were also occasionally applied. In the future, chemical industries will be concentrated in northwest China, therefore control of HMW discharge should be paid much more attention in those areas. In addition, more effective and environment-friendly heavy metal removal and regeneration technologies should be developed, such as biomaterials adsorbent.

A Comparative Study of the Fatty Acids and Monosaccharides of Wild and Cultivated Ulva sp

There is a need to find new possible raw food sources with interesting nutritional values. One of the most unexploited sources are seaweeds. Thus, Ulva sp. is a green edible seaweed that shows a high growth rate in nature and can support drastic abiotic changes, such as temperature and salinity. This work aims to determine the main nutritional compounds, fatty acids (FAs) and monosaccharides profiles of Ulva sp. (collected from Mondego estuary, Portugal), to identify the potential of this seaweed as a food source. The present study also highlights the potential of controlled and semi-controlled cultivation systems in Ulva sp. profiles. The results showed that the controlled cultivation systems had higher essential FA and monosaccharide content than the semi-controlled cultivation systems. However, they are in some cases identical to wild individuals of Ulva sp., supporting that cultivation of Ulva sp. can be a key for food safety. It is crucial to control the associated risks of contamination that can occur in wild specimens.

Engineered macroalgal and microalgal adsorbents: Synthesis routes and adsorptive performance on hazardous water contaminants

Colourants, micropollutants and heavy metals are regarded as the most notorious hazardous contaminants found in rivers, oceans and sewage treatment plants, with detrimental impacts on human health and environment. In recent development, algal biomass showed great potential for the synthesis of engineered algal adsorbents suitable for the adsorptive management of various pollutants. This review presents comprehensive investigations on the engineered synthesis routes focusing mainly on mechanical, thermochemical and activation processes to produce algal adsorbents. The adsorptive performances of engineered algal adsorbents are assessed in accordance with different categories of hazardous pollutants as well as in terms of their experimental and modelled adsorption capacities. Due to the unique physicochemical properties of macroalgae and microalgae in their adsorbent forms, the adsorption of hazardous pollutants was found to be highly effective, which involved different mechanisms such as physisorption, chemisorption, ion-exchange, complexation and others depending on the types of pollutants. Overall, both macroalgae and microalgae not only can be tailored into different forms of adsorbents based on the applications, their adsorption capacities are also far more superior compared to the conventional adsorbents.

Mechanistic insights of hexavalent chromium remediation by halloysite-supported copper nanoclusters

Chromium (Cr) pollution is a significant environmental concern with remediation challenge. Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is more toxic than trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) due to its mutagenicity and oncogenicity. In this investigation, a multi-functional material, copper nanoclusters (CuNCs)-halloysite nanotubes (HNT) composite (CuNCs@HNT), has been synthesised in an eco-friendly manner and utilised for Cr(VI) remediation. Advanced analytical tools confirmed the seeding of ultra-fine CuNCs onto HNT surfaces. The maximum adsorption capacity of CuNCs@HNT is 79.14 ± 6.99 mg/g at pH 5 ± 0.1 with an increment at lower pHs. This performance was comparable for real surface stream water as well as other reported materials. The pseudo-second-order kinetic-, intra-particle diffusion- and Freundlich isotherm models well fit the experimental data implying that the chemisorption, multiphase diffusion and multi-molecular layer distribution occurred during adsorption. The Fourier-transform infrared and the x-ray photoelectron spectra also ensured the transformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) indicating the material's suitability for concurrent adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI). While coexisting cations and anions did not overwhelm this adsorption, CuNCs@HNT was regenerated and reused five successive times in adsorption-desorption cycles without significant loss of adsorption capacity and material's integrity. Therefore, this multi-functional, biocompatible, low-cost and stable CuNCs@HNT composite may have practical application for similar toxic metals remediation.

Enhanced adsorptive removal of indigo carmine dye by bismuth oxide doped MgO based adsorbents from aqueous solution: equilibrium, kinetic and computational studies

The IC adsorption mechanism on the Bi2O3 doped MgO nanosorbents occurred through the chemisorption process.

Clean approach for chromium removal in aqueous environments and role of nanomaterials in bioremediation: Present research and future perspective

Chromium is an insidious ecological pollutant that is of huge value for its toxicity. The existing ecological objective to lower the heights of toxic materials in marine systems and to stimulate the existing water to recycle after suitable treatment of wastewater. Chromium is a hazard element that appears in discharges of numerous industries that must be diminished to accomplish the goals. Nearly all of the findings described in the literature related to the usage of various materials such as fungal, algal, bacterial biomass, and nanomaterials for chromium adsorption. The current work evaluates the findings of research commenced in the preceding on the use of a variety of adsorbents to decrease chromium concentrations in contaminated waters. This review article focuses on the issue of chromium contamination, its chemistry, causes, consequences, biological agent remediation techniques, and the detailed process of chromium detoxification in microbial cells. It also lists a description of the in situ and ex situ chromium bioremediation methods used. This can help design more effective Cr(VI) removal methods, thus bridging the difference between laboratory discoveries and industrial chromium remediation applications.

The current status, challenges and prospects of using biomass energy in Ethiopia

Despite enormous challenges in accessing sustainable energy supplies and advanced energy technologies, Ethiopia has one of the world's fastest growing economies. The development of renewable energy technology and the building of a green legacy in the country are being prioritized. The total installed capacity for electricity generation in Ethiopia is 4324.3 MW as on October, 2018. Renewable energy accounts for 96.5% of total generation; however, despite the county's enormous biomass energy potential, only 0.58% of power is generated using biomass. Ethiopia has surplus woody biomass, crop residue and animal dung resources which comprise about 141.8 million metric tons of biomass availability per year. At present the exploited potential is about 71.9 million metric tons per year. This review paper provides an in-depth assessment of Ethiopia's biomass energy availability, potential, challenges, and prospects. The findings show that, despite Ethiopia's vast biomass resource potential, the current use of modern energy from biomass is still limited. As a result, this study supports the use of biomass-based alternative energy sources without having a negative impact on the socioeconomic system or jeopardizing food security or the environment. This finding also shows the challenges, opportunities and possible solutions to tackle the problem to expand alternative energy sources. The most effective techniques for producing and utilizing alternate energy sources were also explored. Moreover, some perspectives are given based on the challenges of using efficient energy production and sustainable uses of biomass energy in Ethiopia as it could be also implemented in other developing countries. We believe that the information in this review will shed light on the current and future prospects of biomass energy deployment in Ethiopia.

Ulva lactuca: A bioindicator for anthropogenic contamination and its environmental remediation capacity

Coastal regions are subjected to degradation due to anthropogenic pollution. Effluents loaded with variable concentrations of heavy metal, persistent organic pollutant, as well as nutrients are discharged in coastal areas leading to environmental degradation. In the past years, many scientists have studied, not only the effect of different contaminants on coastal ecosystems but also, they have searched for organisms tolerant to pollutants that can be used as bioindicators or for biomonitoring purposes. Furthermore, many researchers have demonstrated the capacity of different marine organisms to remove heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, as well as to reduce nutrient concentration, which may lead to eutrophication. In this sense, Ulva lactuca, a green macroalgae commonly found in coastal areas, has been extensively studied for its capacity to accumulate pollutants; as a bioindicator; as well as for its remediation capacity. This paper aims to review the information published regarding the use of Ulva lactuca in environmental applications. The review was focused on those studies that analyse the role of this macroalga as a biomonitor or in bioremediation experiments.

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies on Adsorption of Vanadium with Glutamic Acid

Many hydrometallurgy methods, including chemical precipitation, ion exchange, solvent extraction, and adsorption, have been used to recover vanadium from vanadium solution, but the final step of these methods involved precipitation with ammonium salts, high concentrations of which are harmful to the environment. The key point is to find a new compound to replace ammonium salts without reducing the vanadium precipitation efficiency. The adsorption process of vanadium with glutamic acid is investigated. The effects of experimental factors, including dosage of glutamic acid, reaction temperature, concentration of H2SO4, and reaction time, on the adsorption process are investigated. The results show that nearly 91.66% vanadium is adsorbed under the following reaction conditions: reaction temperature of 90 °C, H2SO4 concentration of 20 g/L, glutamic acid dosage at n(glu)/n(V) = 3.0:1, and reaction time of 60 min. The response surface methodology is applied to optimize the reaction conditions. The analysis results indicate that the reaction temperature has the greatest effect on the adsorption efficiency of vanadium and the influence of experimental factors follows the order: reaction temperature > dosage of glutamic acid to vanadium > reaction time > concentration of H2SO4. The pseudo-second-order model is selected to describe well the adsorption kinetic behavior, and the thermodynamic analysis results indicate that the adsorption process of vanadium is unspontaneous and exothermic. The results will be useful for further applications of glutamic acid, and they provide a bright future for vanadium recovery.

Adsorption Behavior of Congo Red onto Barium-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles: Correlation between Experimental Results and DFT Calculations

Ba-loaded ZnO nanoparticles (Ba/ZnO) were obtained by the co-precipitation process and employed as a sorbent for Congo Red (C₃₂H₂₂N₆Na₂O₆S₂) dye (CR). Physicochemical parameters such as particle size, pH, and contact time were checked to characterize the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ba/ZnO NPs for CR (1614.26 mg/g) proves its potential utility in the elimination of CR dye from wastewater. The adsorption mechanism was studied via infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The geometrical parameters and electronic properties of the CR-Ba/ZnO complex, particularly the interaction energy, the density of states, and the charge transfer, highlighted the Ba-ion mediation in the chemical bond formation between CR and the surface. The interaction between CR and Ba-doped ZnO has found to show strong chemisorption with charge transfer between the SO₃^- group and adsorbed Ba²⁺ ion on the surface.

Valorisation of Pine Cone as an Efficient Biosorbent for the Removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI)

Valorisation of pine cone as an efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is evaluated. The morphology and surface chemistry of the biosorbent are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, revealing the presence of carboxylic and alcoholic functional groups that interact with metal ions. The effect of the contact time, pH, amount of adsorbent, and initial metal concentration in the adsorption is studied, resulting in removal percentages for Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cr(VI) (metal concentration of 5 mg L-1) of 82.24%, 93.71%, 94.67%, and 88.8%, respectively ( $\text{pH}=5.4$ , 2 g L-1 of adsorbent), except for Cr(VI) ( $\text{pH}=2$ , 10 g L-1). The equilibrium data of Pb(II) and Cd(II) were found to follow the Langmuir-Freundlich model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 100.01 and 78.73 mg g-1, respectively, whereas Cu(II) followed the Langmuir model with 33.55 mg g-1. Cr(VI) adsorption data also fitted the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 57.36 mg g-1. Adsorption data was obtained at pH 5.4 for divalent metal ions and at pH 2 for Cr(VI) and in a range of metal concentrations ranging from 1 to 500 mg L-1 at 298.2 K. The presence of the three metal ions in the solution does not affect the percentage of the target metal ion adsorbed, proving the absence of competition between them and showing the pine cone to be an efficient adsorbent to treat multimetal effluents allowing water reuse.

Removal of Cationic Organic Dye from Aqueous Solution by Chemical and Pyrolysis Activated Ulva lactuca

Ulva lactuca has been used to remove many toxic substances from industrial wastewater. In the present study we tried to optimize the efficiency of U. lactuca as an adsorbent of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution. U. lactuca was chemically treated with sulfuric acid (UL-H) and sodium hydroxide (UL-OH) and by a slow pyrolysis process (carbonization process) at high temperature T = 600 °C (UL-T) and compared to the nonactive Ulva (UL-NA) and the water insoluble substance (UL-WIS). Several spectroscopic analyses were carried out to detect the biosorption mechanisms of Ulva to remove MB in solution. The effects of different parameters on the adsorption process were studied, i.e., pH (2–10), mass concentration (1–10 g L−1), and contact time (0–120 min). The results showed that the best adsorption of MB by Ulva was at pH = 8, with 5 g L−1 of biomass at 75 min; the best adsorption capacity was 625.0 mg g−1 for UL-OH, which was able to remove more than 89% of MB compared to UL-T, whose removal rate did not exceed 5%. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of oxygenated functional groups with a highly porous surface. The kinetic studies confirmed that the majority of treatments follow the pseudo-second-order type. The mathematical models showed that Langmuir model is favorable to UL-OH, UL-WIS, and UL-NA. According to the experimental results, the primary treatment for U. lactuca is a promising environmentally friendly method and an economical strategy for removing MB from aqueous solution. This method can help address the growing demand for adsorbents used in environmental protection processes and the resultant increase in their price.

A comparative study of ceramic nanoparticles synthesized for antibiotic removal: catalysis characterization and photocatalytic performance modeling

The heterogeneous photocatalysis process has been known to provide significant levels of degradation and mineralization of emerging contaminants including antibiotics. For that, nanoparticle CuCr₂O₄ (CCO) ceramics were successfully prepared via sol-gel (SG) and co-precipitation (CP) methods to obtain spinel with desired structural features and properties and also to improve the photocatalytic performances. The CCO crystallite phase was produced at 750 °C all ceramics, disregarding the synthesis route. CCO physical and chemical properties were checked by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld refinement, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and diffuse reflectance solid (DRS). The XRD patterns demonstrated that the synthesized catalysts displayed a small crystallite size between 17.45 and 26.24 nm for SG and 20.97 and 36.86 nm for the CCO_CP samples. The observation by SEM and TEM of the nanopowders showed a typical morphology with comparable particle sizes for both synthesized routes (20-30 nm). SG agglomeration rates were higher, and particles stick together more efficiently considering the CP method, while the CCO_CP method led to a more significant porosity. Their photocatalytic and adsorption performances were examined for cefaclor (CFC) removal chosen as a target pharmaceutical contaminant in water. The results obtained by the methods differed since nanoparticles prepared by SG led to high photocatalytic activity. In contrast, a high CFC adsorption was observed for those prepared via the CP method, and that agreed with the findings of the characterization analysis. The kinetics of the adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order rate law. In contrast, the data of the photodegradation process were further found to comply with the Lagergren kinetic law. Nevertheless, the global reaction rate is probably controlled by the intra-particular diffusion of CFC, regardless of the elimination process.

Multiple applications of bio-graphene foam for efficient chromate ion removal and oil-water separation

This paper presents the synthesis of bio-graphene foams (bGFs) from renewable sources, and the application of bGFs as new adsorbents in removal of chromate ions and oil contaminants from waste water. A two-step synthetic method was developed to produce bGFs with unique porous architecture and high specific surface area (up to 805 m² g^-1) that is highly desirable for environmental applications. The adsorption performance of prepared bGFs for removal of chromate ions from water was studied in relation to CrO₄^2- concentration, adsorbent load, pH, and contact time to confirm adsorption capacity, kinetics and pH dependence. The adsorption isotherms of chromate ions were consistent with the Langmuir model, revealing an outstanding adsorption capacity of 245 mg of Cr(VI)/g bGFs (pH∼7). bGFs were capable of reducing Cr(VI) in water below the maximum permissible level (0.050 mg dm^-3) for human consumption (WHO). In a second application, our results convincingly showed excellent performance of bGFs in separating organic solvents and oils from water in a continuous oil-water separation process showing 99.1% and 98.8% separation efficiency for toluene and petroleum, respectively. Our findings confirm that the outstanding performance of bGFs, and suggest their use as efficient adsorbents for environmental remediation.

Development of biological macroalgae lignins using copper based metal-organic framework for selective adsorption of cationic dye from mixed dyes

The chemical compositions of macroalgae are protein; cholesterol, fatty acid, and lignin which mostly construct from hydroxyl and amine groups. The lignin as a key structure in the tissues of macroalgae was modified using the sulfation pathway. A novel environmental friendly adsorbent Cu-BTC@Algal was synthesized by incorporated Cu-BTC nanoparticles onto sulphated-Macroalgae biomass under solvothermal conditions and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms. The removal rate of Cu-BTC@Algal was quite greater than that of Cu-BTC, showing that the adsorption performance of porous Cu-BTC can be improved through the modification of algal. Further study revealed that Cu-BTC@Algal exhibited a fast adsorption rate and selective adsorption ability towards the cationic dyes in aqueous solution. The removal rate was up to 97% for cationic dyes methylene blue (MB) and 68% for methyl orange (MO) at intervals 10 min. The influences including initial concentration, and contact time of MB/MO adsorption onto modified algal biomass, Cu-BTC and Cu-BTC@Algal were investigated in detail. The kinetic study indicated that the adsorption of MB/MO onto Cu-BTC@Algal followed the pseudo second-order model. The isotherm obtained from experimental data fitted the Langmuir model, yielding maximum adsorption capacity of 42, 73 and 162 mg g^-1 for algal, Cu-BTC and Cu-BTC@Algal, respectively.