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Yi Z, Dong S, Wang X, Xu M, Li Y, Xie L. Exploratory study on noninvasive biomarker of silicosis in exhaled breath by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023:10.1007/s00420-023-01971-y. [PMID: 37067574 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-01971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a chronic occupational disease, silicosis could cause irreversible and incurable impair to the lung. The current diagnosis of silicosis relies on imaging of X-ray or CT, but these methods cannot detect lung lesions in the early stage of silicosis. OBJECTIVE To establish a regular screening and early diagnosis methods for silicosis, which could be helpful for the prevention and treatment of silicosis. METHODS A total of 161 subjects were enrolled in the study, including 69 patients with silicosis (SILs) and 92 healthy controls. The exhaled breath samples of the subjects were collected with breath sampler and Tedlar bag. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath was performed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS After excluding the pollutants from sampling bags and instruments, 86 VOCs have been identified in the exhaled breath. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was employed for the screening of potential biomarkers of silicosis. Those components that related to smoking were also excluded from the biomarkers. Finally, nine possible biomarkers for silicosis were screened out, including 2,3-butanedione, ethyl acetate, chlorobenzene, o-cymene, 4-ethylhex-2-ynal, 3,5-dimethyl-3-heptanol, hydroquinone, phthalic anhydride and 5-(2-methylpropyl)nonane. Based on these biomarkers screened, a predicted model for silicosis was generated with the accuracy of 89.61%. CONCLUSION The nine biomarkers in exhaled breath were preliminarily screened out for the early diagnosis of silicosis, which can be helpful to the establishment of a noninvasive screening method for silicosis. Follow-up studies should be conducted to further verify these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Yi
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Simin Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Mucen Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Linshen Xie
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Zhou X, Liu J, Dong X, Ma R, Wang X, Wang F. A multistage fractal-like tree network model to predict VOC diffusion characteristic of indoor fabrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161189. [PMID: 36584952 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the coupling mechanism between multi-material pollution sources and sinks is key to predicting the pollution load. Indoor fabric materials strongly adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) owing to their high loading rates and large specific surface areas. The secondary source effects generated by their desorption easily aggravates indoor air pollution and prolongs the pollution period. The existing research conclusions on the VOC mass-transfer properties of building materials are difficult to apply directly to fabrics due to their multilayered anisotropic fiber-interlaced structure. In this study, the triple porous structure of the fabrics was characterized, and the mass-transfer network were analyzed. Moreover, a multistage fractal-like tree network model was proposed to characterize the fabric's pore structure and establish a theoretical prediction model of the VOC diffusion coefficient. Subsequently, the mass-transfer characteristic parameters of the fabrics were measured at different ambient temperatures through loading and emission experiments of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) on typical indoor fabrics. A comparison of the experimentally determined and theoretically predicted values revealed that the proposed model could accurately predict the diffusion coefficient of fabrics. This study can help understand the dynamic source and sink characteristics of fabrics in an indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China.
| | - Jialu Liu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Xuejiao Dong
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Fenghao Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
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3
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Kerry GL, Ross KE, Wright JL, Walker GS. A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces. TOXICS 2022; 10:710. [PMID: 36422918 PMCID: PMC9695000 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine manufacture, use, and the resulting contamination is a significant issue that affects public health, the environment, and the economy. Third-hand exposure to methamphetamine can result in adverse health risks for individuals and first responders. Such exposures can result from the inhalation of airborne residues or from contact with contaminated objects. This review was conducted to determine the current methods used for methamphetamine extraction from indoor air and porous fabric materials. Dynamic solid phase microextraction (SPME) and sorbent sampling tubes have been applied to extract airborne methamphetamine residues from contaminated properties. SPME and solvent extraction have been applied to sample clothing and textiles for methamphetamine detection. This review demonstrates that there is limited literature on the detection of methamphetamine from indoor air and clothing. Supplementary and consistent methods to detect methamphetamine from air and porous surfaces should be developed and published to allow better assessment of the environmental risk to public health caused by third-hand exposure to methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Kerry
- Physical and Molecular Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Kirstin E. Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Jackie L. Wright
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Environmental Risk Sciences Pty Ltd., Carlingford Court, P.O. Box 2537, Sydney 2118, Australia
| | - G. Stewart Walker
- Physical and Molecular Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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4
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Zhang JD, Le MN, Hill KJ, Cooper AA, Stuetz RM, Donald WA. Identifying robust and reliable volatile organic compounds in human sebum for biomarker discovery. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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5
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Borujeni ET, Yaghmaian K, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Naderi M. Identification and determination of the volatile organics of third-hand smoke from different cigarettes and clothing fabrics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:53-63. [PMID: 35669833 PMCID: PMC9163281 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) is a persistent mixture generated from aged second-hand smoke (SHS) that accumulates in indoor environments and reemits into the air. This work evaluates the tobacco-derived volatile organics of cigarette THS from various clothing fabrics that were exposed to side-stream smoke of several brands of cigarettes in a controlled experimental scale. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemicals off-gassed was performed using solid phase micro-extraction coupled with GC/MS. Sixty-six components of side-stream smoke were identified in third-hand cigarette smoke. In this study, toluene-reference concentration (TRC) was calculated for volatile compounds and estimated based on the basic response characteristics of GC/MS. Among the identified analytes, 16 compounds were quantified presenting high toxicity and/or abundance in smoke, such as: benzene, toluene, xylene, pyridine, limonene, naphthalene, furfural and nicotine. The results showed that the total quantified volatile organics released for cotton, wool, polyester and filament fabrics were 92.37, 93.09, 87.88, and 50.22 μg/l fabric, respectively. Fabric structure significantly affects chemical off-gassing. Natural fibers were more capable of holding and emitting THS than synthetic fibers. Besides, various desorption times from 15 to 45 min after exposure to cigarette smoke in the study were evaluated. With increasing desorption time, no significant decrease in the concentration of organic compounds in THS was observed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that it will be difficult to clean the pollutants from the environment contaminated with cigarette smoke and it will take more hours to reduce the concentration of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Tondro Borujeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Naderi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Yu J, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. A New Approach to Characterizing the Partitioning of Volatile Organic Compounds to Cotton Fabric. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3365-3374. [PMID: 35230819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical partitioning to surfaces can influence human exposure by various pathways, resulting in adverse health consequences. Clothing can act as a source, a barrier, or a transient reservoir for chemicals that can affect dermal and inhalation exposure rates. A few clothing-mediated exposure studies have characterized the accumulation of a select number of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), but systematic studies on the partitioning behavior for classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and SVOCs are lacking. Here, the cloth-air equilibrium partition ratios (KCA) for carbonyl, carboxylic acid, and aromatic VOC homologous series were characterized for cellulose-based cotton fabric, using timed exposures in a real indoor setting followed by online thermal desorption and nontargeted mass spectrometric analysis. The analyzed VOCs exhibit rapid equilibration within a day. Homologous series generally show linear correlations of the logarithm of KCA with carbon number and the logarithms of the VOC vapor pressure and octanol-air equilibrium partition ratio (KOA). When expressed as a volume-normalized partition ratio, log KCA_V values are in a range of 5-8, similar to the values for previously measured SVOCs which have lower volatility. When expressed as surface area-normalized adsorption constants, KCA_S values suggest that equilibration corresponds to a saturated surface coverage of adsorbed species. Aqueous solvation may occur for the most water-soluble species such as formic and acetic acids. Overall, this new experimental approach facilitates VOC partitioning studies relevant to environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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7
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Zhou X, Dong X, Ma R, Wang X, Wang F. Characterizing the partitioning behavior of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene on indoor fabrics: Effects of temperature and humidity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125827. [PMID: 33878652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrics are widely distributed in residential buildings. Due to their highly porous structures and large specific surface areas, they have strong adsorption properties for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The secondary source effect that is induced by their desorption can aggravate indoor air pollution and prolong the pollution period. The partition coefficient, which is a characteristic parameter of VOC mass transfer, is sensitive to variations in environmental parameters. However, due to the inherent differences between fabrics and other indoor porous building materials, the relevant research conclusions on the VOC mass transfer parameters of building materials cannot be applied. In addition, the effects of temperature and humidity on the partitioning behavior of VOCs on fabrics have rarely been quantitatively analyzed. Based on an analysis of the porous structure and corresponding mass transfer process of fabrics, a novel prediction model of the fabric partition coefficient under the coupling effect of temperature and humidity is proposed. Three types of indoor typical fabrics and primary water-soluble VOC (formaldehyde) and water-insoluble VOC (benzene, toluene) are examined experimentally via hygroscopicity tests and environmental chamber tests. The experimental results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model for a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China.
| | - Xuejiao Dong
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Fenghao Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
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8
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Pozuelos GL, Jacob P, Schick SF, Omaiye EE, Talbot P. Adhesion and Removal of Thirdhand Smoke from Indoor Fabrics: A Method for Rapid Assessment and Identification of Chemical Repositories. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3592. [PMID: 33808392 PMCID: PMC8037229 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) is an environmental contaminant that may cause adverse health effects in smokers and nonsmokers. Currently, time-consuming analytical methods are necessary to assess chemicals in THS repositories, like upholstered furniture and clothing. Our goal was to develop a rapid, accessible method that can be used to measure THS contamination in common household fabrics and to evaluate remediation. Cotton, terry cloth, polyester, and wool were exposed to THS for various times in a controlled laboratory environment and then extracted in various media at room temperature or 60 °C to develop an autofluorescent method to quantify THS. Concentrations of nicotine and related alkaloids in the extracts were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The autofluorescence of extracts was proportional to the time and amount of THS exposure received by cotton and terry cloth. Extracts of polyester and wool did not show autofluorescence unless heat was applied during extraction. Nicotine, nicotine alkaloids, and TSNA concentrations were higher in THS extracts from cotton and terry cloth than extracts of polyester and wool carpet, in agreement with the autofluorescence data. For fabrics spiked with 10 mg of nicotine, extraction efficiency was much higher from terry cloth (7 mg) than polyester (0.11 mg). In high relative humidity, nicotine recovery from both cotton and polyester was 80% (~8 mg). Our results provide a simple, rapid method to assess THS contaminants in household fabrics and further show that THS extraction is influenced by fabric type, heat, and humidity. Thus, remediation of THS environments may need to vary depending on the fabric reservoirs being treated. Understanding the dynamics of THS in fabrics can help set up appropriate remediation policies to protect humans from exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L. Pozuelos
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Pharmacology Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA;
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA;
| | - Esther E. Omaiye
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (E.E.O.)
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (G.L.P.); (E.E.O.)
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9
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Sheu R, Stönner C, Ditto JC, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Gentner DR. Human transport of thirdhand tobacco smoke: A prominent source of hazardous air pollutants into indoor nonsmoking environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4109. [PMID: 32181345 PMCID: PMC7056301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor nonsmoking environments with thirdhand smoke (THS) is an important, poorly understood public health concern. Real-time THS off-gassing from smokers into a nonsmoking movie theater was observed with online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometry. Prominent emission events of THS tracers (e.g., 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, and acetonitrile) and other tobacco-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) coincided with the arrival of certain moviegoers and left residual contamination. These VOC emission events exposed occupants to the equivalent of 1 to 10 cigarettes of secondhand smoke, including multiple hazardous air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde) at parts-per-billion concentrations. Nicotine and related intermediate-volatility nitrogen-containing compounds, which vaporized from clothes/bodies and recondensed onto aerosol, comprised 34% of observed functionalized organic aerosol abundance. Exposure to THS VOC emission events will be considerably enhanced in poorly ventilated or smaller spaces in contrast with a large, well-ventilated theater-amplifying concentrations and potential impacts on health and indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Banton MI, Bus JS, Collins JJ, Delzell E, Gelbke HP, Kester JE, Moore MM, Waites R, Sarang SS. Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:1-130. [PMID: 31284836 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closed-mold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Banton
- a Gorge View Consulting LLC , Hood River , OR , USA
| | - J S Bus
- b Health Sciences , Exponent , Midland , MI , USA
| | - J J Collins
- c Health Sciences , Saginaw Valley State University , Saginaw , MI , USA
| | - E Delzell
- d Private consultant , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | | | - J E Kester
- f Kester Consulting LLC , Wentzville , MO , USA
| | | | - R Waites
- h Sabic , Innovative Plastics US LLC , Mount Vernon , IN , USA
| | - S S Sarang
- i Shell Health , Shell International , Houston , TX , USA
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Gaskin S, Heath L, Pisaniello D, Logan M, Baxter C. Skin permeation of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur from short-term exposure scenarios relevant to hazardous material incidents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:937-943. [PMID: 30893753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Permeation of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur gases through skin and the consequences of dermal exposure are still poorly understood. We measured the penetration profile of three common industrial gases through skin, for short-term exposures relevant to HAZMAT scenarios. Time variations of gas concentration, clothing effects, temperature and humidity on epidermal absorption and penetration were assessed. Fabric off-gassing profiles were also investigated. The results show oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) at airborne concentrations up to lethal inhalation levels (e.g. 3000 ppm) have little skin penetration ability. Skin absorption and reservoir effects were noted. Skin exposed to SO2 (3000 ppm/30 min) shows negligible skin absorption or penetration. Fabric on skin marginally increased SO2 absorption and subsequent ventilation did not reduce the absorbed fraction. Increased temperature and humidity had limited additional effect on skin penetration. Importantly, clothing demonstrated sink properties, especially for SO2. Short-term skin exposure relevant to accidents will not significantly contribute to body burden. The greatest concern will likely be off-gassing of chemical-laden fabric for asthma suffers. The risk-based management approach is to avoid potential secondary inhalation from fabric off-gassing by removal of outer layer of bulky clothing. Decontamination and moving into an area of enhanced ventilation may also be advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Gaskin
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Linda Heath
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Logan
- Research and Scientific Branch, Queensland Fire and Emergency Services, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christina Baxter
- Department of Defence, Technical Support Working Group, Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office, US Government, Virginia, USA; Emergency Response TIPS, LLC, Virginia, USA
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12
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Wu CC, Wang WJ, Bao LJ, Shi L, Tao S, Zeng EY. Impacts of texture properties and airborne particles on accumulation of tobacco-derived chemicals in fabrics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:108-115. [PMID: 30776593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vapor-phase constituents of tobacco smoke are known to accumulate on clothing surfaces; however, the significance of texture properties, such as specific surface area, porosity, and surface roughness, and airborne particles to the sorption capacity of fabrics has not been adequately addressed. In the present study, cotton (t-shirt) and polyester (pajama and lab coat) fabrics were exposed to cigarette smoke containing gaseous and particulate tobacco-derived compounds (e.g., N-nitrosamines). Fabric-air distribution coefficients and particle deposition fluxes were then determined to evaluate the accumulation of the target analytes. Appreciable amounts of N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and 4'-(nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were detected in all three fabric types although particle-bound NAB and NNK were found only in cigarette smoke. In addition, the root mean square surface roughness heights for three types of clothes were within the same order of magnitude. As such, the deposition fluxes of particle-bound N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and NNK to fabric surface may have contributed to 6-20% and 56-100% of total NNN and NNK in fabrics, respectively, estimated based on the assumed deposition velocity of 0.65 m h-1. Apparently, the sorption capacity of fabrics can be greatly influenced by particle-bound compounds on clothing surfaces, resulting in either over- or under-estimation of fabric-air distribution/partitioning coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chou Wu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Forster M, McAughey J, Prasad K, Mavropoulou E, Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 4: Characterisation of indoor air quality and odour. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:34-51. [PMID: 28989082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco heating product THP1.0, which heats but does not burn tobacco, was tested as part of a modified-risk tobacco product assessment framework for its impacts on indoor air quality and residual tobacco smoke odour. THP1.0 heats the tobacco to less than 240 °C ± 5 °C during puffs. An environmentally controlled room was used to simulate ventilation conditions corresponding to residential, office and hospitality environments. An analysis of known tobacco smoke constituents, included CO, CO2, NO, NO2, nicotine, glycerol, 3-ethenyl pyridine, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, eight volatile organic compounds, four carbonyls, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total aerosol particulate matter. Significant emissions reductions in comparison to conventional cigarettes were measured for THP1.0. Levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and particulate matter emitted from THP1.0 exceeded ambient air measurements, but were more than 90% reduced relative to cigarette smoke emissions within the laboratory conditions defined Residual tobacco smoke odour was assessed by trained sensory panels after exposure of cloth, hair and skin to both mainstream and environmental emissions from the test products. Residual tobacco smoke odour was significantly lower from THP1.0 than from a conventional cigarette. These data show that using THP1.0 has the potential to result in considerably reduced environmental emissions that affect indoor air quality relative to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Eleni Mavropoulou
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Saini A, Okeme JO, Mark Parnis J, McQueen RH, Diamond ML. From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:631-641. [PMID: 27555567 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Uptake kinetics of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present indoors, namely phthalates and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), were characterized for cellulose-based cotton and rayon fabrics. Cotton and rayon showed similar accumulation of gas- and particle-phase SVOCs, when normalized to planar surface area. Accumulation was 3-10 times greater by rayon than cotton, when normalized to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area which suggests that cotton could have a longer linear uptake phase than rayon. Linear uptake rates of eight consistently detected HFRs over 56 days of 0.35-0.92 m3 /day.dm2 planar surface area and mass transfer coefficients of 1.5-3.8 m/h were statistically similar for cotton and rayon and similar to those for uptake to passive air sampling media. These results suggest air-side controlled uptake and that, on average, 2 m2 of clothing typically worn by a person would sequester the equivalent of the chemical content in 100 m3 of air per day. Distribution coefficients between fabric and air (K') ranged from 6.5 to 7.7 (log K') and were within the range of partition coefficients measured for selected phthalates as reported in the literature. The distribution coefficients were similar for low molecular weight HFRs, and up to two orders of magnitude lower than the equilibrium partition coefficients estimated using the COSMO-RS model. Based on the COSMO-RS model, time to reach 95% of equilibrium for PBDEs between fabric and gas-phase compounds ranged from 0.1 to >10 years for low to high molecular weight HFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J O Okeme
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Mark Parnis
- Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - R H McQueen
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Saini A, Thaysen C, Jantunen L, McQueen RH, Diamond ML. From Clothing to Laundry Water: Investigating the Fate of Phthalates, Brominated Flame Retardants, and Organophosphate Esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9289-97. [PMID: 27507188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of phthalate esters, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) by clothing from indoor air and transfer via laundering to outdoors were investigated. Over 30 days cotton and polyester fabrics accumulated 3475 and 1950 ng/dm(2) ∑5phthalates, 65 and 78 ng/dm(2) ∑10BFRs, and 1200 and 310 ng/dm(2) ∑8OPEs, respectively. Planar surface area concentrations of OPEs and low molecular weight phthalates were significantly greater in cotton than polyester and similar for BFRs and high molecular weight phthalates. This difference was significantly and inversely correlated with KOW, suggesting greater sorption of polar compounds to polar cotton. Chemical release from cotton and polyester to laundry water was >80% of aliphatic OPEs (log KOW < 4), < 50% of OPEs with an aromatic structure, 50-100% of low molecular weight phthalates (log KOW 4-6), and < detection-35% of higher molecular weight phthalates (log KOW > 8) and BFRs (log KOW > 6). These results support the hypothesis that clothing acts an efficient conveyer of soluble semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoors to outdoors through accumulation from air and then release during laundering. Clothes drying could as well contribute to the release of chemicals emitted by electric dryers. The results also have implications for dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Clara Thaysen
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0 Canada
| | - Rachel H McQueen
- Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N1 Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4 Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1 Canada
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16
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Saini A, Rauert C, Simpson MJ, Harrad S, Diamond ML. Characterizing the sorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to cotton and polyester fabrics under controlled conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:99-107. [PMID: 27135571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cotton and polyester, physically and chemically different fabrics, were characterized for sorption of gas-phase polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images and BET specific surface area (BET-SSA) analysis showed cotton's high microsurface area; NMR analysis showed richness of hexose- and aromatic-carbon in cotton and polyester, respectively. Cotton and polyester sorbed similar concentrations of gas-phase PBDEs in chamber studies, when normalized to planar surface area. However, polyester concentrations were 20-50 times greater than cotton when normalized to BET-SSA, greater than the 10 times difference in BET-SSA. The difference in sorption between cotton and polyester is hypothesized to be due to 'dilution' due to cotton's large BET-SSA and/or greater affinity of PBDEs for aromatic-rich polyester. Similar fabric-air area normalized distribution coefficients (K'D, 10(3) to 10(4)m) for cotton and polyester support air-side controlled uptake under non-equilibrium conditions. K'D values imply that 1m(2) of cotton or polyester fabrics would sorb gas-phase PBDEs present in 10(3) to 10(4)m(3) of equivalent air volume at room temperature over one week, assuming similar air flow conditions. Sorption of PBDEs to fabrics has implications for their fate indoors and human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Saini
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, 22 Russell Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Cheng CY, Huang SS, Yang CM, Tang KT, Yao DJ. Detection of third-hand smoke on clothing fibers with a surface acoustic wave gas sensor. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011907. [PMID: 26909119 PMCID: PMC4752521 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) is a new cigarette-related issue defined as the residual contamination from cigarette smoke after a cigarette is extinguished. To detect THS on three commonly used clothing fibers-wool, cotton, and polyester, we applied two methods to measure the adsorption of THS: one was the gain of mass with an analytical balance after exposure to cigarette smoke; and the other was to detect the THS chemical compounds such as nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor composed of coated oxidized hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres. In the mass measurement, the gain of mass decreased in the order wool, cotton, and polyester; the latter gain was about one tenth that of wool. In the SAW detection, the frequency shift decreased in the same order-wool, cotton, and polyester. The residence period of THS on natural fiber (wool and cotton) is greater than on synthetic polyester fiber. These two tests provide quantitative results of THS on varied clothing fibers, to assess their risk after exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Cheng
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Shen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kea-Tiong Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Da-Jeng Yao
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu, Taiwan
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18
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Morrison GC, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Koch HM, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Role of clothing in both accelerating and impeding dermal absorption of airborne SVOCs. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:113-8. [PMID: 26058800 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To assess the influence of clothing on dermal uptake of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), we measured uptake of selected airborne phthalates for an individual wearing clean clothes or air-exposed clothes and compared these results with dermal uptake for bare-skinned individuals under otherwise identical experimental conditions. Using a breathing hood to isolate dermal from inhalation uptake, we measured urinary metabolites of diethylphthalate (DEP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP) from an individual exposed to known concentrations of these compounds for 6 h in an experimental chamber. The individual wore either clean (fresh) cotton clothes or cotton clothes that had been exposed to the same chamber air concentrations for 9 days. For a 6-h exposure, the net amounts of DEP and DnBP absorbed when wearing fresh clothes were, respectively, 0.017 and 0.007 μg/kg/(μg/m(3)); for exposed clothes the results were 0.178 and 0.261 μg/kg/(μg/m(3)), respectively (values normalized by air concentration and body mass). When compared against the average results for bare-skinned participants, clean clothes were protective, whereas exposed clothes increased dermal uptake for DEP and DnBP by factors of 3.3 and 6.5, respectively. Even for non-occupational environments, wearing clothing that has adsorbed/absorbed indoor air pollutants can increase dermal uptake of SVOCs by substantial amounts relative to bare skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jørn Toftum
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- Department of Civil Engineering, International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Morrison G, Shakila NV, Parker K. Accumulation of gas-phase methamphetamine on clothing, toy fabrics, and skin oil. INDOOR AIR 2015; 25:405-414. [PMID: 25244432 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To better understand methamphetamine exposure and risk for occupants of former residential clandestine methamphetamine laboratories, we measured the dynamic accumulation of methamphetamine in skin oil, cotton and polyester (PE) clothing, upholstery, and toy fabric (substrates) exposed to 15-30 ppb (91-183 μg/m(3)) neutral methamphetamine in air for up to 60 days. The average equilibrium partition coefficients at 30% RH, in units of μg of methamphetamine per gram of substrate per ppb, are 3.0 ± 0.2 for a PE baby blanket, 5.6 ± 3.5 for a PE fabric toy, 3.7 ± 0.2 for a PE shirt, 18.3 ± 8.0 for a PE/cotton upholstery fabric, and 1200 ± 570 in skin oil. The partition coefficients at 60% RH are 4.5 ± 0.4, 5.2 ± 2.1, 4.5 ± 0.6, 36.1 ± 3.6, and 1600 ± 1100 μg/(g ppb), respectively. There was no difference in the partition coefficient for a clean and skin-oil-soiled cotton shirt [15.3 ± 2.1 μg/(g ppb) @ 42 days]. Partition coefficients for skin oil may be sensitive to composition. 'Mouthing' of cloth is predicted to be the dominant exposure pathway [60 μg/(kg body weight*ppb)] for a toddler in former meth lab, and indoor air concentrations would have to be very low (0.001 ppb) to meet the recommended reference dose for children. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Gas-phase methamphetamine transfers to and accumulates on clothing, toys and other fabrics significantly increases risk of ingestion of methamphetamine. Current remediation methods should consider measurement of postremediation gas-phase air concentrations of methamphetamine in addition to surface wipe samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morrison
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - N V Shakila
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - K Parker
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
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