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Lanrewaju AA, Enitan-Folami AM, Sabiu S, Swalaha FM. A review on disinfection methods for inactivation of waterborne viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991856. [PMID: 36212890 PMCID: PMC9539188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Water contamination is a global health problem, and the need for safe water is ever-growing due to the public health implications of unsafe water. Contaminated water could contain pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, and viruses that are implicated in several debilitating human diseases. The prevalence and survival of waterborne viruses differ from bacteria and other waterborne microorganisms. In addition, viruses are responsible for more severe waterborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, myocarditis, and encephalitis among others, hence the need for dedicated attention to viral inactivation. Disinfection is vital to water treatment because it removes pathogens, including viruses. The commonly used methods and techniques of disinfection for viral inactivation in water comprise physical disinfection such as membrane filtration, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and conventional chemical processes such as chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone among others. However, the production of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that accompanies chemical methods of disinfection is an issue of great concern due to the increase in the risks of harm to humans, for example, the development of cancer of the bladder and adverse reproductive outcomes. Therefore, this review examines the conventional disinfection approaches alongside emerging disinfection technologies, such as photocatalytic disinfection, cavitation, and electrochemical disinfection. Moreover, the merits, limitations, and log reduction values (LRVs) of the different disinfection methods discussed were compared concerning virus removal efficiency. Future research needs to merge single disinfection techniques into one to achieve improved viral disinfection, and the development of medicinal plant-based materials as disinfectants due to their antimicrobial and safety benefits to avoid toxicity is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Wang W, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Huang H, Dou W, Jiang B. Investigation into the content and formation of trihalomethanes and molecular change of dissolved organic matter from a typical water plant in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4315-4328. [PMID: 33860413 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are a class of disinfection by-products that were proved to have adverse effects to human health. Investigation into its content change and molecular composition variation of its main precursor, which is believed to be dissolved organic matter (DOM) during water purification process, can help understand the formation mechanism of THMs and optimize the processes in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). This is of great significance to ensure the safety of urban water supply. In this study, detailed changes of THMs' content and formation potential were determined during the water purification process in summer and winter at a typical DWTP in south China. Specific molecular composition changes of DOM were also characterized by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, to comprehensively study its correlation with the formation of THMs in different water processing units and seasons. The result showed that chlorination will cause drastic changes of water quality and a sharp increase in the concentration of THMs (18.7 times in summer and 13.9 times in winter). Molecular-level characterization of DOM indicates that a range of lignin-like substance with lower O/C (< 0.5) and H/C (< 1.25) vanished and considerable amount of protein-like and tannins-like substance with higher H/C (> 1.25) and O/C (> 0.5) was formed after chlorination. Analysis of Cl-containing products demonstrated that a bulk of CHOCl1 and CHOCl2 compounds with moderate molecular weights were formed in both winter and summer. However, the newly formed CHOCl1 molecules showed a relatively higher mass weight in summer (> 500 Da) compared to winter (300-500 Da). Seasonal differences also emerged in the result of correlation between the trihalomethanes formation potential and total organic carbon. The correlation coefficient in summer (0.500) was lower than that in winter (0.843). The results suggested that the exhaustive reaction and contribution of DOM to THMs may vary in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yibo Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Wenyuan Dou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
- Institute of analysis, Guangdong Academy of Science (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Noh JH, Park JW, Choi S, Kim S, Maeng SK. Effects of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity of zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124530. [PMID: 33243649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. Two hybrid membrane bioreactors were configured with the addition of powdered activated carbon or calcium to reduce the trihalomethane formation potential. Trihalomethane formation decreased by approximately 37.2% and 30.3% in membrane bioreactor-powdered activated carbon and membrane bioreactor-calcium, respectively. Additionally, the toxic effect of trihalomethane formation was examined on zebrafish embryos and larvae. About 35% of the embryos exposed to trihalomethanes (800 ppb) showed signs of deformation, with the majority displaying coagulation within 24 h after exposure. Color preference tests, which were conducted to identify any abnormal activities of the embryos, showed an increase in preference from short to longer wavelengths upon exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes. This may indicate damage to the optical organs in zebrafish when exposed to trihalomethanes. Behavioral analysis showed reduced mobility of zebrafish larvae under different trihalomethane concentrations, indicating a decrease in the average activity time with an increasing trihalomethane concentration. The membrane bioreactor effluents were toxic to zebrafish embryos and larvae in the presence of high trihalomethane concentrations. To understand the mechanism behind trihalomethane toxicity, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyung Noh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohoon Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpyo Kim
- Bio Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City, Chungnam 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Maeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Macêdo LPR, Dornelas ASP, Vieira MM, Ferreira JSDJ, Sarmento RA, Cavallini GS. Effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of peracetic acid and active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite on Chironomus xanthus. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127171. [PMID: 32470743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to residual concentrations of chemical agents from anthropogenic activities, and the real impacts of such compounds can only be evaluated accurately using ecotoxicological tests. The assessment of ecotoxicological effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) on the insect Chironomus xanthus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) is highly relevant as there are few reports on its effects in fresh water ecosystems. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to assess the chronic toxicity of the compounds to C. xanthus. The toxicity bioassays for C. xanthus included the acute effect (CL50) and the chronic effects based on body length, head width, and cumulative emergence. The results obtained in the acute effect tests indicated that the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2 is 14 fold more toxic than PAA to C. xanthus. In sublethal evaluations, the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2 presented higher toxicity than PAA in terms of percentage emergence, body development, and head width. In general, the results showed lower PAA toxicity relative to the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2, demonstrating that PAA is a promising substitute for chlorinated disinfectants. In addition, the study facilitates the establishment of reference values for the safe release of effluents treated with PAA into water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Priscilla Rodrigues Macêdo
- Multidisciplinar em Ensino, Educação, Química, Linguagens e Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal do Pará, 68.629-020, Paragominas, Pará, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | - Mayane Marques Vieira
- Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Joel Santiago de Jesus Ferreira
- Curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil; Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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5
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Liu X, Ma XY, Dong K, Zheng K, Wang X. Investigating the origins of acute and long-term toxicity posed by municipal wastewater using fractionation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:2350-2359. [PMID: 30623729 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1567602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been proven that the raw wastewater, secondary effluent and even reclaimed water may have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. In the present study, fractionation procedures combined with bioassays using luminescent bacteria were conducted to identify the fractions that contributed to the acute and long-term toxicity of municipal wastewater. Solid phase extraction was used to divide dissolved organic matter from the wastewater into three fractions, including non-polar, medium-polar and polar fraction. Among these fractions, although the acute toxicity of municipal wastewater was mainly caused by polar and medium-polar chemicals, the acute toxicity induced by the unit mass of the medium-polar fraction was the greatest. Using three kinds of resins, the organic substances in municipal wastewater were classified into six fractions, and the long-term toxicity of these fractions was further identified. The long-term toxicity of the hydrophobic neutrals, which were the primary toxic substances in raw wastewater, decreased after the conventional secondary biological treatment. Hydrophilic neutrals, which accounted for the majority of organic substances in the secondary effluent, were the main substances with long-term toxicity in the secondary effluent. The identification of fractions with acute and long-term toxicity in municipal wastewater is beneficial for further treatment to attenuate the ecotoxicity of wastewater before discharge into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Liu
- Xi'an Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, School of environment and municipal engineering, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, School of environment and municipal engineering, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zheng
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, School of environment and municipal engineering, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, School of environment and municipal engineering, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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de Castro Medeiros L, de Alencar FLS, Navoni JA, de Araujo ALC, do Amaral VS. Toxicological aspects of trihalomethanes: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5316-5332. [PMID: 30607849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is considered the most used chemical agent for water disinfection worldwide. However, water chlorination can lead to by-product generation which can be toxic to humans. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review on the toxicity of trihalomethanes (THMs) through bioindicators of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity. The results showed that studies on the effects of THMs on DNA are a current research concern for evaluating the toxicity of the pure compounds and real samples involving several types including water for recreational use, reused water, and drinking water. THMs deleterious effects have been assessed using several biosystems, where the Ames test along with experimental animal models were the most cited. A wide range of THM concentrations have been tested. Nevertheless, DNA damage was demonstrated, highlighting the potential human health risk. Among the studied THMs, chloroform presented a different action mechanism when compared with brominated THMs, with the former being cytotoxic while brominated THMs (bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and dibromochloromethane) were cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. The described evidence in this research highlights the relevance of this topic as a human health issue. Nevertheless, research aimed to represent THMs current exposure conditions in a more accurate way would be needed to understand the real impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana de Castro Medeiros
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Feliphe Lacerda Souza de Alencar
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Julio Alejandro Navoni
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
- Department of Natural Resources, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - André Luis Calado de Araujo
- Department of Natural Resources, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Viviane Souza do Amaral
- Development and Environment, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), University Campus, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil.
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Overview of the Main Disinfection Processes for Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Plants. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su10010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Disinfection in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Evaluation of Effectiveness and Acute Toxicity Effects. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xue S, Jin W, Zhang Z, Liu H. Reductions of dissolved organic matter and disinfection by-product precursors in full-scale wastewater treatment plants in winter. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 179:395-404. [PMID: 28377117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The reductions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and disinfection byproduct precursors in four full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (Liaoning Province, China) where different biological treatment processes were employed in winter were investigated. The total removal efficiencies of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV-254), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) were in the range of 70.3-76.0%, 49.6-57.3%, 54.4-65.0%, and 53.7-63.8% in the four WWTPs, respectively. The biological treatment was the predominant process responsible for the removal of DOC, THMFP, and HAAFP in WWTPs. Differences in the reduction of UV-254 were not significant (p > 0.05) among biochemical reaction pool, secondary sedimentation tank, and disinfection tank. Biological aerated filter and suspended carrier activated sludge processes achieved higher DOM removal than the conventional active sludge and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic processes. Hydrophobic neutral and hydrophilic fraction were removed to a higher degree through biological treatment than the other three DOM fractions. HAAFP removal was more efficient than THMFP reduction during biological treatment. During primary treatment, fluorescent materials in secondary sedimentation tanks were preferentially removed, as compared to the bulk DOM. Humic-like fluorescent compounds were not readily eliminated during biological treatment. The fluorescent materials were more susceptible to chlorine than nonfluorescent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xue
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Wujisiguleng Jin
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; The City College of Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130111, China
| | - Zhaohong Zhang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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Ma H, Gao M, Hua L, Chao H, Xu J. The stabilization of tannery sludge and the character of humic acid-like during low temperature pyrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16791-16802. [PMID: 26092361 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tannery sludge contained plenty of organic matter, and the organic substance stability had direct impact on its derived chars' utilization. In this paper, the stabilization of tannery sludge and the variation of humic acid-like (HAL) extracted by different methods were investigated in a magnetic stirring reactor under low temperature pyrolysis of 100-400 °C. Results showed that the aromatic structure of pyrolysis chars increased with the increase of temperature and time. The char contained highly aromatic structure and relatively small dissolved organic matters (DOM) at 300 °C. The similar behaviors appeared in two HAL series by different extraction methods. The N content, H/C value, and aliphatic structures of HAL decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while the C/N value and aromatic structures increased with the rise of pyrolysis temperature. The composition and functional groups of HAL were similar with the purchased humic acid (HA). The fluorescence spectra revealed that two main peaks were found at Ex/Em = 239/363-368 nm and 283/359-368 nm in each HAL series from raw and 100 °C pyrolysis tannery sludge, representing a protein-like matter. The new peak appeared at Ex/Em = 263-283/388 nm in each HAL series from 200 °C pyrolysis tannery sludge-represented humic acid-like matter. The fluorescence intensity increased strongly compared to the other two peak intensity. Therefore, the humification of organic matter was increased by pyrolyzing. Notably, the HAL from 200 °C pyrolysis tannery sludge contained simple molecular structure, and the polycondensation increased but with a relative lower humification degree compared to soil HAL and purchased HA. Therefore, the sludge needs further oxidation. The humic substance was negligible by direct extraction when the temperature was 300 and 400 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Ma
- College of Resources & Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Gao
- College of Resources & Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Hua
- College of Resources & Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chao
- College of Resources & Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Resources & Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
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da Costa JB, Rodgher S, Daniel LA, Espíndola ELG. Toxicity on aquatic organisms exposed to secondary effluent disinfected with chlorine, peracetic acid, ozone and UV radiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1803-1813. [PMID: 25213288 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The toxic potential of four disinfectant agents (chlorine, ozone, peracetic acid and UV radiation), used in the disinfection of urban wastewater, was evaluated with respect to four aquatic organisms. Disinfection assays were carried out with wastewater from the city of Araraquara (São Paulo State, Brazil), and subsequently, toxicity bioassays were applied in order to verify possible adverse effects to the cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis), midge larvae Chironomus xanthus and fish (Danio rerio). Under the experimental conditions tested, all the disinfectants were capable of producing harmful effects on the test organisms, except for C. xanthus. The toxicity of the effluent to C. silvestrii was observed to increase significantly as a result of disinfection using 2.5 mg L(-1) chlorine and 29.9 mg L(-1) ozone. Ozonation and chlorination significantly affected the survival of D. similis and D. rerio, causing mortality of 60 to 100 % in comparison to the non-disinfected effluent. In experiments with effluent treated with peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation, a statistically significant decrease in survival was only detected for D. rerio. This investigation suggested that the study of the ideal concentrations of disinfectants is a research need for ecologically safe options for the treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Berninger da Costa
- Oceanography and Environmental Impacts Coordination Program, COIAM, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), SHIS Quadra 01, Conjunto B - Bloco A - Edifício Santos Dumont, Lago Sul, Brasília, DF, CEP 71605-160, Brazil
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