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Li X, Ye Z, Wang J, Lin P, Zhang X, Xie S, Chen C. Intake of tobacco nitrosamines of smokers in various provinces of China and their cancer risk: A meta-analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:249-260. [PMID: 38408825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are a class of carcinogens which have been detected widely in food, water, some pharmaceuticals as well as tobacco. The objectives of this paper include reviewing the basic information on tobacco consumption and nitrosamine contents, and assessing the health risks of tobacco nitrosamines exposure to Chinese smokers. We searched the publications in English from "Web of Science" and those in Chinese from the "China National Knowledge Infrastructure" in 2022 and collected 151 literatures with valid information. The content of main nitrosamines in tobacco, including 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), total tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were summarized. The information of daily tobacco consumption of smokers in 30 provinces of China was also collected. Then, the intakes of NNN, NNK, NAT, NAB, TSNAs, and NDMA via tobacco smoke were estimated as 1534 ng/day, 591 ng/day, 685 ng/day, 81 ng/day, 2543 ng/day, and 484 ng/day by adult smokers in 30 provinces, respectively. The cancer risk (CR) values for NNN and NNK inhalation intake were further calculated as 1.44 × 10-5 and 1.95 × 10-4. The CR value for NDMA intake via tobacco smoke (inhalation: 1.66 × 10-4) indicates that NDMA is similarly dangerous in tobacco smoke when compared with the TSNAs. In China, the CR values caused by average nitrosamines intake via various exposures and their order can be estimated as the following: smoke (3.75 × 10-4) > food (1.74 × 10-4) > drinking water (1.38 × 10-5). Smokers in China averagely suffer 200% of extra cancer risk caused by nitrosamines in tobacco when compared with non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Zhao J, Qi B, Zhang P, Jia Y, Guo X, Dong W, Yuan Y. Research progress on the generation of NDMA by typical PPCPs in disinfection treatment of water environment in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172498. [PMID: 38657805 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The drugs and personal care products in water sources are potential threats to the ecological environment and drinking water quality. In recent years, the presence of PPCPs has been detected in multiple drinking water sources in China. PPCPs are usually stable and resistant to degradation in aquatic environments. During chlorination, chloramination, and ozonation disinfection processes, PPCPs can act as precursor substances to generate N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) which is the most widely detected nitrosamine byproduct in drinking water. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of PPCPs in China's water environment on the generation of NDMA during disinfection processes to better understand the correlation between PPCPs and NDMA generation. Chloramine is the most likely to form NDMA with different disinfection methods, so chloramine disinfection may be the main pathway for NDMA generation. Activated carbon adsorption and UV photolysis are widely used in the removal of NDMA and its precursor PPCPs, and biological treatment is found to be a low-cost and high removal rate method for controlling the generation of NDMA. However, there are still certain regional limitations in the investigation and research on PPCPs, and other nitrosamine by-products such as NMEA, NDEA and NDBA should also be studied to investigate the formation mechanism and removal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrao Zhao
- College of Quality & Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou Province, China
| | - Beimeng Qi
- College of Quality & Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou Province, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Quality & Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou Province, China
| | - Yuqian Jia
- College of Quality & Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- College of Quality & Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou Province, China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- Zhejiang Scientific Research Institute of Transport, 310000 Hangzhou Province, China
| | - Yixing Yuan
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China
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3
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Coskun B, Bilgin-Saritas N, Aydin E, Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E. Identification of transformation products during Doxylamine chloramination for NDMA mitigation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1024-1039. [PMID: 36222397 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2135462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a disinfection byproduct that forms at the presence of an organic nitrogen precursor. Doxylamine, an antihistaminic pharmaceutical, is a precursor of NDMA and has been shown to form NDMA in the presence of chloramine. In this study, the effect of Doxylamine as an NDMA precursor has been further studied during chloramination. The end product and byproducts during chloramination were investigated using a high-resolution mass spectrometer by taking samples at different time intervals. Results suggest that NDMA is not the only end product forming during chloramination of Doxylamine and several transformation products that do not end up as NDMA may form. A group of these transformation products have been selected based on their relative amounts during chloramination with time and notated as Focus Tentative Transformation Products (FTTPn). The identification of these byproducts will make it easier to study the conditions during chloramination that may favour these 'known' transformation products with the use of less sophisticated analytical instruments. Then, it might lead to the establishment of chloramination protocols that will minimise the formation of NDMA from its precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Coskun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey
| | - N Bilgin-Saritas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey
| | - E Aydin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Beyazıt, Turkey
- AGAT Laboratories, Montréal, Canada
| | - E Pehlivanoglu-Mantas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Turkey
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Su R, He M, Li N, Ma D, Zhou W, Gao B, Yue Q, Li Q. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Chlorite Activation Mediated by Oxygen Vacancy Abundant Nd-Doped BiVO 4 for Efficient Chlorine Dioxide Generation and Pollutant Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31920-31932. [PMID: 35811472 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalytic chlorite activation has emerged as an efficient oxidation process for micropollutant elimination. However, the in-depth mechanism of chlorite activation is not understood. In this study, using neodymium-doped bismuth vanadate (NdxBi1-xVO4-δ) as a model catalyst, we describe the oxygen vacancy (OV)-mediated chlorite activation process for efficient ClO2 generation and cephalexin (CPX) degradation. DFT calculations and in situ DRIFTS suggest that the OV-introduced surface -OH serves as the Brønsted acidic center for chlorite adsorption. The OV-mediated chlorite activation involves multistep reactions that surface hydroxylation and proton transfer from the surface -OH to chlorite, forming metastable chlorous acid (HClO2) and further disproportionating to ClO2. As compared with vis-photocatalysis, the vis-photocatalysis coupled with chlorite activation (vis/chlorite) technique exhibits superior performance in antibiotic degradation and achieves efficient microorganism inactivation. This work uncovers the role of OVs on chlorite activation and provides a rational strategy for designing visible-light-driven oxidation techniques in water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidian Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
| | - Nan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
| | - Defang Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
| | - Weizhi Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P.R.China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P.R.China
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Liu Y, Xi H, Wang J, Fu J, Shi T. Mechanistic studies on the oxidation reaction of antitubercular drug isoniazid and its analogy hydrazides by chlorine dioxide over a wide pH range. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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Xu X, Kang J, Shen J, Zhao S, Wang B, Yan P, Fu Q, Chen Z. Formation pathway of disinfection by-products of lignin monomers in raw water during disinfection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153706. [PMID: 35143787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) profiles of water samples from a water source in northeastern China were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and its changes after chlorination were investigated. The results showed that lignin substances accounted for a significant proportion in DOM and chlorinated products and were the main precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs). During disinfection, macromolecular DOM was transformed into small molecules, and lignin substances have the most obvious and complex changes in reaction. Two lignin monomers 4-propylphenol (4PP) and 4-propylguaiacol (4PG) were used as model compounds to study their reaction kinetics and degradation pathways during disinfection. The degradation of both lignin monomers conformed to pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, and the reaction rate constant of 4PG was higher than that of 4PP. The effects of chlorine dosage, pH and temperature on the degradation reaction kinetics of two lignin monomers were investigated. The degradation rates of 4PP and 4PG increased with increasing chlorine dosage, pH and temperature. The two monomers showed similar properties in the chlorination degradation process, and generated multiple intermediates, which were mainly transformed into small molecules by chlorine electrophilic substitution and nucleophilic substitution, and further generated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shengxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Binyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Pengwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qinglong Fu
- China University of Geosciences, School of Environmental Studies, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Wang S, Wang J. Degradation of chloroaniline in chemical wastewater by ionizing radiation technology: Degradation mechanism and toxicity evaluation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132365. [PMID: 34597643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chloroaniline is a typical organic pollutant in chemical wastewater, which cannot be effectively removed in conventional wastewater treatment processes. In this study, ionizing radiation was used as advanced treatment process to degrade 2-chloroaniline (2-CA). The results showed that 10 mg/l of 2-CA could be completely degraded at 1 kGy. The required dose for completely degrading 2-CA by radiation increased when its initial concentration increased. Solution pH affected 2-CA degradation by changing the radiation-chemical yield of reactive species. Chloride ions (10 and 100 mM) had not obvious influence on 2-CA degradation. Hydrogen radicals, hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals, all contributed to the degradation of 2-CA, but with different degradation mechanisms. Hydrogen radicals and hydrated electrons could initiate reductive dechlorination of 2-CA, while hydroxyl radicals can degrade 2-CA by hydroxylation. 6-amino-1,4-cyclohexadiene and chlorobenzene were the main intermediate products of 2-CA degradation in the hydrogen radicals or hydrated electrons dominant process; while o-hydroxyaniline and nitroso-chlorobenzene were the main intermediate products in the hydroxyl radicals dominant process. The solution toxicity after radiation treatment varied with the initial concentration of 2-CA and the absorbed dose. In the actual chemical wastewater, 2-CA can be effectively removed by radiation, even in the presence of high concentration of chloride ions (about 2800 mg/l). The solution toxicity of actual wastewater decreased with the increase of adsorbed dose. This study provided an insight into the 2-CA degradation by radiation, and demonstrated that radiation could be an alternative option for the treatment of chloroaniline-containing chemical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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Zhao B, Zhou J, Nakada N. N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA-FP) of ranitidine remains after chlorination and/or photo-irradiation: Identification of transformation products in combination with NDMA-FP test. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129200. [PMID: 33385849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable carcinogenic disinfection by-product, can be formed with high molar yields following chloramination of ranitidine (RNTD), a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Although RNTD and some of its transformation products (TPs) have been studied under chlorination and photo-irradiation, the relationship between RNTD TPs and NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) remaining after those processes is still unclear. This study investigated the effects of chlorination and/or photo-irradiation on NDMA-FP derived from RNTD, simulating an urban water environment receiving treated wastewater. After chlorination and/or photo-irradiation of RNTD, ten TPs including five new ones were identified by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTof-MS). In addition, important RNTD TPs responsible for NDMA-FP (e.g., chlorinated and hydroxylated RNTD: TP-364) were also confirmed by the relationship between detected peak area and NDMA-FP. The results showed that NDMA-FP remained due to the presence of RNTD TPs, although RNTD itself was significantly removed by chlorination and/or photo-irradiation. TP-364 was only formed by chlorination of RNTD and could not be removed by photo-irradiation. TP-314 (a stereoisomer of RNTD), -299, and -286, which were mainly formed by photo-irradiation of RNTD but not by photo-irradiation after chlorination, had strong positive correlations with NDMA-FP (R2 > 0.90; F-test, P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Norihide Nakada
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan.
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Seid MG, Chung J, Choe J, Cho K, Hong SW. Role of ranitidine in N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during chloramination of competing micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144156. [PMID: 33302063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ranitidine (RNT) is a widely known precursor of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as evinced by the self-catalytic formation of NDMA during chloramination. In the present study, the NDMA formation potentials (NDMA-FP) of 26 micropollutants were assessed, particularly when mixed with RNT. 11 compounds were identified as individual precursors, including trimebutine and cimetidine, which exhibited substantial NDMA-FP, with up to 10% molar yield. In addition, nitrosamines, other than NDMA, namely N-nitrosodiethylamine and N-nitrosomethylamine, were observed from diethylamine-containing precursors, such as metoclopramide. In a 1:1 mixture of RNT and a competitor, the change in NDMA-FP was mostly comparable (within 20% deviation), while antagonistic interactions were observed for competitors, such as diethylhydroxylamine. The scattered overall NDMA-FP should be considered as a product of competition among the precursors for core substrates and intermediates for NDMA formation. The co-existence of either trimebutine or metoclopramide with RNT led to an exceptionally synergetic NDMA generation. Degradation kinetics and chlorination/nitrosation experiments combined with mass spectroscopy analyses indicated that RNT would accelerate both the initial chlorination and nitrosation of trimebutine and metoclopramide, leading to N-nitroso complexes, which have well-understood NDMA formation pathways, i.e., amination with subsequent aminyl radical generation. This work demonstrates a wide array of precursors with NDMA-FP, suggesting that nitrosamine formation is potentially underestimated in field environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeshik Chung
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Choe
- Department of Civil Engineering, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
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Beard JC, Swager TM. An Organic Chemist's Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure, Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2037-2057. [PMID: 33474939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are a class of compounds notorious both for the potent carcinogenicity of many of its members and for their widespread occurrence throughout the human environment, from air and water to our diets and drugs. Considerable effort has been dedicated to understanding N-nitrosamines as contaminants, and methods for their prevention, remediation, and detection are ongoing challenges. Understanding the chemistry of N-nitrosamines will be key to addressing these challenges. To facilitate such understanding, we focus in this Perspective on the structure, reactivity, and synthetic applications of N-nitrosamines with an emphasis on alkyl N-nitrosamines. The role of N-nitrosamines as water contaminants and the methods for their detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Beard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Giménez-Campillo C, Pastor-Belda M, Campillo N, Hernández-Córdoba M, Viñas P. Development of a new methodology for the determination of N-nitrosamines impurities in ranitidine pharmaceuticals using microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 223:121659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Jasemizad T, Bromberg L, Hatton TA, Padhye LP. Oxidation of betrixaban to yield N-nitrosodimethylamine by water disinfectants. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116309. [PMID: 32836149 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of betrixaban, an oral anticoagulant recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and its N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential were studied mechanistically in the presence of monochloramine (NH2Cl), free chlorine, and ozone. Upon monochloramination, the formation of NDMA exceeded 1% at basic pH and was significant at circumneutral pH as well. The kinetic studies revealed that the reaction between betrixaban and monochloramine followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics. Increasing monochloramine concentration, its reaction time, and pH all significantly enhanced the NDMA formation yield, which also increased three-fold in the presence of bromide during monochloraminantion. The presence of nitrite inhibited the formation of NDMA under the same conditions. This study revealed a new potent and significant precursor of NDMA, indicating that monochloramination of waters containing betrixaban can lead to the formation of NDMA and other disinfection by-products such as dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dimethylformamide (DMF). Moreover, chlorination of betrixaban by hypochlorite also yielded NDMA, albeit at two orders of magnitude lower yield than chloramination, while no NDMA formation was observed from ozonation of betrixaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Jasemizad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, United States.
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge MA 02139, United States.
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Nie J, Yan S, Lian L, Sharma VK, Song W. Development of fluorescence surrogates to predict the ferrate(VI) oxidation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116256. [PMID: 32768661 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents is an emerging concern for environmental scientists and engineers. Ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, FeVI) is a promising oxidant and the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents has been investigated in this study. Firstly, FeVI oxidation of selected pharmaceuticals was examined by determining the apparent second-order rate constants (kapp) in buffer solutions as a function of pH (5.0-9.5). At pH 8.0, kapp of cimetidine, famotidine, nalidixic acid, ronidazole, dimetridazole, tinidazole, and caffeine are (1.6 ± 0.2)×103, (7.8 ± 0.3)×102, 2.6 ± 0.4, 1.7 ± 0.1, 0.9 ± 0.3, 0.2 ± 0.1, and < 0.1 M-1 s-1, respectively. However, kapp could not be directly employed to predict the removal of pharmaceuticals in the effluents due to the inhibited or enhanced effects of effluent organic matters (EfOM). Therefore, an alternative approach of spectroscopic surrogates was investigated since fluorophore was co-degraded with pharmaceuticals in the wastewater effluents. Particularly, the humic-like fluorescent peak correlated well with the pharmaceutical attenuation. The relationship of the reduction of fluorescence and the removal of pharmaceuticals could be described through a universal equation: [Formula: see text] . The practical utility of the fluorescence surrogate was validated by applying to field samples. Monitoring the changes of the fluorescence surrogate provides a promising, rapid, and inexpensive method for estimating the degradation of pharmaceuticals during FeVI treatment of wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Nie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
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Shaik KM, Sarmah B, Wadekar GS, Kumar P. Regulatory Updates and Analytical Methodologies for Nitrosamine Impurities Detection in Sartans, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, and Metformin along with Sample Preparation Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:53-71. [PMID: 32691615 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1788375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Moinuddin Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Bhaskar Sarmah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Gaurav Suresh Wadekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India, Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), P.O.: Changsari, Dist: Kamrup, Assam, India-781101
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15
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Mao Q, Li Q, Li H, Yuan S, Zhang J. Oxidative paraben removal with chlorine dioxide: Reaction kinetics and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Lv J, Wang Y, Li N. Oxidation of Citalopram with Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorine Dioxide: Influencing Factors and NDMA Formation Kinetics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173065. [PMID: 31450724 PMCID: PMC6749231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly prescribed antidepressant, citalopram, as one of newly emerging pollutants, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. Citalopram oxidation was examined during sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) chlorination processes since conventional wastewater treatment plants cannot remove citalopram effectively. Citalopram has been demonstrated to form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chlorination in our previous study. Further investigation on NDMA formation kinetics was conducted in the present study. Influences of operational variables (disinfectant dose, pH value) and water matrix on citalopram degradation, as well as NDMA generation, were evaluated. The results indicated high reactivity of citalopram with NaOCl and ClO2. NDMA formation included two stages during CIT oxidation, which were linear related with reaction time. NaOCl was more beneficial to remove CIT, but it caused more NDMA formation. Increasing disinfectant dosage promoted citalopram removal and NDMA formation. However, no consistent correlation was found between citalopram removal and pH. Contrary to the situation of citalopram removal, NDMA generation was enhanced when citalopram was present in actual water matrices, especially in secondary effluent. DMA, as an intermediate of citalopram chlorination, contributed to NDMA formation, but not the only way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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17
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NDMA impurity in valsartan and other pharmaceutical products: Analytical methods for the determination of N-nitrosamines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:536-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Uzun H, Kim D, Karanfil T. Deactivation of wastewater-derived N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors with chlorine dioxide oxidation and the effect of pH. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1383-1391. [PMID: 29710591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) oxidation on the deactivation of wastewater (WW)-derived N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors was investigated under various conditions (i.e., ClO2 application pH, dose and contact time). At pH 6.0, decreases in NDMA formation potentials (FPs) or occurrences (under uniform formation conditions [UFC]) were relatively low (<25%) with ClO2 oxidation regardless of WW-impact. A negative removal was also observed after ClO2 oxidation in some of the non-impacted waters. However, NDMA FP removals were significant (up to ~85%) under the same oxidation conditions in WW-impacted waters at pH 7.8. This indicates that the majority of WW-derived NDMA precursors can be deactivated with ClO2 oxidation above neutral pH. This was attributed to the better oxidative reaction of ClO2 with amines that have lone pair electrons to be shared at higher oxidation pH conditions. In addition, relatively short oxidation periods with ClO2 (i.e., ≤10 min) or low Ct (concentration × time, ~10 mg ∗ min/L) values were sufficient for the deactivation of WW-derived NDMA precursors. ClO2 oxidation was effective in freshly WW-impacted waters. Natural attenuation processes (e.g., sorption, biodegradation, etc.) can change the reactivity of WW-derived NDMA precursors for oxidation with ClO2. The effect of ClO2 on the removal of THM precursors was low (<25%) and independent of oxidation conditions. Given the low formation of regulated THMs and HAAs, ClO2 oxidation presents a viable option for the simultaneous control of NDMA and regulated DBP formation during water treatment, especially for utilities treating WW-impacted water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibullah Uzun
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court L.G. Rich Environmental Laboratory, Anderson, SC, USA.
| | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court L.G. Rich Environmental Laboratory, Anderson, SC, USA.
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court L.G. Rich Environmental Laboratory, Anderson, SC, USA.
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Sgroi M, Vagliasindi FGA, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in water and wastewater: A review on formation and removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:685-703. [PMID: 29078192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water and wastewater. In particular, the review is focused on the removal of NDMA and of its precursors by conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment processes. New information regarding formation mechanisms and precursors are discussed as well. NDMA precursors are generally of anthropogenic origin and their main source in water have been recognized to be wastewater discharges. Chloramination is the most common process that results in formation of NDMA during water and wastewater treatment. However, ozonation of wastewater or highly contaminated surface water can also generate significant levels of NDMA. Thus, NDMA formation control and remediation has become of increasing interest, particularly during treatment of wastewater-impacted water and during potable reuse application. NDMA formation has also been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins. UV photolysis with UV fluence far higher than typical disinfection doses is generally considered the most efficient technology for NDMA mitigation. However, recent studies on the optimization of biological processes offer a potentially lower-energy solution. Options for NDMA control include attenuation of precursor materials through physical removal, biological treatment, and/or deactivation by application of oxidants. Nevertheless, NDMA precursor identification and removal can be challenging and additional research and optimization is needed. As municipal wastewater becomes increasingly used as a source water for drinking, NDMA formation and mitigation strategies will become increasingly more important. The following review provides a summary of the most recent information available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Federico G A Vagliasindi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; National University of Singapore, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 5A Engineering Drive 1; T-Lab Building, #02-01, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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20
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Lv J, Wang L, Li Y. Characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from the ozonation of ranitidine. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:116-126. [PMID: 28774600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an emerging disinfection by-product which is formed during water disinfection in the presence of amine-based precursors. Ranitidine, as one kind of amine-based pharmaceuticals, has been identified as NDMA precursor with high NDMA molar conversion during chloramination. This study focused on the characterization of NDMA formation during ozonation of ranitidine. Influences of operational variables (ozone dose, pH value) and water matrix on NDMA generation as well as ranitidine degradation were evaluated. The results indicate high reactivity of ranitidine with ozone. Dimethylamine (DMA) and NDMA were generated due to ranitidine oxidation. High pH value caused more NDMA accumulation. NDMA formation was inhibited under acid conditions (pH≤5) mainly due to the protonation of amines. Water matrix such as HCO3- and humic acid impacted NDMA generation due to OH scavenging. Compared with OH, ozone molecules dominated the productions of DMA and NDMA. However, OH was a critical factor in NDMA degradation. Transformation products of ranitidine during ozonation were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among these products, just DMA and N,N-dimethylformamide could contribute to NDMA formation due to the DMA group in the molecular structures. The NDMA formation pathway from ranitidine ozonation was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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21
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Boczkaj G, Makoś P, Fernandes A, Przyjazny A. New procedure for the examination of the degradation of volatile organonitrogen compounds during the treatment of industrial effluents. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1301-1309. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Patrycja Makoś
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Andre Fernandes
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology; Gdansk Poland
| | - Andrzej Przyjazny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kettering University; Kettering Flint MI USA
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22
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Chen W, Liu Z, Tao H, Xu H, Gu Y, Chen Z, Yu J. Factors affecting the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products during chlorination of aspartic acid in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:519-524. [PMID: 27613669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) from the chlorination of aspartic acid (Asp) was investigated. The yield of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) was higher than other N-DBPs, such as dichloroacetamide(DCAcAm) and chloropicrin (TCNM) during the chlorination of Asp. The formation of DCAN, DCAcAm, and TCNM all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing during the chlorination of Asp with increasing contact time. The dosage of chlorine had an impact on the formation of DCAN, DCAcAm, and TCNM. The highest yields of DCAN and DCAcAm appeared when the Cl2/Asp molar ratio was about 20, the yield of TCNM increased with increasing the Cl2/Asp molar ratio from 5 to 30 and TCNM was not produced when the ratio was less than 5. Cyanogen chloride (CNCl) was detected when the Cl2/Asp molar ratio was lower than 5. N-DBPs formation was influenced by pH. DCAN formation increased with increasing pH from 5 to 6 and then decreased with increasing pH from 6 to 9, but DCAcAm and TCNM increased with increasing pH from 5 to 8 and then decreased. Higher temperatures reduced the formation of DCAN and DCAcAm, but increased TCNM formation. DCAN and DCAcAm formation decreased, and relatively stable TCNM formation increased, with increasing free chlorine contact time during chloramination. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was produced during chloramination of Asp and increased with prolonged chloramination contact time. The presence of bromide ions enhanced the yields of haloacetonitriles and shifted N-DBPs to more brominated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China; Ningbo Water Supply Co., Ltd, No.348 Xinhe Road, Ningbo 315041, China.
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yanmei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Ningbo Water Supply Co., Ltd, No.348 Xinhe Road, Ningbo 315041, China
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Ekowati Y, Buttiglieri G, Ferrero G, Valle-Sistac J, Diaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D, Petrovic M, Villagrasa M, Kennedy MD, Rodríguez-Roda I. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and UV filters in swimming pools and spas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14431-14441. [PMID: 27068900 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 32 pharmaceuticals and 14 UV filters in swimming pools and spas was studied. Fifty-one water samples were collected from 17 pools located in sport centres and hotels in Catalonia, Spain. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmaceuticals atenolol, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, metronidazole, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and phenazone were measured in water samples at concentrations higher than their limit of quantification (LOQ). The highest concentration of any individual pharmaceutical was measured for the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (904 ng/L). The most frequently detected pharmaceutical was carbamazepine, as it was observed in more than half of all the water samples measured (53 %, 27/51). The UV filters at concentrations higher than LOQ in water samples were BP1, BP2, BP3, BP8, THB, 4DHB, 4MBC, OD-PABA, 1HBT, MeBT and DMeBT. The highest concentration of UV filter observed was 4MBC (69.3 ng/L) while the most frequent UV filters in the samples were 1HBT (59 %, 30/51). The results also showed that pharmaceuticals and UV filters were most frequently found in spas. Finally, from a water treatment technology perspective, the lowest occurrence of pharmaceuticals was in the pools applying sand filters followed by disinfection by sodium hypochlorite, while the lowest occurrence of UV filters was in the pools applying coagulation, sand filtration, UV and salt electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Ekowati
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Giuliana Ferrero
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer Valle-Sistac
- Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvía Diaz-Cruz
- Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
- Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Villagrasa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria D Kennedy
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUIA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, E17071, Girona, Spain
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He Y, Cheng H. Degradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursor dimethylamine (DMA) in mineral micropores induced by microwave irradiation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 94:305-314. [PMID: 26971806 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in drinking water treatment poses a significant technical challenge due to its small molecular size, high polarity and water solubility, and poor biodegradability. Degradation of NDMA and its precursor, dimethylamine (DMA), was investigated by adsorbing them from aqueous solution using porous mineral sorbents, followed by destruction under microwave irradiation. Among the mineral sorbents evaluated, dealuminated ZSM-5 exhibited the highest sorption capacities for NDMA and DMA, which decreased with the density of surface cations present in the micropores. In contrast, the degradation rate of the sorbed NDMA increased with the density of surface cations under microwave irradiation. Evolutions of the degradation products and C/N ratio indicate that the sorbed NDMA and DMA could be eventually mineralized under continuous microwave irradiation. The degradation rate was strongly correlated with the bulk temperature of ZSM-5 and microwave power, which is consistent with the mechanism of pyrolysis caused by formation of micro-scale "hot spots" within the mineral micropores under microwave irradiation. Compared to existing treatment options for NDMA removal, microporous mineral sorption coupled with microwave-induced degradation has the unique advantages of being able to simultaneously remove NDMA and DMA and cause their full mineralization, and thus could serve as a promising alternative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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25
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Lv J, Wang L, Song Y, Li Y. N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation from ozonation of chlorpheniramine: Influencing factors and transformation mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:584-94. [PMID: 26261866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As a disinfection byproduct, the detection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in aquatic environments across the globe has caused widespread concern due to its potential carcinogenicity. In this study, the possibility of NDMA formation from chlorpheniramine ozonation was investigated. The influencing factors including the initial chlorpheniramine concentration, ozone dose, pH, and water matrix were quantified. Furthermore, the mechanisms for chlorpheniramine transformation and NDMA formation were explored. Our results demonstrate that ozonation is effective in removing chlorpheniramine. Generation of dimethylamine (DMA) and NDMA was observed during chlorpheniramine ozonation. Higher initial chlorpheniramine concentration and ozone dose resulted in higher production of NDMA. Acidic conditions (pH≤5) did not facilitate the production of NDMA. Ozone molecules played a dominant role in chlorpheniramine degradation, and influenced DMA release and NDMA formation. DMA and NDMA generations as well as their degradations were mainly attributed to hydroxyl radicals (·OH) produced by ozone decomposition. Water matrix properties such as HCO3(-) and humic acid affected DMA and NDMA generation due to ·OH competition. The degradation intermediates of chlorpheniramine were identified, among which only the intermediates with a DMA group were attributable to NDMA formation. A possible pathway for NDMA formation from chlorpheniramine ozonation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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26
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Wang Y, Liu H, Liu G, Xie Y, Liu X. Kinetics for diclofenac degradation by chlorine dioxide in aqueous media: Influences of natural organic matter additives. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Gan W, Bond T, Yang X, Westerhoff P. Role of Chlorine Dioxide in N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation from Oxidation of Model Amines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11429-11437. [PMID: 26335270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is an emerging disinfection byproduct, and we show that use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has the potential to increase NDMA formation in waters containing precursors with hydrazine moieties. NDMA formation was measured after oxidation of 13 amines by monochloramine and ClO2 and pretreatment with ClO2 followed by postmonochloramination. Daminozide, a plant growth regulator, was found to yield 5.01 ± 0.96% NDMA upon reaction with ClO2, although no NDMA was recorded during chloramination. The reaction rate was estimated to be ∼0.0085 s(-1), and on the basis of our identification by mass spectrometry of the intermediates, the reaction likely proceeds via the hydrolytic release of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH), with the hydrazine structure a key intermediate in NDMA formation. The presence of UDMH was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. For 10 of the 13 compounds, ClO2 preoxidation reduced NDMA yields compared with monochloramination alone, which is explained by our measured release of dimethylamine. This work shows potential preoxidation strategies to control NDMA formation may not impact all organic precursors uniformly, so differences might be source specific depending upon the occurrence of different precursors in source waters. For example, daminozide is a plant regulator, so drinking water that is heavily influenced by upstream agricultural runoff could be at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Gan
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Yang
- SYSU-HKUST Research Center for Innovative Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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Wang Y, Liu H, Liu G, Xie Y, Ni T. Oxidation of diclofenac with chlorine dioxide in aquatic environments: influences of different nitrogenous species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9449-9456. [PMID: 25604564 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and emerging water pollutant, with chlorine dioxide was investigated under simulated water disinfection conditions. The reaction kinetics as functions of the initial concentrations of DCF, different nitrogenous species, and different pE values were experimentally determined. The results demonstrated that DCF reacted rapidly with ClO2, where more than 75 % of DCF (≤3.00 μM) was removed by 18.94 μM ClO2 within 60 s. All of the reactions followed pseudo first-order kinetics with respect to DCF, and the rate constant, k obs, exhibited a significant decrease from 4.21 × 10(-2) to 8.09 × 10(-3) s(-1), as the initial DCF concentration was increased from 1.00 to 5.00 μM. Furthermore, the degradation kinetics of DCF was clearly dependent on nitrogen-containing ion concentrations in the reaction solution. Ammonium and nitrite ions inhibited the DCF degradation by ClO2, whereas nitrate ion clearly initiated its promotion. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of NO2 (-) was more robust than that of NH4 (+). When the values of pE were gradually increased, the transformation of NH4 (+) to NO2 (-), and subsequently to NO3 (-), would occur, the rate constants were initially decreased, and then increased. When NH4 (+) and NO2 (-) coexisted, the inhibitory effect on the DCF degradation was less than the sum of the partial inhibitory effect. However, when NO2 (-) and NO3 (-) coexisted, the actual inhibition rate was greater than the theoretical estimate. These results indicated that the interaction of NH4 (+) and NO2 (-) was antagonistic, while the coexistence of NO2 (-) and NO3 (-) was observed to have a synergistic effect in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huaihe River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China
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