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Khan F, Kwapiszewska K, Romero AM, Rudzinski K, Gil-Casanova D, Surratt JD, Szmigielski R. Evidence for cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in human lung cells exposed to biomass burning aerosol constituents: Levoglucosan and 4-nitrocatechol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 363:125173. [PMID: 39442609 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) emissions are one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosol, posing a significant risk as an airway irritant. Important BB markers include wood pyrolysis emissions, such as levoglucosan (LG) that is an anhydrous sugar bearing a six-carbon ring structure (i.e., 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose). Atmospheric chemical aging of BB-derived aerosol (BBA) in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) can yield nitro-aromatic compounds, including 4-nitrocatechol (4NC). There is building evidence that NOx-mediated chemical aging of BBA poses a more serious exposure effect than primary pyrolysis emissions. This study provides a comparative toxicological assessment following the exposure to important BBA marker compounds in human lung cells (i.e., A549 and BEAS-2B) to determine whether aromatic 4NC is more toxic than BBA-bound anhydrous carbohydrate (i.e., LG). We determined inhibitory concentration-50 (IC50) and examined reactive oxygen species (ROS) changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis induction in the two cell lines following exposure to LG and 4NC in a dose-response manner. In the BEAS-2B cells, estimated IC50 values for 4NC were 33 and 8.8 μg mL-1, and for LG were 2546 and ∼3 × 107 μg mL-1 at 24 h and 48 h of exposure, respectively. A549 cells exhibited a much higher IC50 value than BEAS-2B cells. LG exposures resulted in mitochondrial stress with viability inhibition, but cells recovered with increasing exposure time. 4NC exposures at 200 μg mL-1 resulted in the induction of apoptosis at 6 h. Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS imbalance induced the intrinsic apoptotic pathway induction following 4NC exposures. While increased ROS is caused by LG exposure in lung cells, 4NC is a marker of concern during BB emissions, as we observed apoptosis and high mitochondrial ROS in both lung cells at atmospherically-relevant aerosol concentrations. It may be associated with higher airway or inhalation pathologies in higher BBA emissions, such as wildfires or during wood combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Khan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karina Kwapiszewska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicia M Romero
- Cytomics Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valenica, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Rudzinski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Domingo Gil-Casanova
- Cytomics Core Facility, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Avda. Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012, Valenica, Spain
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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Guo Z, Hu X, Sun W, Peng X, Fu Y, Liu K, Liu F, Meng H, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Wang X, Xue L, Wang J, Wang X, Peng P, Bi X. Mixing state and influence factors controlling diurnal variation of particulate nitrophenol compounds at a suburban area in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123368. [PMID: 38246217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Nitrophenols have received extensive attention due to their strong light-absorbing ability in the near-ultraviolet-visible region, which could be influenced by the atmospheric processes of nitrophenols. However, our knowledge and understanding of the formation and evolution of nitrophenols are still in the nascent stages. In the present study, the mixing states of four mononitrophenol particles (i.e., nitrophenol, methynitrophenol, nitrocatechol, and methoxynitrophenol), and one nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particles (i.e., nitronaphthol (NN)) were investigated using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) in November 2019 in Qingdao, China. The results showed, for the first time, that mononitrophenols and NN exhibit different mixing states and diurnal variations. Four mononitrophenols were internally mixed well with each other, and with organic acids, nitrates, potassium, and naphthalene. The diurnal variation in the number fraction of mononitrophenols presented two peaks at 07:00 to 09:00 and 18:00 to 20:00, and a valley at noon. Atmospheric environmental conditions, including NO2, O3, relative humidity, and temperature, can significantly influence the diurnal variation of mononitrophenols. Multiple linear regression and random forest regression models revealed that the main factors controlling the diurnal variation of mononitrophenols were photochemical reactions during the day and aqueous-phase reactions during the night. Unlike mononitrophenols, about 62-83% of NN were internally mixed with [NH4]+ and [H(NO3)2]-, but not with organic acids and potassium. The diurnal variation of NN was also different from that of mononitrophenols, generally increased from 17:00 to 10:00 and then rapidly decreaed from 11:00 to 16:00. These results imply that NN may have sources and atmospheric processes that are different from mononitrophenols. We speculate that this is mostly controlled by photochemical reactions and mixing with [NH4]+, which may influence the diurnal variation of NN in the ambient particles; however, this requires further confirmation. These findings extend our current understanding of the atmospheric formation and evolution of nitrophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xiaocong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Fengxian Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - He Meng
- Qingdao Eco-environment Monitoring Center of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, PR China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China.
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Adamek M, Kavčič A, Debeljak M, Šala M, Grdadolnik J, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kroflič A. Toxicity of nitrophenolic pollutant 4-nitroguaiacol to terrestrial plants and comparison with its non-nitro analogue guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol). Sci Rep 2024; 14:2198. [PMID: 38272996 PMCID: PMC10811240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenols, and especially their nitrated analogues, are ubiquitous pollutants and known carcinogens which have already been linked to forest decline. Although nitrophenols have been widely recognized as harmful to different aquatic and terrestrial organisms, we could not find any literature assessing their toxicity to terrestrial plants. Maize (monocot) and sunflower (dicot) were exposed to phenolic pollutants, guaiacol (GUA) and 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG), through a hydroponics system under controlled conditions in a growth chamber. Their acute physiological response was studied during a two-week root exposure to different concentrations of xenobiotics (0.1, 1.0, and 10 mM). The exposure visibly affected plant growth and the effect increased with increasing xenobiotic concentration. In general, 4NG affected plants more than GUA. Moreover, sunflower exhibited an adaptive response, especially to low and moderate GUA concentrations. The integrity of both plant species deteriorated during the exposure: biomass and photochemical pigment content were significantly reduced, which reflected in the poorer photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Our results imply that 4NG is taken up by sunflower plants, where it could enter a lignin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksimiljan Adamek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Kavčič
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Debeljak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Grdadolnik
- Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Strmečki S, Dešpoja I, Penezić A, Milinković A, Alempijević SB, Kiss G, Hoffer A, Mitić B, Hruševar D, Frka S. How do certain atmospheric aerosols affect Cu-binding organic ligands in the oligotrophic coastal sea surface microlayer? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:119-135. [PMID: 38086685 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00415e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
It is still unclear how the chemical speciation of Cu in surface seawater is impacted by aerosols from various sources deposited on the sea surface, which is surprising, considering the environmental importance of Cu. Therefore, we used voltammetry to investigate Cu complexing capacity (CuCC) in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and in the underlying water (ULW) of the oligotrophic middle Adriatic Sea during February-July 2019. The focus was on the impacts of specific atmospheric processes such as open-fire biomass burning (BB), pollination season and Saharan dust intrusion. The presence of ligand class L2 (19.9-392.0, average 63.8, median 43.1) nM; log K2 (8.3-10.2, average 9.6, median 9.6) was observed in all samples, while ligand class L1 (40.5-76.1, average 53.6, median 48.9) nM; log K1 (10.3-11.1, average 10.6, median 10.5) was found in only 25% of SML samples. Throughout the period, the SML was enriched with organic ligands by a factor of up to 9.1 compared to the ULW, mainly due to the high sensitivity of the SML to specific atmospheric depositions. In addition, measurements with corresponding specific model aerosols were conducted to analyse their impacts on CuCC. Pollen directly affected CuCC in the SML by increasing the concentration of allochthonous ligands such as proteins. The deposition of BB aerosols rich in nutrients and trace metals stimulated the biological production of organic ligands, showing an indirect effect on CuCC delayed by up to two weeks. Finally, Saharan dust had a negligible impact on CuCC. This study illustrates the susceptibility of oligotrophic coastal area to the effects of pollen and open-fire BB aerosols in altering the Cu-binding organic ligands in the SML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Strmečki
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva Dešpoja
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Abra Penezić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andrea Milinković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Saranda Bakija Alempijević
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Gyula Kiss
- Renewable Energy Research Group, University of Pannonia Nagykanizsa - University Center for Circular Economy, Nagykanizsa, 8800, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- ELKH-PE Air Chemistry Research Group, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Božena Mitić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Marulićev trg 9a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dario Hruševar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Marulićev trg 9a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Bijenička 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Delić A, Skube U, Šala M, Kroflič A. Kinetics and product identification of water-dissolved nitroguaiacol photolysis under artificial sunlight. Front Chem 2023; 11:1211061. [PMID: 37521016 PMCID: PMC10375238 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1211061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroguaiacols are typical constituents of biomass-burning emissions, including absorbing aerosols which contribute to climate change. Although they are also harmful to humans and plants, their atmospheric fate and lifetimes are still very speculative. Therefore, in this work, the photolysis kinetics of aqueous-phase 4-nitroguaiacol (4NG) and 5-nitroguaiacol (5NG), and the resulting photo-formed products were investigated under artificial sunlight, observing also the effect of sunlight on the absorption properties of the solutions. We found the photolysis of 5NG slower than that of 4NG, whereas the absorbance in the visible range prevailed in the 5NG solutions at the end of experiments. Although we identified dinitroguaiacol as one of the 4NG photolysis products, which increased light absorption of 4NG-containing solutions, considerably more chromophores formed in the 5NG photolyzed solutions, implying its stronger potential for secondary BrC formation in the atmosphere. In general, denitration, carbon loss, hydroxylation, nitration, and carbon gain were characteristic of 4NG phototransformation, while carbon loss, hydroxylation, and carbon gain were observed in the case of 5NG. The photolysis kinetics was found of the first order at low precursor concentrations (<0.45 mM), resulting in their lifetimes in the order of days (125 and 167 h illumination for 4NG and 5NG, respectively), which suggests long-range transport of the investigated compounds in the atmosphere and proposes their use as biomass-burning aerosol tracer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Delić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Skube
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Xiang W, Wang W, Du L, Zhao B, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao L, Ge M. Toxicological Effects of Secondary Air Pollutants. Chem Res Chin Univ 2023; 39:326-341. [PMID: 37303472 PMCID: PMC10147539 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-023-3050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Libo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024 P. R. China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 P. R. China
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Yan J, Wang X, Gao S, Gong P, Dotel J, Pokhrel B. Diagnostic ratio of nitrated phenols as a new method for the identification of pollution emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120509. [PMID: 36288763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated phenols (NPs) are emitted from biomass burning and vehicles emissions, or produced by oxidation of phenolic precursors. Previous studies have investigated the emission factors of NPs from various primary emission sources. However, there is no study on the source apportionment method for the diagnostic ratio of NPs. In this study, a new source apportionment method is established using a diagnostic ratio of NPs. Two categories (methyl-nitrocatechols and methyl-nitrophenols) of NP diagnostic ratios, are proposed for source apportionment of primary aerosols. In order to show the accuracy of this source apportionment method, it was applied to the source apportionment of atmospheric NPs in both urban (Kathmandu, Nepal) and remote areas (Lulang, Tibetan Plateau, China). The results show that biomass burning is a common emission source for atmospheric NPs in Kathmandu and Lulang, with vehicle emissions being another important emission source. The atmospheric NPs in the urban area of Kathmandu are commonly from gasoline motorbike emissions, while the atmospheric NPs in Lulang derive from diesel vehicles, throughout the year. The conclusions of the source apportionment study were consistent with the actual vehicle types of local residents in Kathmandu and Lulang, which further proves the reliability of the NP diagnostic ratios method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 45200, Nepal
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8
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Frka S, Šala M, Brodnik H, Štefane B, Kroflič A, Grgić I. Seasonal variability of nitroaromatic compounds in ambient aerosols: Mass size distribution, possible sources and contribution to water-soluble brown carbon light absorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134381. [PMID: 35318013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) as important constituents of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon (BrC) affect the Earth's climate and pose a serious environmental hazard. We investigated seasonal size-segregated NACs in aerosol samples from the urban background environment in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Total concentrations of twenty NACs in PM15.6 were on average from 0.51 ng m-3 (summer) to 109 ng m-3 (winter), and contributed the most to submicron aerosols (more than 74%). Besides 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) as the prevailing species, methylnitrocatechols (MNCs) and nitrophenols (NPs), we reported on some very rarely mentioned, but also on five novel NACs (i.e., 3H4NBA: 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3MeO4NP: 3-methoxy-4-nitrophenol, 4Et5NC: 4-ethyl-5-nitrocatechol, 3Et5NC: 3-ethyl-5-nitrocatechol and 3MeO5NC: 3-methoxy-5-nitrocatechol). Concentrations of 3MeO5NC, 4Et5NC and 3Et5NC were enhanced during cold seasons, contributing up to 11% to total NAC in winter. In cold season, NAC size distributions were characterized with the peaks in the broader size range of 0.305-1.01 μm (accumulation mode), with 4NC and alkyl-nitrocatechols (∑(M/Et)NC) as the most abundant, followed by 4-nitrosyringol, nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols. In spring, a pronounced peak of ∑(M/Et)NC was observed in the accumulation mode (0.305-0.56 μm) as well as in the coarse one. A strong correlation of all NACs with ∑(M/Et)NC and levoglucosan indicates that primary emissions of wood burning were the most important source of NACs, but their secondary formation (e.g., aqueous-phase at higher ambient RH) in cold season could also be a significant one. In warmer season, NACs may be mostly derived from traffic-related aromatic VOCs. The contribution of NACs to the light absorption of the aqueous extracts was up to 10-times higher (contribution to Abs365 up to 31%) than their mass contributions to WSOC (up to 3%) of corresponding size-segregated aerosols, confirming that most of the identified NACs are strong BrC chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Brodnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Zhang X, Levia DF, Ebikade EO, Chang J, Vlachos DG, Wu C. The impact of differential lignin S/G ratios on mutagenicity and chicken embryonic toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:423-435. [PMID: 34448506 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignin and lignin-based materials have received considerable attention in various fields due to their promise as sustainable feedstocks. Guaiacol (G) and syringol (S) are two primary monolignols that occur in different ratios for different plant species. As methoxyphenols, G and S have been targeted as atmospheric pollutants and their acute toxicity examined. However, there is a rare understanding of the toxicological properties on other endpoints and mixture effects of these monolignols. To fill this knowledge gap, our study investigated the impact of different S/G ratios (0.5, 1, and 2) and three lignin depolymerization samples from poplar, pine, and miscanthus species on mutagenicity and developmental toxicity. A multitiered method consisted of in silico simulation, in vitro Ames test, and in vivo chicken embryonic assay was employed. In the Ames test, syringol showed a sign of mutagenicity, whereas guaiacol did not, which agreed with the T.E.S.T. simulation. For three S and G mixture and lignin monomers, mutagenic activity was related to the proportion of syringol. In addition, both S and G showed developmental toxicity in the chicken embryonic assay and T.E.S.T. simulation, and guaiacol had a severe effect on lipid peroxidation. A similar trend and comparable developmental toxicity levels were detected for S and G mixtures and the three lignin depolymerized monomers. This study provides data and insights on the differential toxicity of varying S/G ratios for some important building blocks for bio-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Delphis F Levia
- Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Chang
- Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Changqing Wu
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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10
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Beh SY, Md Saleh N, Asman S. Surfactant-functionalised magnetic ferum oxide coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the extraction of phenol. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:607-619. [PMID: 33480366 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The usage of phenols in the marketplace has been increasing tremendously, which has raised concerns about their toxicity and potential effect as emerging pollutants. Phenol's structure has closely bonded phenyl and hydroxy groups, thereby making its functional characteristics closely similar to that of alcohol. As a result, phenol is used as a base compound for commercial home-based products. Hence, a simple and efficient procedure is required to determine the low concentration of phenols in environmental water samples. In this research, a method of combining magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with surfactant Sylgard 309 was developed to overcome the drawbacks in the classical extraction methods. In addition, this developed method improved the performance of extraction when MNPs and the surfactant Sylgard 309 were used separately, as reported in the previous research. This MNP-Sylgard 309 was synthesised by the coprecipitation method and attracts phenolic compounds in environmental water samples. Response surface methodology was used to study the parameters and responses in order to obtain an optimised condition using MNP-Sylgard 309. The parameters included the effect of pH, extraction time, and concentration of the analyte. Meanwhile, the responses measured were the peak area of the chromatogram and the percentage recovery. From this study, the results of the optimum conditions for extraction using MNP-Sylgard 309 were pH 7, extraction time of 20 min, and analyte concentration of 10.0 μg mL-1. Under the optimized conditions, MNP-Sylgard 309 showed a low limit of detection of 0.665 μg mL-1 and the limit of quantification was about 2.219 μg mL-1. MNP-Sylgard 309 was successfully applied on environmental water samples such as lake and river water. High recovery (76.23%-110.23%) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan Yih Beh
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The National University of Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Babić S, Čižmek L, Maršavelski A, Malev O, Pflieger M, Strunjak-Perović I, Popović NT, Čož-Rakovac R, Trebše P. Utilization of the zebrafish model to unravel the harmful effects of biomass burning during Amazonian wildfires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2527. [PMID: 33510260 PMCID: PMC7844006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonian wildfires in 2019 have raised awareness about rainforest burning due to increased emissions of particulate matter and carbon. In the context of these emissions, by-products of lignin thermal degradation (i.e. methoxyphenols) are often neglected. Methoxyphenols entering the atmosphere may form intermediates with currently unknown reaction mechanisms and toxicity. This study for the first time provides a comprehensive insight into the impact of lignin degradation products [guaiacol, catechol], and their nitrated intermediates [4-nitrocatechol, 4,6-dinitroguaiacol, 5-nitroguaiacol] on zebrafish Danio rerio. Results revealed 4-nitrocatechol and catechol as the most toxic, followed by 4,6DNG > 5NG > GUA. The whole-organism bioassay integrated with molecular modeling emphasized the potential of methoxyphenols to inhibit tyrosinase, lipoxygenase, and carbonic anhydrase, consequently altering embryonic development (i.e. affected sensorial, skeletal, and physiological parameters, pigmentation formation failure, and non-hatching of larvae). The whole-organism bioassay integrated with in silico approach confirmed the harmful effects of lignin degradation products and their intermediates on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the need for their evaluation within ecotoxicity studies focused on aquatic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lara Čižmek
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Maršavelski
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Malev
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Zagreb, Roosevelt square 6, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maryline Pflieger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Polonca Trebše
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Song M, Liu Y, Li X, Lu S. Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21050224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Schum SK, Brown LE, Mazzoleni LR. MFAssignR: Molecular formula assignment software for ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry analysis of environmental complex mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110114. [PMID: 32866496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry is widely used for nontargeted analysis of complex environmental and biological mixtures, such as dissolved organic matter, due to its unparalleled ability to provide accurate mass measurements. Accurate and efficient characterization of these mixtures is critical to being better able to evaluate their effect on human health and climate. This characterization requires accurate mass signals free from isobaric interferences, instrument noise, and mass measurement biases, allowing for molecular formula identification. To address this need, an open source post-processing pipeline for ultrahigh resolution mass spectra of environmental complex mixtures software was developed. MFAssignR contains functions that perform noise estimation, 13C and 34S polyisotopic mass filtering, mass measurement recalibration, and molecular formula assignment as part of a consistent data processing environment. Novel applications of mass defect analysis were used in the functions for noise estimation and isotope pair identification. Using formula extensions, exact mass measurements are converted to unambiguous molecular formulas via data dependent pathways, reducing a priori decisions. Optional molecular formula ambiguity and multiple non-oxygen heteroatoms are provided for custom user applications, including isotopically labeled reactive species, halogen-containing species, or tandem ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. This represents uncommon flexibility for an open-source software package. To evaluate the performance of MFAssignR, it was used to characterize a sample of biomass burning influenced organic aerosol and the results were compared to those from other available methods of molecular formula assignment and noise estimation. The differences between the methods are described here. Overall, the inclusion of a full pipeline of data preparation functions and the data-dependent ambiguity reductions in MFAssignR render excellent results and make MFAssignR well-suited for the consistent and efficient analysis of environmental complex mixtures. MFAssignR is publicly available via GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon K Schum
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA; Chemical Advanced Resolution Methods Laboratory, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA.
| | - Laura E Brown
- Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Lynn R Mazzoleni
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA; Chemical Advanced Resolution Methods Laboratory, Michigan Technological University, 1400, Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI, USA.
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14
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An Z, Sun J, Han D, Mei Q, Wei B, Wang X, Xie J, Zhan J, He M. Effect of pH on ·OH-induced degradation progress of syringol/syringaldehyde and health effect. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126893. [PMID: 32402872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Syringol and syringaldehyde are widely present pollutants in atmosphere and wastewater due to lignin pyrolysis and draining of pulp mill effluents. The hydroxylation degradation mechanisms and kinetics and health effect assessment of them under high and low-NOx regimes in atmosphere and wastewater have been studied theoretically. The effect of pH on reaction mechanisms and rate constants in their ·OH-initiated degradation processes has been fully investigated. Results have suggested that aqueous solution played a positive role in the ·OH-initiated degradation reactions by decreasing the energy barriers of most reactions and changing the reactivity order of initial reactions. For Sy- and Sya- (anionic species of syringol and syringaldehyde), most initial reaction routes were more likely to occur than that of HSy and Hsya (neutral species of syringol and syringaldehyde). As the pH increased from 1 to 14, the overall rate constants (at 298 K) of syringol and syringaldehyde with ·OH in wastewater increased from 5.43 × 1010 to 9.87 × 1010 M-1 s-1 and from 3.70 × 1010 to 1.14 × 1011 M-1 s-1, respectively. In the NOx-rich environment, 4-nitrosyringol was the most favorable product, while ring-opening oxygenated chemicals were the most favorable products in the NOx-poor environment. On the whole, the NOx-poor environment could decrease the toxicities during the hydroxylation processes of syringol and syringaldehyde, which was the opposite in a NOx-rich environment. ·OH played an important role in the methoxyphenols degradation and its conversion into harmless compounds in the NOx-poor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Dandan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, 274015, PR China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Bo Wei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Colloid & Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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15
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Aqueous-Phase Brown Carbon Formation from Aromatic Precursors under Sunlight Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are still numerous unresolved questions concerning the mechanisms of light-absorbing organic aerosol (brown carbon, BrC) formation in the atmosphere. Moreover, there is growing evidence that chemical processes in the atmospheric aqueous phase can be important. In this work, we investigate the aqueous-phase formation of BrC from 3-methylcatechol (3MC) under simulated sunlight conditions. The influence of different HNO2/NO2− concentrations on the kinetics of 3MC degradation and BrC formation was investigated. Under illumination, the degradation of 3MC is faster (k2nd(global) = 0.075 M−1·s−1) in comparison to its degradation in the dark under the same solution conditions (k2nd = 0.032 M−1·s−1). On the other hand, the yield of the main two products of the dark reaction (3-methyl-5-nitrocatechol, 3M5NC, and 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol, 3M4NC) is low, suggesting different degradation pathways of 3MC in the sunlight. Besides the known primary reaction products with distinct absorption at 350 nm, second-generation products responsible for the absorption above 400 nm (e.g., hydroxy-3-methyl-5-nitrocatechol, 3M5NC-OH, and the oxidative cleavage products of 3M4NC) were also confirmed in the reaction mixture. The characteristic mass absorption coefficient (MAC) values were found to increase with the increase of NO2−/3MC concentration ratio (at the concentration ratio of 50, MAC is greater than 4 m2·g−1 at 350 nm) and decrease with the increasing wavelength, which is characteristic for BrC. Yet, in the dark, roughly 50% more BrC is produced at comparable solution conditions (in terms of MAC values). Our findings reveal that the aqueous-phase processing of 3MC in the presence of HNO2/NO2−, both under the sunlight and in the dark, may significantly contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) light absorption.
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16
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Kroflič A, Schaefer T, Huš M, Phuoc Le H, Otto T, Herrmann H. OH radicals reactivity towards phenol-related pollutants in water: temperature dependence of the rate constants and novel insights into the [OH-phenol]˙ adduct formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1324-1332. [PMID: 31850419 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substituted phenols are known to readily react with the hydroxyl radical (OH˙), which is the most powerful atmospheric oxidant and is also most often used in advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for wastewater treatment. We report temperature-dependent (278.15-318.15 K) second order kinetic rate constants for the aqueous-phase reactions of OH˙ with phenol and four substituted phenols: catechol, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol and 3-methylcatechol, with the last two measured for the first time. The constructed Hammett plots for mono- and di-substituted phenols have the potential to be further applied for predicting the reaction rate constants of other substituted phenols at 298.15 K. This will significantly facilitate the optimization of AOP and improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric multiphase models in the future. Moreover, an advancement in the understanding of the underlying mechanism, i.e. OH˙ addition to the aromatic ring is made by theoretical calculations at the M06-2X level. We demonstrate that the position of substituents on the aromatic ring is important for the [OH-phenol]˙ adduct formation, which is supported by the experiment and theoretical calculations. Adjacent and nonadjacent electron donor/acceptor substituents differently impact the interplay between the activation energy and entropy. We also show that explicit solvation has to be accounted for in theoretical models in order to explicitly describe the formation of the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. and National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Matej Huš
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hoa Phuoc Le
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Otto
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. and School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhairoad 72, 266237 Qingdao, China
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17
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An Z, Sun J, Han D, Mei Q, Wei B, Wang X, He M. Theoretical study on the mechanisms, kinetics and ecotoxicity assessment of OH-initiated reactions of guaiacol in atmosphere and wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:729-740. [PMID: 31234135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The OH-initiated transformation mechanisms, kinetics and ecotoxicity assessment of guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) in the presence of O2/NOx were investigated both in atmosphere and wastewater. The solvent effect lowers the energy barriers of initial OH-addition reactions more than H-abstraction reactions, leading to much higher addition branching ratio (Γadd) of 0.92 in aqueous solution than that of 0.42 in gas-phase. At 298 K, the overall rate constants of the title reactions in atmosphere and wastewater are 5.56 × 10-12 and 1.41 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 with corresponding half-lives of 34.6 h and 0.82 s, respectively. In atmosphere, all the proposed favorable products including nitroguaiacols, methoxybenzoquinone, 2-hydroxyphenyl formate, 2-methoxybenzene-1, 3-diol and dialdehyde could contribute to secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In wastewater, NO2 addition reactions lead to higher toxicity of products (nitroguaiacols and 2-methoxybenzene-1, 4-diol) than that of parental guaiacol. However, O2/NO addition pathways may generate less harmful products except for methoxybenzoquinone (P3) which is with higher toxicity than guaiacol. Therefore, more attention should be focused on the products formed from OH-initiated reactions of guaiacol both in atmosphere and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Dandan Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274015, PR China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Bo Wei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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18
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He L, Schaefer T, Otto T, Kroflič A, Herrmann H. Kinetic and Theoretical Study of the Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals with Methoxyphenolic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7828-7838. [PMID: 31397571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols, which are emitted through biomass burning, are an important species in atmospheric chemistry. In the present study, temperature-dependent aqueous-phase OH radical reactions of six methoxyphenols and two related phenols have been investigated through laser flash photolysis and the density functional theory. The rate constants obtained were in a range of (1.1-1.9) × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 with k(3-MC) > k(Cre) ≈ k(Syr) ≈ k(MEP) > k(Res) > k(3-MP) > k(2-EP) ≈ k(2-MP). We derived the parameters of these reactions from the obtained T-dependent rate constants and found a mean Arrhenius activation energy of 16.9 kJ mol-1. The diffusion rate constants were calculated for each case and compared to the measured ones. Generally, the rate constants are found to be close to fully diffusion-controlled (kdiff = (1.4-1.5) × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 for all reactions). A structure-function relationship was established through the measurement result, which could be used for predicting unknown rate constants of other phenolic compounds. All of these findings are expected to enhance the predictive capabilities of models, such as the chemical aqueous-phase radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , 266237 Qingdao , China
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19
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Liu D, Yan X, Si M, Deng X, Min X, Shi Y, Chai L. Bioconversion of lignin into bioplastics by Pandoraea sp. B-6: molecular mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:2761-2770. [PMID: 30484053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a byproduct in the pulp and paper industry and is considered as a promising alternative for the provision of energy and chemicals. Currently, the efficient valorization of lignin is a challenge owing to its polymeric structure complexity. Here, we present a platform for bio-converting Kraft lignin (KL), to polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by Pandoraea sp. B-6 (hereafter B-6). Depolymerization of KL by B-6 was first confirmed, and > 40% KL was degraded by B-6 in the initial 4 days. Characterization of PHA showed that up to 24.7% of PHA accumulated in B-6 grown in 6-g/L KL mineral medium. The composition, structure, and thermal properties of the produced PHA were analyzed, revealing that 3-hydroxybutyrate was the only monomer and that PHA was comparable with the commercially available bioplastics. Moreover, the genomic analysis illustrated three core enzymatic systems for lignin depolymerization including laccases, peroxidases, and Fenton-reaction enzymes; five catabolic pathways for LDAC degradation and a gene cluster consisting of bktB, phaR, phaB, phaA, and phaC genes involved in PHA biosynthesis. Accordingly, a basic model for the process from lignin depolymerization to PHA production was constructed. Our findings provide a comprehensive perspective for lignin valorization and bio-material production from waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Mengying Si
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xinhui Deng
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Min
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Liyuan Chai
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Rekik H, Zaraî Jaouadi N, Bouacem K, Zenati B, Kourdali S, Badis A, Annane R, Bouanane-Darenfed A, Bejar S, Jaouadi B. Physical and enzymatic properties of a new manganese peroxidase from the white-rot fungus Trametes pubescens strain i8 for lignin biodegradation and textile-dyes biodecolorization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:514-525. [PMID: 30528991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A new manganese peroxidase-producing white-rot basidiomycete fungus was isolated from symptomatic wood of the camphor trees Cinnamomum camphora (L.) at the Hamma Botanical Garden (Algeria) and identified as Trametes pubescens strain i8. The enzyme was purified (MnP TP55) to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity and biochemically characterized. The specific activity and Reinheitzahl value of the purified enzyme were 221 U/mg and 2.25, respectively. MALDI-TOF/MS analysis revealed that the purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 55.2 kDa. The NH2-terminal sequence of the first 26 amino acid residues of MnP TP55 showed high similarity with those of white-rot fungal peroxidases. It revealed optimal activity at pH 5 and 40 °C. This peroxidase was completely inhibited by sodium azide and potassium cyanide, suggesting the presence of heme-components in its tertiary structure. Interestingly, MnP TP55 showed higher catalytic efficiency, organic solvent-tolerance, dye-decolorization ability, and detergent-compatibility than that of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from roots of Armoracia rustanica, manganese peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta strain CX-9 (MnP BA30), and manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (MnP PC). Overall, the findings provide strong support for the potential candidacy of MnP TP55 for environmental applications, mainly the development of enzyme-based technologies for lignin biodegradation, textile-dyes biodecolorization, and detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Rekik
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zaraî Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Khelifa Bouacem
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Bilal Zenati
- National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA), 11, Bd Amirouche PO Box 67, Bou Ismaïl 42415, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Sidali Kourdali
- National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA), 11, Bd Amirouche PO Box 67, Bou Ismaïl 42415, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Badis
- National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA), 11, Bd Amirouche PO Box 67, Bou Ismaïl 42415, Tipaza, Algeria; Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry and Biomolecules (LNPC-BioM), Faculty of Sciences, University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaâ, PO Box 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Rachid Annane
- National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA), 11, Bd Amirouche PO Box 67, Bou Ismaïl 42415, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Amel Bouanane-Darenfed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Microbiology Team, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of Houari Boumediene (USTHB), PO Box 32, El Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Samir Bejar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Bassem Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Engineering Enzymes (LMBEE), Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, PO Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia; Biotech ECOZYM Start-up, Business Incubator, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Road of Sidi Mansour Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, Sfax 3018, Tunisia.
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Kroflič A, Huš M, Grilc M, Grgić I. Underappreciated and Complex Role of Nitrous Acid in Aromatic Nitration under Mild Environmental Conditions: The Case of Activated Methoxyphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13756-13765. [PMID: 30388370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many ambiguities surround the possible mechanisms of colored and toxic nitrophenols formation in natural systems. Nitration of a biologically and environmentally relevant aromatic compound, guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), under mild aqueous-phase conditions (ambient temperatures, pH 4.5) was investigated by a temperature-dependent experimental modeling coupled to extensive ab initio calculations to obtain the activation energies of the modeled reaction pathways. The importance of dark nonradical reactions is emphasized, involving nitrous (HNO2) and peroxynitrous (HOONO) acids. Oxidation by HOONO is shown to proceed via a nonradical pathway, possibly involving the nitronium ion (NO2+) formation. Using quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6-31++g(d,p) level, NO2• is shown capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from the phenolic group on the aromatic ring. In a protic solvent, the corresponding aryl radical can combine with HNO2 to yield OH• and, after a subsequent oxidation step, nitrated aromatic products. The demonstrated chemistry is especially important for understanding the aging of nighttime atmospheric deliquesced aerosol. The relevance should be further investigated in the atmospheric gaseous phase. The results of this study have direct implications for accurate modeling of the burden of toxic nitroaromatic pollutants, and the formation of atmospheric brown carbon and its associated influence on Earth's albedo and climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Matej Huš
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , Fysikgränd 3 , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Miha Grilc
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Institute of Chemical Technology , Leipzig University , Linnéstraße 3 , DE-04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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22
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Wei B, Sun J, Mei Q, An Z, Wang X, He M. Theoretical study on gas-phase reactions of nitrate radicals with methoxyphenols: Mechanism, kinetic and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1772-1780. [PMID: 30408864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Creosol and 4-ethylguaiacol are two important methoxyphenols, lignin pyrolysis products, which are discharge into the atmosphere in large quantities. In this work, theoretical calculations of the reaction mechanism towards the two compounds with NO3 radicals was performed using DFT method. The rate constants and toxicity assessment were also investigated. The atmospheric lifetime for creosol and 4-ethylguaiacol were 0.82 and 0.19 h, respectively. A new reaction pathway was proposed for the transformation of methoxyl into hydroxyl, which has not yet been clarified in previous studies. The toxicity of methoxyphenols and their degradation products is closely related to their hydrophobicity. Although most degradation products are less toxic, they also should be pay more attention, especially for nitro-substituents. A new reaction pathway was proposed for the transformation of methoxyl into hydroxyl. The toxicity is closely related to their hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qiong Mei
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Tositti L, Brattich E, Parmeggiani S, Bolelli L, Ferri E, Girotti S. Airborne particulate matter biotoxicity estimated by chemometric analysis on bacterial luminescence data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1512-1520. [PMID: 30021317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, PM10 samples previously subjected to thorough chemical speciation and receptor modelling, have been investigated for their bio-toxicity using an inhibition test based on bacterial luminescence modulation when in contact with airborne particulate samples. The variation of light emission intensity from a luminescent bacteria strain, the Photobacterium phosphoreum, is proposed as an efficient proxy for the quantification of bio-toxic effects induced by airborne particulate matter. PM10 samples characterized by definite levels of pollutants from the pertaining air shed were found to induce a decrease in the bacterial bioluminescence intensity, expressed as percentage of Inhibition Ratio (IR%). This behaviour suggests the decay of this energy-consuming activity because of a toxic effect. Cluster analysis on chemical composition and IR% data provides evidence of a statistically significant association between the adverse effects on living cells and the range of specific chemical species in PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tositti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy DIFA, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 46-40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Parmeggiani
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Bolelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 15-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elida Ferri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 15-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Girotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato, 15-40127 Bologna, Italy
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McGuire AH, Carey LM, de Serrano V, Dali S, Ghiladi RA. Peroxidase versus Peroxygenase Activity: Substrate Substituent Effects as Modulators of Enzyme Function in the Multifunctional Catalytic Globin Dehaloperoxidase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4455-4468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn H. McGuire
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Leiah M. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Vesna de Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Safaa Dali
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Reza A. Ghiladi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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