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Assad J, Cho S, Dileo V, Gascoigne G, Hubberstey AV, Patterson D, Williams R. Contaminated sediment in the Detroit River provokes acclimated responses in wild brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) populations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106772. [PMID: 38039693 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, adaptive responses to a single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were identified in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) captured from contaminated sites across the Great Lakes. The tumor suppressor p53 and phase I toxin metabolizing CYP1A genes showed a elevated and refractory response, respectively, up to the F1 generation (Williams and Hubberstey, 2014). As an extension to the first study, bullhead were exposed to sediment collected from sites along the Detroit River to see if these adaptive responses are attainable when fish from a contaminated site are exposed to a mixture of contaminants, instead of a single compound. p53 and CYP1A proteins were measured again with the addition of phase II glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity in the present study. Three treatment groups were measured: acute (treated immediately), cleared (depurated for three months and subsequent treatment), and farm raised F1 offspring. All three treatment groups were exposed to clean and contaminated sediment for 24 and 96 h. Acute fish from contaminated sites exposed to contaminated sediment revealed an initial elevated p53 response that did not persist in fish after long-term contaminated sediment exposure. Acute fish from contaminated sites exposed to contaminated sediment revealed refractory CYP1A expression, which disappeared in cleared fish and whose F1 response overlapped with clean site F1 offspring. Decreasing GST activity was evident in both clean and contaminated fish over time, and only clean site fish responded to long-term contaminated sediment deliberately with increasing GST activity. Because p53 and CYP1A gene expression and GST activity responses did not overlap between contaminated fish treatment groups, our study suggests that contaminated fish have acclimated to the contaminants present in their environments and no evidence of adaptation could be detected within these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Assad
- The College of Wooster 1189 Beall Ave., Wooster, Ohio 44691, United States
| | - S Cho
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada
| | - V Dileo
- The College of Wooster 1189 Beall Ave., Wooster, Ohio 44691, United States
| | - G Gascoigne
- The College of Wooster 1189 Beall Ave., Wooster, Ohio 44691, United States
| | - A V Hubberstey
- Department of Biolomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada
| | - D Patterson
- The College of Wooster 1189 Beall Ave., Wooster, Ohio 44691, United States
| | - R Williams
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B3P4, Canada.
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2
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Xie S, Yang B, Li S, Ge L, Li M, Chen Q, Qing X, Zou J. Generation and application of a novel transgenic zebrafish line Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) as an in vivo assay to sensitive and specific monitoring of DLCs in the environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115471. [PMID: 37729807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
CYP1A is the most commonly used biomarker and transgenic fish which carrying a cyp1a promoter to drive a reporter gene can be used as reliable way to monitor dioxin/dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the environment. Here, we cloned the cyp1a promoter of Gambusia affinis and this promoter showed stronger transcriptional activity than that of zebrafish. Then, a Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) transgenic zebrafish line was first constructed with the G. affinis cyp1a promoter driving eGFP expression using meganuclease I-SceI mediated transgenesis technology. The Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) larvae at 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) were tested by exposing to TCDD for 72 h, and induced GFP was mainly expressed in the liver with low background. The Tg(GAcyp1a:eGFP/Luc) zebrafish showed high sensitivity (limit of detection of 0.322 ng/L TCDD and 0.7 TEQ-ng/L PCDD/Fs) and specificity (insensitive to responses to PAHs and PCBs). In addition, the transgenic line showed a low detection concentration of the DLCs contaminated environmental samples (as low as 1.8 TEQ-ng/L), and the eGFP fluorescence intensity and the chemical-TEQ values were closely correlated. In conclusion, a sensitively and specifically transgenic zebrafish line was established to convenient and effective to detect DLCs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Siying Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Liangjun Ge
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qingshi Chen
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xian Qing
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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3
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Zeng L, Wang YH, Song W, Ai CX, Liu ZM, Yu MH, Zou WG. Different effects of continuous and pulsed Benzo[a]pyrene exposure on metabolism and antioxidant defense of large yellow croaker: Depend on exposure duration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115370. [PMID: 37586193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare differential effects of continuous and pulsed BaP exposures on metabolism and antioxidant defense in the liver of large yellow croaker. Fish were subjected to BaP for 4 days and 36 days in three exposure regimes with the same time-averaged concentration of BaP: 4 μg/L BaP continuously, 8 μg/L BaP for 24 h every other day or 16 μg/L BaP for 24 h every 4 days. Our results showed that compared to pulsed BaP exposures, continuous BaP exposure reduced BaP metabolism (CYP1A, CYP3A and AHR transcriptional expressions, GSH content, GSH/GSSG ratio, EROD and GST activities) and antioxidant defense (T-SOD activity) on day 4, resulting to the increases in MDA and PC contents, indicating that continuous BaP exposure induced more severe oxidative damage during the early stage of exposure. But continuous BaP exposure reduced MDA and PC contents by improving BaP metabolism and antioxidant defense during the late stage of exposure. CYP1B transcriptional expression and CAT activity were unsuitable biomarkers of both continuous and pulsed BaP exposures. In conclusion, our results demonstrated differential effects of continuous and pulsed exposures on BaP metabolism and antioxidant responses, which were depend on exposure duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, PR China.
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Bengbu University, Bengbu 233030, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Zi-Ming Liu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, PR China
| | - Min-Hui Yu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Wei-Guang Zou
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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4
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Xie S, Feng Y, Zhou A, Lu Z, JixingZou. Comparative analysis of two new zebrafish models: The cyp1a low-expression line and cyp1a knockout line under PAHs exposure. Gene 2023; 869:147391. [PMID: 36966979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) is an important enzyme family involved in the metabolism of pollutants, and used as a biomarker to monitor environmental pollution. In this study, a fluorescence-labeled cyp1a zebrafish line, named as KI (cyp1a+/+-T2A-mCherry) (KICM), was originally constructed to monitor dioxin-like compounds in the environment. However, the cyp1a gene expression in the KICM line was inhibited by the fluorescence labeling, thus leading to a significantly increased sensitivity of KICM zebrafish line to PAHs. Then, a cyp1a knockout zebrafish line, named KOC, were constructed for comparative analysis with the cyp1a low-expression line. Interestingly, knockout of the cyp1a gene did not increase the sensitivity of zebrafish to PAHs as significantly as the cyp1a low-expression line. So, the expression levels of related genes in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway were analyzed and the results showed that the expression level of cyp1b in KOC group was significantly higher than that of wild type and KICM under the same PAH exposure. This indicated that the effect of losing cyp1a was compensated by inducing expression of cyp1b. In conclusion, two new zebrafish models including cyp1a low-expression line and cyp1a knockout line were constructed in this study, which may provide a convenient model for subsequent studies on the toxicity mechanism of PAHs and the role of cyp1a in detoxification.
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Shen C, Tang C, Zhu K, He C, Yang C, Zuo Z. Toxicity and ecological risk assessment for two AhR agonistic pesticides mepanipyrim and cyprodinil and their metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58944-58955. [PMID: 37002518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26735-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mepanipyrim and cyprodinil are widely used to control and/or prevent fungal diseases in fruit culture. They are frequently detected in the aquatic environment and some food commodities. Different from TCDD, mepanipyrim and cyprodinil are more easily metabolised in the environments. However, the risk of their metabolites to the ecological environment is unclear and needs to be further confirmed. In this study, we investigated the temporal pattern of mepanipyrim- and cyprodinil-induced CYP1A and AhR2 expression and EROD enzyme activity at different time frames during zebrafish embryonic and larval development. Then, we assessed the ecological risk of mepanipyrim, cyprodinil, and their metabolites to aquatic organisms. Our results showed that mepanipyrim and cyprodinil exposure could increase the expression level of cyp1a and ahr2 genes and EROD activity by a dynamic pattern in different developmental stages of zebrafish. Besides, their several metabolites showed strong AhR agonistic activity. Importantly, these metabolites could cause potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms and should be paid more attention to. Our results would provide an important reference value for environmental pollution control and the use management of mepanipyrim and cyprodinil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Kongyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.
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6
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Wang C, Chen Q, Tang M, Wei T, Zou J. Effects of TLR2/4 signalling pathway in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) after Edwardsiella tarda infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:299-307. [PMID: 36811195 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gambusia affinis is regarded as an important animal model. Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most serious pathogens affecting aquaculture. The study explores the effects of TLR2/4 partial signalling pathway in G. affinis of E. tarda infection. The study collected the brain, liver, and intestine after E. tarda LD50 and 0.85% NaCl solution challenge at different times (0 h, 3 h, 9 h, 18 h, 24 h, and 48 h). In these three tissues, the mRNA levels of PI3K, AKT3, IRAK4, TAK1, IKKβ, and IL-1β were substantially enhanced (p < .05) then returned to normal levels. Additionally, Rac1 and MyD88 in liver had different trend with other genes in brain and intestine, which displayed significantly indifference. The overexpression of IKKβ, and IL-1β indicated that E. tarda also caused immune reaction in intestine and liver, which would be consistent with delayed edwardsiellosis, which causes intestinal lesions and liver and kidney necrosis. Additionally, MyD88 plays a smaller role than IRAK4 and TAK1 in this signalling pathways. This study could enrich the understanding of the immune mechanism of the TLR2/4 signalling pathway in fish and might help to prescribe preventive measures against E. tarda to prevent infectious diseases in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingshi Chen
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manfei Tang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianli Wei
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Eze CT, Otitoloju AA, Eze OO, Ugochukwu TE, Onodugo C, Ali AM, Lyche JL, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A. West African e-waste-soil assessed with a battery of cell-based bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159068. [PMID: 36179844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples randomly taken from major e-waste sites in West Africa (Nigeria, Benin and Ghana) were examined for an extensive range of organic contaminants. Cytotoxicity measurements and assessment of activation of xeno-sensing receptors from fish (Atlantic cod) were employed as a battery of in vitro biological assays to explore the quality and toxicity profile of West African e-waste soil. The concentrations of the measured contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the e-waste soil differs significantly from the reference soil with chemical profiles typically dominated by legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (405.8 μgkg-1) and emerging organophosphate ester flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (404 μgkg-1), in addition to the short chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (275.3 μgkg-1) and perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) (16 μgkg-1). The study revealed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) occurred only in e-waste soil from Ghana and ranged from 2.6 to 5.0 μgkg-1. Overall, non-polar e-waste soil-derived extracts had a stronger effect on COS-7 cell viability than the polar extracts and elutriates. The highest receptor activation was observed with single polar and non-polar extracts from the Nigeria and Benin sites, indicating hotspots with Er-, PPARa- and Ahr-agonist activities. Thus, the results obtained with our battery of in vitro biological assays underscored these e-waste sites as remarkably polluted spots with complex toxicity profiles of great concern for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka ThankGod Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka-Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Chinemelum Onodugo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Aasim Musa Ali
- Section of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Ludvig Lyche
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Effects of dietary antimicrobial peptides on intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, immune responses, microbiota and pathogen disease resistance in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105386. [PMID: 35031411 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to highlight the effects (8 weeks) of dietary antimicrobial peptides (AMPs, a compound of 6 kDa and 5 kDa from intestine) on intestinal morphological functions and health status in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Fish were supplemented with various gradient concentrations of AMPs, including M0 (0 mg/kg), M1 (100 mg/kg), M2 (200 mg/kg), M3 (400 mg/kg), M4 (800 mg/kg) and M5 (1600 mg/kg). Our results showed that amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin enzymatic levels, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased in the intestines of the AMP treated groups compared to the M0. Histological analysis revealed villus height and crypt depth of foregut and midgut in the M4 group were significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to the M0. In the M3 group, the gene expression levels of IL-1β were significantly up-regulated, while levels of IL10 and TGF-β were significantly down-regulated than other treated and control groups. The abundance of Firmicutes was significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the Planctomycetes abundance was decreased at phylum level in M1-M5 groups. Subsequent to the AMP treatment, fish were injected with Aeromonas. hydrophila to assess disease resistant potential. In A. hydrophila injected M3-group, the gene expressions of IL-1β, IL8, and TNF-α were significantly down-regulated while that of TGF-β was significantly up-regulated, and IL10 showed no significant difference compared to the control. Further, AMPs also increased the abundance of the Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Patescibacteria, and decreased the abundance of the Fusobacteria and Firmicutes. Therefore, dietary AMPs (400-800 mg/kg) boosted intestinal health by promoting intestinal morphology, digestive and antioxidant capacities, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in C. idellus.
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Wang S, Xie S, Zhou A, Zhang C, Wen L, Xu G, Zou J. Effects of mixed antimicrobial peptide on the growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses and disease resistance of Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:112-118. [PMID: 33905842 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides have broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and low drug resistance, and they demonstrate great potential as antibiotic substitutes. In this study, five dietary mixed antimicrobial peptide supplement groups were set and fed to Pengze crucian carp for 10 weeks. The 6 groups were G0 (control group) and 5 additional groups: G1 (100 mg/kg), G2 (200 mg/kg), G3 (400 mg/kg), G4 (800 mg/kg) and G5 (1600 mg/kg). The results showed that the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish in G1 and G2 were higher than those of fish in the control group, and G1 was significantly higher than G0 (P < 0.05). In addition, the FBW, WGR, and SGR of the G3 group were significantly lower than those of the G0 group. The chymotrypsin, lipase and amylase activities of G1 and G2 were significantly upregulated compared with G0 and reached peak values in G1. The activity of T-AOC and SOD in the addition group was higher (except G2 and G4) than that in the control groups, and significantly increased in G3 compared to the control group. The activity of MDA in the addition group was lower than that in the control group (p > 0.05). The expression levels of TLR-4, MYD88 and TNF-α in the three organs of the addition group were higher than those in G0 and reached the peak value in G3 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression levels of TLR-4, MYD88 and TNF-α in the three organs of G3 were significantly lower than those in G0 and lower than those in the other supplemented groups. The expression levels of IL-10 and IL-11 tended to be upregulated after A. hydrophila challenge, and G3 in different organs was significantly higher than that in other supplemented groups and G0. The results of this study show that an appropriate amount of mixed antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance and antioxidant and immune capabilities of Pengze crucian carp and can also play a positive role in the treatment of A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shaolin Xie
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Liufa Wen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, China.
| | - Guohuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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10
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Jung JH, Yim B, Jeong S, Yoon MS, Kim BM, Ha SY, Kim M, Rhee JS, Lee YM. Development and Evaluation of Olive Flounder cyp1a1-Luciferase Assay for Effective Detection of CYP1A-Inducing Contaminants in Coastal Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15170-15179. [PMID: 33197181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flounders have been widely used as indicator species for monitoring the benthic environment of marine coastal regions owing to their habitat and feeding preferences in or on sandy sediments. Here, a single-step, sensitive, specific, and simple luciferase assay was developed, using the olive flounder cyp1a1 gene, for effective detection of CYP1A-inducing contaminants in coastal sediments. The developed cyp1a1-luciferase assay was highly sensitive to the widely used CYP1A inducers 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126). In the case of TCDD, significant dose-dependent increases in luciferase activity (0.3-300 ng/L) were detected. The assay was more sensitive to PCB 126 than to B[a]P. The assay also involved the highly sensitive expression of luciferase to extracted mixtures of PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) collected from coastal sediments. PCBs were more capable of cyp1a1 induction in the assay system at small doses than PAHs in environmental samples. Using the cyp1a1-luciferase assay along with water or sediment chemistry will certainly aid in diagnosing CYP1A-inducing contaminants in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Yim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Convergence Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Jeong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Unit of Research for Practical Application, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Convergence Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
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Liu S, Wang J, Feng Y, Ye Q, Wen L, Xu G, Zou J. Effects of compound antimicrobial peptides on the growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses and disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:163-170. [PMID: 33010466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the compound antimicrobial peptides was added to the basic diet to probe its effects on grass carp for 8 weeks. There were 6 groups in our study, including M0 (0 mg/kg) and 5 additional groups: M1 (100 mg/kg), M2 (200 mg/kg), M3 (400 mg/kg), M4 (800 mg/kg) and M5 (1600 mg/kg). The results are as follows: (1) The grass carp's FBW, WGR and SGR in M4 were significantly increased than M0 (p < 0.05). (2) In the hepatopancreas, the amylase activity of M2, M3 and M5 were significant up-regulation than other groups (p < 0.05). (3) The activity of T-AOC in the M3 and M4 was significantly higher compared to the other groups in grass carp hepatopancreas, while MDA was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The activity of SOD in M5 was significantly increased than the other groups (p < 0.05). (4) The expression of MnSOD (except head kidney), IL8 and TNF-α and IL-1β (except hepatopancreas) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while TGF-β and were significantly reduced in the hepatopancreas, spleen and head kidney at M3 (p < 0.05), and IL10 were significantly decreased in the hepatopancreas at M3 (p < 0.05). In addition, expression of IL8 and TNF-α were significant down-regulation, whereas TGF-β (expect head kidney) were significant up-regulation in hepatopancreas, spleen and head kidney in M3 after challenge with A. hydrophila. The expression of IL-1β in spleen and head kidney were also down-regulated, whereas IL10 were significantly up-regulated in the hepatopancreas at M3 after challenge with A. hydrophila (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that grass carp fed a diet supplemented compound antimicrobial peptides was added with 400-800 mg/kg, which could improve the growth performance, antioxidant and digestive capabilities, and could also enhance the expression of immune-related genes and control to A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yongyong Feng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiao Ye
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liufa Wen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, China
| | - Guohuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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12
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Shen C, Zuo Z. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an excellent vertebrate model for the development, reproductive, cardiovascular, and neural and ocular development toxicity study of hazardous chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43599-43614. [PMID: 32970263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the type of chemicals has gradually increased all over the world, and many of these chemicals may have a potentially toxic effect on human health. The zebrafish, as an excellent vertebrate model, is increasingly used for assessing chemical toxicity and safety. This review summarizes the efficacy of zebrafish as a model for the study of developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and ocular developmental toxicity of hazardous chemicals, and the transgenic zebrafish as biosensors are used to detect the environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan South Road, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, Fujian, China.
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13
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Xie S, Zhou A, Xu N, Feng Y, Pan Z, Junaid M, Wang J, Zou J. Benzo[a]pyrene induces microbiome dysbiosis and inflammation in the intestinal tracts of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:24-34. [PMID: 32592928 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most well studied carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that has been associated with a wide range of toxic effects in aquatic organisms. In the present study, the mosquitofish and zebrafish were exposed to BaP (100 μg/L) for 15 days. We analyzed the intestinal microbial community of mosquitofish and zebrafish using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and also performed transcriptional profiling of the inflammation pathway related genes in the intestinal tissues. Our results showed that BaP exposure induced similar changes to the composition of microbial community in mosquitofish and zebrafish. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria decreased while the abundance of Firmicutes increased following BaP exposure. At the genus level, a common pathogenic genus staphylococcus significantly increased in the BaP treatment groups, compared to the control (DMSO, ~0.001% v/v). In addition, it was observed that BaP significantly increased the mRNA level of il1β in both mosquitofish and zebrafish. The transcript levels of il6, il8, il10 and ifnphi1 were significantly increased in zebrafish, however not in mosquitofish, following Bap exposure. Our findings suggest that BaP could induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the intestine of mosquitofish and zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongyong Feng
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China
| | - Zhengkun Pan
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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14
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Liu S, Zhou A, Xie S, Sun D, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Chen Y, Zou J. Immune-related genes expression analysis of Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:92-100. [PMID: 32276038 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The great Gambusia affinis (G. affinis) is considered as an important animal model to study the endocrine disruption, ecological behavior, and environmental pollutant. The present study aims to build a new promising infection model with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) in aquaculture. The mRNA expression of Rac1, MyD88, IRAK4, TAK1, IKKβ, and IL-1β in G. affinis were significance higher (P < 0.05) in the liver of G. affinis than that of brain and intestine. And the PI3K mRNA expression level was significant lower (P < 0.05) in the intestine than that of brain and liver. The mRNA levels of AKT3 were significant higher (P < 0.05) in the brain than that of liver and intestine. And then the brain, liver, and intestine were collected at different time points (0 h, 3 h, 9 h, 18 h, 24 h, 48 h) after post injection of LD50 of A. hydrophila. The 0.85% NaCl was used as a negative control for the LD50 of A. hydrophila. The RT-PCR results showed that mRNA expressions of TLR2/4 pathway downstream genes MyD88, IRAK4, TAK1, Rac1, IKKβ, and IL-1β were firstly significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) and were then backed to the 0 h group levels in three tissues. In contrast, mRNA expressions of TLR2/4 pathway downstream genes PI3K and AKT3 were firstly significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and were then increased to the 0 h group levels in brain and intestine. In summary, the results indicated that A. hydrophila could cause inflammatory reaction in intestinal and brain. In addition, the liver showed a provocative reaction when infected with A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shaolin Xie
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Di Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Zhuolin Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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15
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Xie S, Zhou A, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Sun Z, Fan L, Zou J. Cytochrome P450 1A mRNA in the Gambusia affinis and Response to Several PAHs. Biochem Genet 2020; 58:551-565. [PMID: 32504241 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) has been used as a specific biomarker for monitoring water contamination such as PAHs, PCBs and dioxins. In the present study, the cyp1a gene of Gambusia affinis was cloned and sequenced and their expressions under PAHs exposure were characterized. The newly identified cyp1a encodes a protein with 521 amino acids that shared 96-80% identity with other Cyprinodontiformes fishes. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the basal mRNA level of cyp1a was highly expressed in liver and intestine. The expression level of cyp1a was significantly induced by exposure to 100 μg/L 3, 4-Benzopyrene (BaP) for 5 days in the muscle, testis, brain, liver and intestine of adult male fish. Except in the testis, the induced mRNA level of cyp1a ultimately decreased after prolonging the exposure time to 25 days. As for testis, the induced mRNA level of cyp1a was maintained at a high level during the entire exposure time under 100 μg/L BaP exposure. Furthermore, the expression of cyp1a increased with exposure time under a relatively low exposure concentrations 1 μg/L. Regarding the effects of other PAHs, D(a,h)A, BbF, and BaA showed a statistically significant effect of induction on mRNA level of cyp1a in the muscle, testis, brain, liver and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Xie
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyong Feng
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuolin Sun
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Zhou Y, Shen C, Ruan J, He C, Chen M, Wang C, Zuo Z. Generation and application of a Tg(cyp1a:egfp) transgenic marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) line as an in vivo assay to sensitively detect dioxin-like compounds in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 391:122192. [PMID: 32036309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large-range environmental pollution by dioxin and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) is becoming a serious problem. To establish an in vivo method for the detection of DLCs in seawater, a Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:egfp) transgenic marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) line was first developed with the modified cyp1a-12DRE promoter driving enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression using Tol2 transgenesis technology. With increasing concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the EGFP fluorescence intensity increased significantly. The Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:egfp) medaka possessed high sensitivity (limit of detection of 1 ng/L TCDD) and specificity and low background. This transgenic line is capable of detecting DLCs in environmental seawater in which the concentration of DLCs is at least 0.12207 ng/L TCDD after sample enrichment. The fluorescence-toxic equivalency (TEQ) values from EGFP intensity were closely correlated with the chemical-TEQ values obtained from chemical analyses. Furthermore, the Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:egfp) medaka can directly detect DLCs in seawater samples after a serious pollution accident and screen unknown aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists for risk assessment. For the first time, a convenient method has been established that sensitively and specifically responds to DLCs using the Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:egfp) marine medaka, which could be a highly efficient tool for detecting seawater DLCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jinpeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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17
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Junaid M, Wang Y, Hamid N, Deng S, Li WG, Pei DS. Prioritizing selected PPCPs on the basis of environmental and toxicogenetic concerns: A toxicity estimation to confirmation approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120828. [PMID: 31301631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), the pollutants of emerging concerns, present potential risks to the ecological environment. This study focused on the prioritization of widely used selected PPCPs belonging to two categories:personal care products (PCPs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We predicted the toxicogenetic endpoints of PPCPs and then confirmed them using experimental approaches. Our results revealed a significant similarity in the findings obtained through both approaches, indicating NSAIDs with relatively high environmental impacts and in vitro/vivo toxicity. Experimental approach revealed that musk xylene (MX) from PCPs and DIC from NSAIDs as individual chemicals of priority concern showed elevated environmental impacts and significantly induced pi3k-akt-mTOR in vitro. Similarly, propyl paraben (PP) from PCPs and diclofenac (DIC) from NSAIDs caused significant cytotoxicity and DNA damage in vitro. Moreover, PP and MX from the PCPs group and naproxen (NAP) and DIC from the NSAIDs group induced developmental toxicity and perturbations to phases I, II, and III detoxification pathways in vivo. In addition, MX and DIC as priority PPCPs inhibited hematopoiesis and hepatogenesis in vivo. Apart from the specific effects, PPCPs can be ranked as: MX > PP > methylparaben (MP) for PCPs, and DIC > NAP > ibuprofen (IBU) for NSAIDs, regarding their toxic and environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wei-Guo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Dong W, Wang F, Fang M, Wu J, Wang S, Li M, Yang J, Chernick M, Hinton DE, Pei DS, Chen H, Zheng N, Mu J, Xie L, Dong W. Use of biological detection methods to assess dioxin-like compounds in sediments of Bohai Bay, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:339-346. [PMID: 30784797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bohai Bay, in the western region of northeastern China's Bohai Sea, receives water from large rivers containing various pollutants including dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). This study used the established zebrafish (Danio rerio) model, its known developmental toxicity endpoints and sensitive molecular analyses to evaluate sediments near and around an industrial effluent site in Bohai Bay. The primary objective was to assess the efficacy of rapid biological detection methods as an addition to chemical analyses. Embryos were exposed to various concentrations of sediment extracts as well as a 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) positive control. Exposure to sediment extract nearest the discharge site (P1) resulted in the most severe- and highest rates of change in embryos and larvae, suggesting that DLC contaminated sediment probably did not occur much beyond it. P1 extract resulted in concentration dependent increases in mortality and pericardial edema. Its highest concentration caused up-regulation of P-450 (CYP)-1A1(CYP1A) mRNA expression at 72 h post fertilization (hpf), an increase in its expression in gill arches as observed by whole mount in situ hybridization, and an increased signal in the Tg(cyp1a: mCherry) transgenic line. The pattern and magnitude of response was very similar to that of TCDD and supported the presence of DLCs in these sediment samples. Follow-up chemical analysis confirmed this presence and identified H7CDF, O8CDF and O8CDD as the main components in P1 extract. This study validates the use of biological assays as a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method to evaluate DLCs and their effects in sediment samples. Additionally, it provides support for the conclusion that DLCs have limited remobilization capacity in marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Shuaiyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Melissa Chernick
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, 130021, China
| | - Jingli Mu
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wu Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao 028000, China.
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19
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Deng S, Fu A, Junaid M, Wang Y, Yin Q, Fu C, Liu L, Su DS, Bian WP, Pei DS. Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) perturb redox-sensitive system via the selective inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish. Biomaterials 2019; 206:61-72. [PMID: 30925289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are well-known for its potential applications for bioimaging, biosensor, and drug carrier in biomedicine. GQDs are well characteristic of intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity, which is proven effective in scavenging the free radicals, such assuperoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. GQDs are also well praised for its low in vivo and in vitro toxicity. Here, we found that nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) can strongly disturb redox-sensitive system via the selective inhibition of endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities in zebrafish. The enzyme activities or transcription levels of a battery of hemoproteins including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), respiratory chain complex I, complex Ⅲ, hemoglobin (Hb), and myeloperoxidase (MPO), were significantly suppressed by N-GQDs. We also found that N-GQDs activated the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (e.g. cyp1a) and the associated aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressors (ahrr1 and ahrr2) in zebrafish embryos. Compared to the ultrasmall graphene oxide (USGO), N-GQDs exhibited stronger fluorescent permeability and tissue-specific bio-accumulative effects. Taken together, our findings highlighted that exposure to N-GQDs can disrupt endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, possibly via the competitive inhibition of electron transfer process. Our results in this study provided solid data for biosafety evaluations of various types of GQDs, and created an alert for the future biomedical applications of N-GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ailing Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Su
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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20
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Xie S, Zhou A, Feng Y, Wang Z, Fan L, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Zou J. Effects of fasting and re-feeding on mstn and mstnb genes expressions in Cranoglanis bouderius. Gene 2019; 682:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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21
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Shen C, Zhou Y, Ruan J, Chuang YJ, Wang C, Zuo Z. Generation of a Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish line as a rapid in vivo model for detecting dioxin-like compounds. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 205:174-181. [PMID: 30391726 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are extremely stable toxic organic compounds and can cause serious health risks. To develop a convenient biomonitoring tool for the detection of DLCs in the environment, we generated a transgenic line-Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:EGFP)-with a zebrafish cyp1a promoter recombined with multiple dioxin-responsive elements (DREs) that drive EGFP expression. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced EGFP expression was observed in the head cartilage (most sensitive), gut, otic vesicle, pectoral fin bud and eye of larvae. The lowest observed effect concentration of TCDD was estimated to be approximately 1 ng/L. Compared with existing zebrafish lines, our transgenic fish displayed comparable or even higher detection sensitivity to DLCs and could serve as an improved and rapid assay in an in vivo context. The Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish line also had higher stability for inducing EGFP expression (nearly 100% of our zebrafish induced EGFP at approximately 1 ng/L TCDD) than other lines. In addition, Tg(cyp1a-12DRE:EGFP) zebrafish could serve as a convenient and straightforward tool to assess potential cranial malformations and related health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yixi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jinpeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Department of Medical Science, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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22
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Xie X, Jiang J, Ye W, Chen R, Deng Y, Wen J. Sp1, Instead of AhR, Regulates the Basal Transcription of Porcine CYP1A1 at the Proximal Promoter. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:927. [PMID: 30174605 PMCID: PMC6107784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are commonly used as an animal model to evaluate the toxic effects of exogenous compounds. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) metabolizes numerous exogenous compounds and is abundantly expressed in the liver, kidneys, and intestines. The high amino acid similarity between human and porcine CYP1A1 indicates that they probably have the same metabolic characteristics. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of CYP1A1 expression in pigs is particularly important for predicting the toxicology and metabolic kinetics of exogenous chemicals. Currently, the transcriptional regulation of porcine CYP1A1 has rarely been studied, especially regarding basal transcription. In this study, we first confirmed that the key regulatory elements of porcine CYP1A1 basal transactivation are in the proximal promoter region using promoter truncation analysis via a dual luciferase assay in a porcine kidney cell line LLC-PK1. Two overlapping cis-elements, the xenobiotic response element (XRE) and GC box, in this proximal region potentially play key roles in the basal transactivation of porcine CYP1A1. Furthermore, using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation, the GC box binding protein Sp1 was confirmed to bind to the proximal promoter of porcine CYP1A1, instead of AhR, the XRE binding protein. In LLC-PK1 cells, by knocking down either Sp1 or AhR, the expression of porcine CYP1A1 at the mRNA level and protein level was significantly downregulated, suggesting both proteins are important for porcine CYP1A1 expression. However, promoter activity analysis in LLC-PK1 cells treated with an AhR agonist and antagonist confirmed that AhR does not participate in the basal regulation of porcine CYP1A1 at the proximal promoter. In conclusion, our study revealed that the proximal promoter is the key regulatory region for porcine CYP1A1 basal expression. Although AhR plays an important role in the transactivation of porcine CYP1A1 expression, the key determinant transcription factor for its basal transactivation is Sp1 at the proximal promoter of porcine CYP1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jikai Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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