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Sun Q, Feng S, Li G, Qi Y, Hu C. Influence of Different Treatments on the Structure and Conversion of Silicon Species in Rice Straw to Tetraethyl Orthosilicate (TEOS). ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300111. [PMID: 37551028 PMCID: PMC10407258 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) from biomass provides a new way for TEOS production and biomass valorization. In this study, rice straw was treated using different fractionation methods, and the content, state, and reactivity of Si in the treated samples were investigated. It was found that acid treatment and ethanol extraction kept most Si in the biomass, while alkali treatment caused significant Si loss. Si was mainly present in the SiOx , Si-O-C, and Si-O-Si states in the surface of raw rice straw, cellulose and Klason lignin. The results showed that the Si-O-Si state in rice straw was beneficial for the formation of TEOS. The removal of lipids from rice straw facilitated the production of TEOS, giving the highest TEOS yield of 76.2 %. In contrast, the production of TEOS from other samples became difficult; the simultaneous conversion of the three organic components of rice straw also facilitated the production of TEOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxin Sun
- Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Guiying Li
- Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Yue Qi
- Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistrySichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610064P. R. China
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Zhang B, Peng Z, Lv J, Peng Q, He K, Xu H, Sun J, Shen Z. Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China. TOXICS 2023; 11:80. [PMID: 36668806 PMCID: PMC9863936 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of rural solid fuels are seriously harmful to both air quality and human health. To quantify the health effects of different fuel-stove combinations, gas and particle partitioning of twenty-nine species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from seven fuel-stove combinations were examined in this study, and the benzo (a) pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) and cancer risks were estimated accordingly. The results showed that the gas phase PAHs (accounting for 68-78% of the total PAHs) had higher emission factors (EFs) than particulate ones. For all combustion combinations, pPAHs accounted for the highest proportion (84.5% to 99.3%) in both the gas and particulate phases, followed by aPAHs (0.63-14.7%), while the proportions of nPAHs and oPAHs were much lower (2-4 orders of magnitude) than pPAHs. For BaPeq, particulate phase PAHs dominated the BaPeq rather than gas ones, which may be due to the greater abundance of 5-ring particle PAHs. Gas and particle pPAHs were both predominant in the BaPeq, with proportions of 95.2-98.6% for all combustion combinations. Cancer risk results showed a descending order of bituminous coal combustion (0.003-0.05), biomass burning (0.002-0.01), and clean briquette coal combustion (10-5-0.001), indicating that local residents caused a severe health threat by solid fuel combustion (the threshold: 10-4). The results also highlighted that clean briquette coal could reduce cancer risks by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to bulk coal and biomass. For oPAH, BcdPQ (6H-benzo(c,d)pyrene-6-one) had the highest cancer risk, ranging from 4.83 × 10-5 to 2.45 × 10-4, which were even higher than the total of aPAHs and nPAHs. The dramatically high toxicity and cancer risk of PAHs from solid fuel combustion strengthened the necessity and urgency of clean heating innovation in Guanzhong Plain and in similar places.
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Sun J, Yu J, Niu X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Liu X, Zhang B, He K, Niu X, Ho KF, Cao J, Shen Z. Solid fuel derived PM 2.5 induced oxidative stress and according cytotoxicity in A549 cells: The evidence and potential neutralization by green tea. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107674. [PMID: 36463658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) is a well-known cytotoxic pollutant that capable to induce severe intracellular oxidative stress while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, 4 types of PM2.5 derived from solid fuel burning were selected as stimuli in A549 cells exposure model to evaluate their effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Although resulting in different responses in cell viability, all PM2.5 exhibited over 50 % higher oxidative stress than control group, expression as intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels. The Pearson's correlation results indicated that cations (e.g., Ca2+), heavy metals (e.g., Cr and Pb), nPAHs (nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g., 6-nitrochrysene) and oPAHs (oxygenated PAHs, e.g., 9-fluorenone) were the main functioning toxics (r > 0.6). A key finding was the dual-directional regulation function of ECG (epicatechin gallate), that is, it could either increase the low A549 cell viabilities in coal combustion PM2.5 group or reduce them in charcoal PM2.5 group (P < 0.05). The dual-directional effects were likely because ECG can activate Nrf2 oxidation signaling pathway then inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway NF-κB accordingly. Therefore, evidences indicated cytotoxicity of solid fuel derived PM2.5 were mainly caused by oxidative stress, which was proved to be reversed by green tea, providing a potential therapy method to PM2.5 and other hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Kin-Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Moskovchenko D, Pozhitkov R, Lodygin E, Toptygina M. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Snow Cover in the City of Tyumen (Western Siberia, Russia). TOXICS 2022; 10:743. [PMID: 36548576 PMCID: PMC9785694 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Some of Russia's large industrial cities are sources of hazardous contamination in the environment. Tyumen is one of the most rapidly developing cities in Siberia due to oil and gas extraction in the northern Tyumen Region. Concentrations of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)s deposited with the particulate matter (PM) of snow in the city of Tyumen were determined by liquid chromatography. In the background area, the rate of atmospheric particulate deposition was shown to be low, and the mean total content of 14 PAHs had a value of 6.2 ng L-1, which is lower than many unpolluted areas on Earth. In the city of Tyumen, the mean content of PM was five times higher and the mean total content of 14 PAHs was twenty times higher as compared to the background. The contents of chrysene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene were increased by multiples of 78, 77, and 32, respectively. The rates of ∑14 PAH deposition with airborne PM over the winter ranged from 1.1 to 65.5 μg m-2. Calculations of BaP toxic equivalent showed maximal toxicity within the transport zone. Both analysis of spatial distribution and diagnostic ratios showed that the PAHs were mainly from coal combustion and vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Moskovchenko
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026 Tyumen, Russia
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Tyumen State University, Osipenko Str. 2, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Roman Pozhitkov
- Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Malygina St., 86, 625026 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Evgeny Lodygin
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Marina Toptygina
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Tyumen State University, Osipenko Str. 2, 625003 Tyumen, Russia
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Li R, Cai J, Li J, Wang Z, Pei P, Zhang J, Krebs P. Characterizing the long-term occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their driving forces in surface waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127065. [PMID: 34523466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As carcinogenic and ubiquitous pollutants, an in-depth understanding of the long-term environmental behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their driving forces is crucial for reducing human health risks. Based on long-term monitoring data from 2001 to 2016, this study systematically investigated the temporal and seasonal trends, periodic oscillation, source apportionment, and human health risks of PAHs in eight rivers in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The results showed that the annual average ∑16PAHs (sum of 16 PAH concentrations) ranged from 28.2 ng L-1 to 202 ng L-1. Using the Mann-Kendall test, a trend of decreasing PAH concentrations was determined (slope range: -0.103 to -0.0159). Wavelet analysis indicated that the most significant periodic oscillation of PAHs was 10-30 months, with more pollution in winter. Source apportionment analysis suggested that vehicular emissions and coal combustion contributed the most to PAH concentrations (20.6-40.3% and 21.7-41.4%, respectively) and related health risks (54.1-80.1% and 5.61-37.9%, respectively). Furthermore, the risks (oral lifetime: 4.24×10-7-1.34×10-6; dermal lifetime: 2.86×10-5-9.05×10-5) were determined to be low. The data revealed that the substitution of petroleum and coal with cleaner energy would facilitate the mitigation of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifei Li
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Junlin Cai
- Consulting R&D Department, Shanghai Environmental Protection Co., Ltd, 200233 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Peng Pei
- College of Mines, Guizhou University, 550025 Guiyang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Yang L, Zhang L, Chen L, Han C, Akutagawa T, Endo O, Yamauchi M, Neroda A, Toriba A, Tang N. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in five East Asian cities: Seasonal characteristics, health risks, and yearly variations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117360. [PMID: 34004472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particulate matter and fine particulate matter were collected in five East Asian cities (Sapporo, Sagamihara, Kirishima, Shenyang, and Vladivostok) during warm and cold periods from 2017 to 2018. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The average concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs differed significantly both temporally and spatially and were the lowest in Kirishima during the warm period (∑PAHs: 0.11 ± 0.06 ng m-3; ∑NPAHs: 1.23 ± 0.96 pg m-3) and the highest in Shenyang during the cold period (∑PAHs: 49.7 ± 21.8 ng m-3; ∑NPAHs: 357 ± 180 pg m-3). The average total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations were also higher in Shenyang and Vladivostok than in Japanese cities. According to the results of source apportionment, traffic emissions impacted these cities in both the warm and cold periods, whereas coal combustion-generated effects were obvious in Shenyang and Vladivostok during the cold period. Furthermore, PAHs and NPAHs originating from the Asian continent, including Shenyang and Vladivostok, exerted some influence on Japanese cities, especially in the cold period. Compared to Japanese cities and Vladivostok, yearly variations in ∑PAHs and 1-nitropyrene in Shenyang showed that their concentrations were considerably lower than those reported in past studies, indicating the positive effects of air pollutant control policies in China. These results not only describe the current characteristics and yearly variations of PAHs and NPAHs in typical urban cities in East Asia but also, more importantly, reveal that the effects of the East Asian monsoon play an important role in the analysis of atmospheric behaviours of PAHs and NPAHs. Furthermore, this study supports the role of multinational cooperation to promote air pollution control in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China.
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China.
| | - Tomoko Akutagawa
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Environmental and Geological Research Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 060-0819, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Osamu Endo
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 252-5201, Sagamihara, Japan.
| | - Masahito Yamauchi
- National Institute of Technology, Kagoshima College, 899-5193, Kirishima, Japan.
| | - Andrey Neroda
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Akira Toriba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Yang L, Zhang H, Zhang X, Xing W, Wang Y, Bai P, Zhang L, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2177. [PMID: 33672189 PMCID: PMC7926315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Akira Toriba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Zhang Y, Shen Z, Sun J, Zhang L, Zhang B, Zou H, Zhang T, Hang Ho SS, Chang X, Xu H, Wang T, Cao J. Parent, alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM 2.5 emitted from residential biomass burning and coal combustion: A novel database of 14 heating scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115881. [PMID: 33120337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from residential biomass burning and coal combustion in field environments, smoke samples were collected from the combustion of six types of biomass in heated kangs and four types of coal in traditional stoves and semi-gasifier stoves. The emission factors (EFs) of the total PAH were in the range of 84.5-344 mg/kg for biomass burning, with lower EFs for biomass with higher densities, and in the range of 38.0-206 mg/kg for coal combustion, with lower EFs for coals with higher maturity. Moreover, EFs were lower from high-density biomass fuels (wood trunk, 84.5 ± 11.3 mg/kg) than low-maturity coals (bituminous coal, 206 ± 16.5 mg/kg). Parent, oxygenated, alkylated, and nitrated PAHs accounted for 81.1%, 12.6%, 6.2%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the total-PAH EFs from biomass burning, and 84.7%, 13.8%, 1.4%, and 0.1%, respectively, of the total-PAH EFs from coal combustion. PAH source profiles differed negligibly between biomass fuels but differed significantly between bituminous coal and anthracite coal fuels. The characteristic species of sources were phenanthrene, 9-fluorenone, and 2-nitrobiphenyl for biomass burning, and were phenanthrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-nitrobiphenyl for coal combustion. The ratios of benzo[b]fluoranthene/(benzo[b]fluoranthene + benzo[k]fluoranthene) were 0.40-0.45 for biomass burning and 0.89-0.91 for coal combustion, and these significantly different values constitute unique markers for distinguishing these fuels in source apportionment. Benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent factor emissions were 2.79-11.3 mg/kg for biomass and 7.49-41.9 mg/kg for coal, where parent PAHs contributed 92.0%-95.1% from biomass burning and 98.6%-98.8% from coal combustion. Total-PAH emissions from residential heating were 1552 t across Shaanxi province, to which wheat straw (445 t) in biomass burning and bituminous coal (438 t) in coal combustion were the highest contributors. Results from this study provide crucial knowledge for the source identification of PAHs as well as for the design of abatement strategies against pollutant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Haijiang Zou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojian Chang
- Agricultural Technology & Extension Central of Xi'an City, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Agricultural Technology & Extension Central of Xi'an City, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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9
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Yang L, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Takami A, Sato K, Shimizu A, Yoshino A, Kaneyasu N, Matsuki A, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8224. [PMID: 33172174 PMCID: PMC7664402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were simultaneously collected at two background sites (Wajima Air Monitoring Station (WAMS) and Fukue-Jima Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (FAMS)) in Japan in the East Asian winter and summer monsoon periods of 2017 and 2019, to compare the characteristics of air pollutants among different regions and to determine the possible variation during the long-range transport process. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were analyzed. Despite the PM2.5 concentrations at FAMS (8.90-78.5 µg/m3) being higher than those at WAMS (2.33-21.2 µg/m3) in the winter monsoon period, the average concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑NPAHs, and ∑WSIIs were similar between the two sites. Diagnostic ratios indicated PAHs mainly originated from traffic emissions and mostly aged, whereas NPAHs were mostly secondarily formed during long-range transport. WSIIs at WAMS were mainly formed via the combustion process and secondary reactions, whereas those at FAMS mainly originated from sea salt and dust. Backward trajectories revealed the air masses could not only come from Asian continental coastal regions but also distant landlocked areas in the winter monsoon period, whereas most came from the ocean in the summer monsoon period. These findings can provide basic data for the establishment of prediction models of transboundary air pollutants in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Naoki Kaneyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (A.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (A.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (A.M.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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10
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Tao W, Yang X, Li Y, Zhu R, Si X, Pan B, Xing B. Components and Persistent Free Radicals in the Volatiles during Pyrolysis of Lignocellulose Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13274-13281. [PMID: 32966050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent free radicals (PFRs) may cause negative impacts to human health and the environment because of the induced reactive oxygen species. We expect that PFRs could be generated in the condensable volatiles formed during lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis. Elucidating the structural origin and the formation mechanism of PFRs is important for an in-depth understanding of air pollutants from the pyrolysis or combustion of lignocellulose biomass. This work selected rice straw and pine sawdust to represent agricultural and forest biomass residues. The pyrolysis mechanism, volatile components, and PFR generation were discussed based on the analysis of thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry (MS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography/MS, and electron spin resonance (ESR). Levoglucosan, furans, and 2-methoxyphenols were the main pyrolytic compounds for cellulose (CL), hemicellulose (HC), and lignin (LG), respectively. Obvious ESR signals were detected in the condensable volatiles of LG, while no ESR signals were detected for those of CL and HC. Higher ESR signals were detected in lignocellulose with a higher content of LG. Therefore, LG was the main structural basis to generate PFRs in lignocellulose condensable volatiles, mostly attributed to the methoxyphenol components. This study provides useful information regarding the generation mechanisms of and the structures related to PFRs, which is essential to understand the risks of lignocellulose pyrolytic volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Tao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xingwei Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruizhi Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650231, China
| | - Xiaoxi Si
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Tobacco Chemistry, R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan 650231, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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11
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Zhang Y, Yan Q, Wang J, Han S, He R, Zhao Q, Jin M, Zhang R. Emission characteristics and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter from the prebaked anode industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137546. [PMID: 32192972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) and source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the prebaked anode industry were studied to fill the knowledge gap and provide data for emission inventory and source resolution. In 2018, three prebaked anode plants were selected in Central China, each having one calcining chimney as well as one baking chimney, and then 92 samples were collected from the stack gas of the six chimneys. The results of the study are as follows. (1) PM10 and PM2.5 from the prebaked anode industry contained 37-42% water-soluble ions, 16-20% elements, 11-17% organic carbon, and 9.2-14% elemental carbon. (2) The EFs for PAHs of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1146.1 ± 899.7 and 866.2 ± 1179.8 mg/(t aluminum produced), respectively. The EF for BaP was seven times lower than that given by the European Environment Agency (EEA), whereas those of BbF, BkF, and IcdP were 2-13 times higher than those given by the EEA. (3) Seven diagnostic ratios for PAHs, including Ant/(Ant+Phe), Flua/(Flua+Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Chr), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), Phe/Ant and BaA/Chr were discussed. Just by diagnostic ratio, it is hard to precisely distinguish between calcining and baking in prebaked industry. (4) The toxic equivalence of PMs in the baking stack gas in the prebaked anode industry was five times higher than that in the calcining stack gas, and PM2.5 showed higher potential toxicity risk than PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishun Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qishe Yan
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruidong He
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Jin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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12
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Lan Y, Li Z, Xie W, Li D, Yan G, Guo S, Pan C, Wu J. In situ fabrication of I-doped Bi 2O 2CO 3/g-C 3N 4 heterojunctions for enhanced photodegradation activity under visible light. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121622. [PMID: 31806444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Iodine-doped Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 heterojunctions consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and iodine-doped bismutite (Bi2O2CO3) components were successfully in situ synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method. Characterizations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated iodine was favorably doped into the Bi2O2CO3 component, of which the {001} facets grew in situ from {002} facets of g-C3N4 for the heterostructure construction of I-doped Bi2O2CO3/g-C3N4 (IB/CN). The photocatalytic activity of catalysts was evaluated by the degradation efficiency of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene under visible light. 1.5-IB/CN with a reasonable iodine doping amount (Bi: I molar ratio = 1.0: 1.5) exhibited the superior photodegradation performance compared to Bi2O2CO3, achieving an 85.5% removal ratio after 100 min illumination. The enhanced activity of 1.5-IB/CN was attributed to both of the heterostructure that promoted the separation of photoinduced carriers and iodine doping that tuned the bandgap for sufficient visible-light harvesting. The degradation intermediates of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene in the system were determined and its possible photodegradation pathway was proposed in detail. This study provides a rational approach for enhancing the visible-light catalytic activity of wide-bandgap Bi2O2CO3, and reveals a new perspective on the removal mechanism of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Wenyu Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Dehao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China.
| | - Guangxu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Shaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Chao Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
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