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Akansha J, Thakur S, Chaithanya MS, Gupta BS, Das S, Das B, Rajasekar N, Priya K. Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24293. [PMID: 38304840 PMCID: PMC10831613 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediate and effective mitigation. There are many available remediation techniques like surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation which have been evolved to clean up heavy metal-contaminated sites. Nevertheless, all of the technologies have some applicability and limitations making the soil remediation initiative unsustainable. Among the available technologies, electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has been comparatively recognized to mitigate contaminated sites via both in-situ and ex-situ approaches due to its efficiency, suitability for use in low permeability soil, and requirement of low potential gradient. The work critically analyzes the EKR concerning techno, economic, and sustainability aspect for evaluating its application on various substrates and environmental conditions. The current soil contamination status in India is presented and the application of EKR for the heavy metal remediation from soil has been evaluated. The present work summaries a comprehensive and exhaustive review on EKR technology proving its effectiveness for a country like India where the huge amount of waste generated could not be treated due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and economic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Akansha
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Somil Thakur
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - M Sai Chaithanya
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Bhaskar Sen Gupta
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - N. Rajasekar
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - K. Priya
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Wang L, Zou R, Cai J, Liu G, Jiang Y, Chai G, Qin S, Fan C. Effect of Cd toxicity on root morphology, ultrastructure, Cd uptake and accumulation of wheat under intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16270. [PMID: 37332956 PMCID: PMC10272331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of intercropping of the hyperaccumulator, Solanum nigrum L. and wheat on the absorption and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in wheat. The experiment was conducted with three replicates, which conducted on four Cd concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60 μmol L-1) in the Hoagland solution and using two planting patterns [monoculture wheat (MW), intercropping wheat and Solanum nigrum L. (IW,IS)]. The results showed that the addition of Cd in the solutions reduced the total root length by 19.08-55.98%, total root area by 12.35-44.48%, and total root volume by 16.01-46.00% of wheat plants. Intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. significantly reduced Cd contents by 28.3-47.2% and Cd accumulations by 10.08-32.43% in the roots of wheat. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the root-tip cells of the monoculture wheat treated with Cd exhibited swollen spheres of intracellular mitochondria, disorderly arranged inner ridges of mitochondria, some damaged mitochondrial membranes, and deformed nuclear membranes. Many dense electron particles in the form of Cd were deposited in the cell gap, and the cell nucleus became smaller or even disappeared. Under the same Cd concentrations, root-tip cells of intercropped wheat showed much less density of electron particles, starch granules, and the damage to the nucleus and nuclear membrane by Cd.These results indicated that intercropping with Solanum nigrum L. reduced the Cd toxicity to wheat roots and decreased Cd uptake and accumulation in both the shoots and roots of the wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Rong Zou
- College of Forestry,Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025,China
| | - Jinghang Cai
- Rural Revitalization Service Centre, Guiyang 550081,China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Ya Jiang
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Guanqun Chai
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Song Qin
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Chengwu Fan
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
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Comparison of the effects of biological and electrical stimulation on the growth of Zea mays. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Abou-Shady A, Ali ME, Ismail S, Abd-Elmottaleb O, Kotp YH, Osman MA, Hegab RH, Habib AA, Saudi AM, Eissa D, Yaseen R, Ibrahim GA, Yossif TM, El-Araby H, Selim EMM, Tag-Elden MA, Elwa AES, El-Harairy A. Comprehensive review of progress made in soil electrokinetic research during 1993–2020, Part I: process design modifications with brief summaries of main output. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Plank Z, Cárdenas J, Corona MP, Acosta G, Solís S, Hernández G, Bustos E. Monitoring the efficiency of electro-kinetic soil remediation process with geophysical surveying method. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Xu L, Dai H, Skuza L, Wei S. The effects of different electrode materials on seed germination of Solanum nigrum L. and its Cd accumulation in soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:291-299. [PMID: 34963538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different electrode on Solanum nigrum L. seed germination were determined. The result showed that germination percentage (GP) of seeds in treatment T2 (titanium electrode) was 26.6% higher than in control (CK, without electric field). High potassium and calcium concentrations were beneficial for seed enzymatic activity in treatment T2, which could partly explain the increase in GP. Cd accumulation (μg/pot) in S. nigrum treated with any electric field was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in CK without electric field. Specifically, Cd accumulation under the treatment T3 (stainless steel electrode) was the highest both in roots and shoots; this accumulation in shoots and roots were 74.7 % and 67.4 % higher for stainless steel than in CK. This increase must have been associated with a higher Cd concentration in plants and did not exert a significant effect on the biomass. In particular, Cd concentrations in roots and shoots under stainless steel treatment were both significantly higher than in CK (p<0.05), which had to be related to the higher available Cd concentration in the soil in the middle region. Furthermore, it could be attributed to altered soil pH and other soil properties. Moreover, none of the biomasses were significantly affected (p<0.05) by different electrode materials compared to CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huiping Dai
- College of Biological Science & Engineering, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China.
| | - Lidia Skuza
- Institute of Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin 71-415, Poland
| | - Shuhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environment Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Morales C, Solís S, Bacame-Valenzuela F, Reyes-Vidal Y, Cárdenas J, Manríquez J, Bustos E. Electrical stimulation of Cucumis sativus in an Antrosol using modified electrodes with transition metal oxides at the in situ pilot level. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhang M, Wu B, Guo P, Wang S, Guo S. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated soil under the superimposed electric field condition. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128723. [PMID: 33127102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An innovative superimposed electric field (SEF) was designed with the aim to achieve uniform removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Also the influence of SEF on the bioremediation efficiency of PAHs was investigated in compared with the common electric field (CEF). Five experiments were conducted in this study, namely EK-CEF (applied CEF), EKB-CEF (CEF enhanced bioremediation), EK-SEF (applied SEF), EKB-SEF (SEF enhanced bioremediation), and Bio (bioremediation). The results indicated that electric field with periodically reversed polarity could effectively prevent the occurrence of large changes in soil pH, temperature, and electric current. The electric field intensity of SEF was concentrated in the range of 0.5-1.5 V/cm, and the difference between the maximum and minimum PAHs removal percentage in EK-SEF was just 5.4%, in comparison to 14.8% in EK-CEF. The bioremediation promoting effect did not show significant difference between SEF and CEF. Compared to Bio, the removal percentages of the 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs attributed to the degrading bacteria were much higher in EKB-SEF and EKB-CEF. Moreover, the microbial number increased with the distance away from electrodes, and the microbial community changed correspondingly. All these would be resulted in differences removal efficiencies among different PAHs components. Despite its intrinsic advantages, the influence of SEF on soil physicochemical and biological properties needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | | | - Sa Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Shuhai Guo
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Contaminated Soil Remediation By Bio-physicochemical Synergistic Process, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Tang J, Qiu Z, Tang H, Wang H, Sima W, Liang C, Liao Y, Li Z, Wan S, Dong J. Coupled with EDDS and approaching anode technique enhanced electrokinetic remediation removal heavy metal from sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115975. [PMID: 33168374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the novel technology was used to remove heavy metal from sludge. The coupled with biodegradable ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) and approaching anode electrokinetic (AA-EK) technique was used to enhance heavy metal removing from sludge. Electric current, sludge and electrolyte characteristics, heavy metal removal efficiency and residual content distribution, and heavy metal fractions percentage of variation were evaluated during the electrokinetic remediation process. Results demonstrated that the coupled with EDDS and AA-EK technique obtain a predominant heavy metal removal efficiency, and promote electric current increasing during the enhanced electrokinetic remediation process. The catholyte electrical conductivity was higher than the anolyte, and electrical conductivity of near the cathode sludge achieved a higher value than anode sludge during the coupled with EDDS and AA-EK remediation process. AA-EK technique can produce a great number of H+, which caused the sludge acidification and pH decrease. Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn obtain the highest extraction efficiency after the coupled with EDDS and AA-EK remediation, which were 52.2 ± 2.57%, 56.8 ± 3.62%, 60.4 ± 3.62%, 47.2 ± 2.35%, 53.0 ± 3.48%, 54.2 ± 3.43%, respectively. Also, heavy metal fractions analysis demonstrated that the oxidizable fraction percentage decreased slowly after the coupled with EDDS and AA-EK remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China.
| | - Zhongping Qiu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Hengjun Tang
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Haiyue Wang
- Students of Affairs Division, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Weiping Sima
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Yi Liao
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Shan Wan
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Jianwei Dong
- School of Civil Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China
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Fan R, Ma W, Zhang H. Microbial community responses to soil parameters and their effects on petroleum degradation during bio-electrokinetic remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:142463. [PMID: 33113694 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the interactions among total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), soil parameters, and microbial communities during the bio-electrokinetic (BIO-EK) remediation process. The study was conducted on a petroleum-contaminated saline-alkali soil inoculated with petroleum-degrading bacteria with a high saline-alkali resistance. The results showed that the degradation of TPH was better explained by second-order kinetics, and the efficacy and sustainability of the BIO-EK were closely related to soil micro-environmental factors and microbial community structures. During a 98-d remediation process, the removal rate of TPH was highest in the first 35 d, and then decreased gradually in the later period, which was concurrent with changes in the soil physicochemical properties (conductivity, inorganic ions, pH, moisture, and temperature) and subsequent shifts in the microbial community structures. According to the redundancy analysis (RDA), TPH, soil temperature, and electric conductivity, as well as SO42-, Cl-, and K+ played a better role in explaining the changes in the microbial community at 0-21 d. However, pH and NO3- better explained the changes in the microbial community at 63-98 d. In particular, the dominant genera, Marinobacter and Bacillus, showed a positive correlation with TPH, conductivity, and SO42-, Cl-, and K+, but a negative relationship with pH and NO3. Rhodococcus was positively correlated with soil temperature. The efficacy and sustainability of the BIO-EK remediation process is likely to be improved by controlling these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Fan
- College of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory for the Development and Application of Microbial Resources in Extreme Environments, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Wenping Ma
- College of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hanlei Zhang
- College of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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Zhang M, Lu C, Zhang W, Lin K, Huang K. Desorbing of decabromodiphenyl ether in low permeability soil and the remediation potential of enhanced electrokinetic. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127376. [PMID: 32563070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, desorption kinetic was determined for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) in a low permeability soil, and the remediation potential of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) enhanced electrokinetic (EK) technique was investigated. The results indicated that the release rate of BDE209 in slowly and very slowly desorbing process was accounted for 31% and 68% in the whole desorption process, respectively. The final desorption rate of BDE209 was 20.7% after 70 h treatment with 5% HPCD in an ideal solution reaction system (without electric field). However, the removal efficiency of BDE209 in section S5 (near anode) of EK1 and EK2 had reached 22% and 20% after 14 days treatment, respectively. Thus it can be assumed that the interaction between BDE209 (on soil particles) and HPCD had been promoted under the electric field. A higher cumulative EOF did not remove more BDE209 with HPCD as facilitating agent, which might due to the low viscosity of HPCD and it did not react completely with BDE209 in soils. In addition, the removal efficiency of BDE209 in section S5 of CK1 and CK2 (without HPCD) had reached 6% and 10%, respectively, which might attribute to the desorption promoting effect of the uniform electric field on hydrophobic organic contaminants. In summary, it is feasible to use the EK to remove BDE209 in low permeability soils using HPCD as solubilizing agent, and the technique key is maintaining sufficient EOF and ensuring the contact reaction efficiency between HPCD and BDE209 synchronously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shangtex Architectural Design Research Institute, Shanghai, 200060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Heavy metal removal effectiveness, flow direction and speciation variations in the sludge during the biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetic remediation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Siyar R, Doulati Ardejani F, Farahbakhsh M, Norouzi P, Yavarzadeh M, Maghsoudy S. Potential of Vetiver grass for the phytoremediation of a real multi-contaminated soil, assisted by electrokinetic. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125802. [PMID: 31927377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation assisted by electrokinetic is a potential technology for remediation of contaminated soil, but little is known about its application on real contaminated soils. This study aims to evaluate the Vetiver grass application on the electro-phytoremediation of a real contaminated soil around a metal smelter factory. Different types of the electric field (AC-DC), voltage gradient (1-2V/cm), saturation and unsaturation condition, and Eh-pH variation were investigated for Vetiver electro-phytoremediation performance. Vetiver grass had been grown for 21 days. Then three different voltage gradients (1, 2DCV/cm and 2ACV/cm) were applied for 8 h/d across the soil domain for the next 21 days in comparison with a control cell without electric field (PR). The results showed that despite the AC current application which induced small changes, the application of DC current significantly changed the Eh-pH values. The maximum accumulation of extractable metals in Vetiver grass occurred in 2DCV/cm that shows approximately 50% increase in comparison with the AC and PR cells. The presence of contaminants poisons the Vetiver in all cells and all plants under 2DCV/cm dried out at the end of the experiment. Despite the significant reduction of heavy metals, there was no noticeable phytoextraction due to the application of DC current. Therefore, DC current can be used for phytoremediation through phytostabilization. However, the overall metals uptake in plants shoots under AC treatment with BCF>1 was much higher than the PR and DC treatment. Considering the translocation rate and plants health, if the AC current is applied in a long treatment time, it could have better results in electro-phytoremediation of the Vetiver grass through phytoextraction process. However, the maximum removal of heavy metals was in the cathode part of the cell under 2DCV/cm that shows 65% improvement in comparison with the PR cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Siyar
- School of Mining, Colledge of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Mine Environment and Hydrogeology Research Laboratory (MEHR Lab), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faramarz Doulati Ardejani
- School of Mining, Colledge of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Mine Environment and Hydrogeology Research Laboratory (MEHR Lab), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Farahbakhsh
- Soil Chemistry. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Yavarzadeh
- Research and Development Branch, Miduk Cooper Mine, National Iranian Copper Industries Company, Shahrebabak, Iran.
| | - Soroush Maghsoudy
- School of Mining, Colledge of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Mine Environment and Hydrogeology Research Laboratory (MEHR Lab), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Santos GOS, Eguiluz KIB, Salazar-Banda GR, Saez C, Rodrigo MA. Photoelectrolysis of clopyralid wastes with a novel laser-prepared MMO-RuO 2TiO 2 anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125455. [PMID: 31790985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the applicability of a novel laser-prepared mixed metal oxide (MMO-RuO2TiO2) anode in the photoelectrochemical degradation of clopyralid, a toxic and biorefractory herbicide. Results are compared to those obtained using the well-known boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and demonstrate that, although the electrolysis with diamond is more effective than that obtained with the new electrode, the irradiation of UVC light makes the novel MMO material more effective in chloride media. It was explained in terms of the homolysis of hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite to form chloride and hydroxyl radicals. Photoelectrochemical degradation with MMO produced a marked synergistic effect in TOC removal, especially in the presence of chloride ions. On the contrary, for the BDD anode, at the tested conditions, antagonisms were found in both sulfate and chloride media. These important synergisms allows finding conditions in which the novel anode can be competitive with the BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géssica O S Santos
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LEN), Research and Technology Institute (ITP), Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Post-graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49037-580, Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Katlin I B Eguiluz
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LEN), Research and Technology Institute (ITP), Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Post-graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49037-580, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo R Salazar-Banda
- Electrochemistry and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LEN), Research and Technology Institute (ITP), Aracaju, SE, Brazil; Processes Engineering Post-graduation - PEP, Universidade Tiradentes, 49037-580, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Cristina Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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