1
|
Akansha J, Thakur S, Chaithanya MS, Gupta BS, Das S, Das B, Rajasekar N, Priya K. Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24293. [PMID: 38304840 PMCID: PMC10831613 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediate and effective mitigation. There are many available remediation techniques like surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation which have been evolved to clean up heavy metal-contaminated sites. Nevertheless, all of the technologies have some applicability and limitations making the soil remediation initiative unsustainable. Among the available technologies, electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has been comparatively recognized to mitigate contaminated sites via both in-situ and ex-situ approaches due to its efficiency, suitability for use in low permeability soil, and requirement of low potential gradient. The work critically analyzes the EKR concerning techno, economic, and sustainability aspect for evaluating its application on various substrates and environmental conditions. The current soil contamination status in India is presented and the application of EKR for the heavy metal remediation from soil has been evaluated. The present work summaries a comprehensive and exhaustive review on EKR technology proving its effectiveness for a country like India where the huge amount of waste generated could not be treated due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and economic constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Akansha
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Somil Thakur
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - M Sai Chaithanya
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Bhaskar Sen Gupta
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - N. Rajasekar
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - K. Priya
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Duduković N, Slijepčević N, Tomašević Pilipović D, Kerkez Đ, Leovac Maćerak A, Dubovina M, Krčmar D. Integrated application of green zero-valent iron and electrokinetic remediation of metal-polluted sediment. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:5943-5960. [PMID: 37198355 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, more focus has been placed on integrated metal removal processes. Electrokinetic (EK) treatment is superior to other technologies because it can be applied to a variety of mediums. Green nanoparticles, on the other hand, have the potential to significantly reduce pollutant concentrations in a short period of time. In this study, we investigated the possibility of combining green zero-valent iron (nZVI) with EK on Cd and Zn-contaminated sediment. For green synthesis, extracts of dry leaves of mulberry (ML-nZVI) and oak (OL-nZVI) were used, both abundantly present in the Republic of Serbia. The results show that, despite the fact that their availability was greatly reduced, the metals were concentrated and stabilized to a significant extent in the middle of the EK cell (z/L 0.5) after all treatments. When the results were compared, OL-nZVI proved to be a more effective nanomaterial even with smaller doses of OL-nZVI, which is important in terms of achieving better economic benefits. This study identified green nano zero-valent iron as a powerful tool for metal removal when combined with electrokinetic (EK) treatment, which improves green nZVI longevity and migration. This study of the combined green nZVI-EK remediation treatment, in particular, will have an impact on future research in this field, given the achieved efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Duduković
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Slijepčević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Dragana Tomašević Pilipović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Đurđa Kerkez
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Anita Leovac Maćerak
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Miloš Dubovina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Dejan Krčmar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen B, Li H, Qu G, Yang J, Jin C, Wu F, Ren Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Qin J, Kuang L. Aluminium sulfate synergistic electrokinetic separation of soluble components from phosphorus slag and simultaneous stabilization of fluoride. J Environ Manage 2023; 328:116942. [PMID: 36495822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fluoride (F) was stabilized and soluble components, namely phosphate (P), K, Ca, Cr, Mn, and Pb, were extracted from phosphorus slag (PS) by using aluminum sulfate (AS) synergistic electrokinetic. PHREEQC simulation was used to determine the occurrence form of each ion in the PS. The mechanisms by which various electrokinetic treatment methods affected conductivity and pH distribution were carefully investigated. Electrokinetic treatment increased P concentration of the anode chamber from 22.7 mg/L to 63.39 mg/L, whereas K concentration increased from 15.26 mg/L to 93.44 mg/L. After AS-enhanced electrokinetic treatments, the concentrations of the different components were as follows: P, 131.66 mg/L; K, 198.2 mg/L; and Ca, 331.3 mg/L. The removal rate of soluble P in PS slices increased to 80.88% by 1.5 V/cm of treatment, and it increased to 94.04% after AS enhancement treatment. For water-soluble F, the removal rate from the PS slices in the anode region was 86.03%, decreasing F concentration in the electrode chamber to 9.57 × 10-3 mg/L. Different extraction efficiencies and stability levels of each component in the PS were regulated at various electrode regions by using different processes such as electromigration, electro-osmotic flow, flocculation, and precipitation. Good results can be obtained if fluoride is solidified concurrently with the removal or recovery of P, K, Ca, and other elements using 2%-4% AS enhanced electrokinetic treatment. Furthermore, CaSO4·2H2O whiskers were produced in the electrode regions when AS content was 6%. The findings of this study indicated that the AS synergistic electrokinetic method is suitable for stabilizing F and removing heavy metals from PS, thus providing a promising technology for recycling valuable components such as P, K, Ca, and Sr and for the simultaneous production of CaSO4·2H2O whiskers. This study provides insights for developing novel technologies for the clean treatment and high-value utilization of PS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bangjin Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangfei Qu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jieqian Yang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Caiyue Jin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fenghui Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanchuan Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Qin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Lingrui Kuang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China; National-Regional Engineering Research Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Cui X, Fang C, Yu F, Zhi J, Mašek O, Yan B, Chen G, Dan Z. Agent-assisted electrokinetic treatment of sewage sludge: Heavy metal removal effectiveness and nutrient content characteristics. Water Res 2022; 224:119016. [PMID: 36113240 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) is rich in nutrient elements such as phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K), and therefore a candidate material for use in agriculture. But high content of heavy metals (HMs) can be a major obstacle to its further utilization. Therefore, an appropriate HM removal technology is required before its land application. In this study, an innovative biodegradable agent (citric acid, FeCl3, ammonium hydroxide, tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (IDS), and tea saponin) assisted electrokinetic treatment (EK) was performed to investigate the HM removal efficiency (RHMs) and nutrient transportation. Citric acid, IDS, and FeCl3-assisted EK showed a preferable average RHMs (Rave) reduction of 52.74-59.23%, with low energy consumption. After treatment, the content of Hg (0.51 mg kg-1), Ni (13.23 mg kg-1), and Pb (26.45 mg kg-1) elements met the criteria of national risk control standard, in all cases. Following the treatment, most HMs in SS had a reduced potential to be absorbed by plants or be leached into water systems. Risk assessment indicated that the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) value of HMs has decreased by 0.28-2.40, and the risk of Pb (Igeo=-0.74) reduced to unpolluted potential. Meanwhile, no excessive nutrient loss in SS occurred as a result of the treatment, on the contrary, there was a slight increase in P content (18.17 mg g-1). These results indicate that agent-assisted EK treatment could be an environmentally-friendly method for RHMs and nutrient element recovery from SS, opening new opportunities for sustainable SS recycling and its inclusion into circular economy concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850012, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jun'ao Zhi
- School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850012, China
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK.
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Zeng Dan
- School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850012, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen G, Han K, Liu C, Yan B. Quantitative research on heavy metal removal of flue gas desulfurization-derived wastewater sludge by electrokinetic treatment. J Hazard Mater 2021; 414:125561. [PMID: 34030412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flue gas desulfurization-derived wastewater sludge (FGD-WWS) has been produced increasingly in China and India etc., and its content of heavy metals (HMs) including Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn seriously exceeds the limits allowed. Developing the suitable disposal of FGD-WWS is therefore significantly important and necessary. The novel process of electrokinetic treatment combined with chemical pretreatment of HMs in FGD-WWS were proposed here to improve the removal efficiency. Results indicate that the effects of different pretreatment agents (citric acid (CA), ammonia, tetrasodium of N, N-bis (carboxymethyl) glutamic acid (GLDA), and rhamnolipid) on the ET of HMs were different. To investigate the mechanism of combined process, the transformation potential (TP), exchange potential (EP) and removal potential (RP) were calculated. Correlation analysis shows the correlation between TP and RP was higher than that between EP and RP, indicating that the removal efficiency is mainly affected by the fraction transformation of HMs. Electric field, pH and pretreatment agents are main factors causing fraction transformation and affecting TP. Focusing on fraction transformation is an efficient way to improve further the removal efficiency. The work is promisingly valuable for developing the technology of treating FGD-WWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Lhasa 850012, China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kexuan Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/waste Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Czinnerová M, Vološčuková O, Marková K, Ševců A, Černík M, Nosek J. Combining nanoscale zero-valent iron with electrokinetic treatment for remediation of chlorinated ethenes and promoting biodegradation: A long-term field study. Water Res 2020; 175:115692. [PMID: 32199189 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is recognized as a powerful tool for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated ethenes (CEs). This long-term field study explored nZVI-driven degradation of CEs supported by electrokinetic (EK) treatment, which positively affects nZVI longevity and migration, and its impact on indigenous bacteria. In particular, the impact of combined nZVI-EK treatment on organohalide-respiring bacteria, ethenotrophs and methanotrophs (all capable of CE degradation) was assessed using molecular genetic markers detecting Dehalococcoides spp., Desulfitobacterium spp., the reductive dehalogenase genes vcrA and bvcA and ethenotroph and methanotroph functional genes. The remediation treatment resulted in a rapid decrease of the major pollutant cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE) by 75% in the affected area, followed by an increase in CE degradation products methane, ethane and ethene. The newly established geochemical conditions in the treated aquifer not only promoted growth of organohalide-respiring bacteria but also allowed for the concurrent presence of vinyl chloride- and cDCE-oxidizing methanotrophs and (especially) ethenotrophs, which proliferated preferentially in the vicinity of an anode where low levels of oxygen were produced. The nZVI treatment resulted in a temporary negative impact on indigenous bacteria in the application well close to the cathode; but even there, the microbiome was restored within 15 days. The nZVI-EK treatment proved highly effective in reducing CE contamination and creating a suitable environment for subsequent biodegradation by changing groundwater conditions, promoting transport of nutrients and improving CE availability to soil and groundwater bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Czinnerová
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřejka Vološčuková
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Marková
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ševců
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nosek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova 7, CZ-46117, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li B, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Li Y, Zhu C, Li H. Electrokinetic remediation of antibiotic-polluted soil with different concentrations of tetracyclines. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:8212-8225. [PMID: 30697655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of electrokinetic remediation of soils polluted with different concentrations of tetracyclines (TCs). Three widely used TCs (oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and tetracycline) were selected, and concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg (C0, C5, C10, C20, C50) were selected for comparison. Antibiotic-polluted soils with no electric field served as controls. The average removal rates of TCs in different treatments ranged from 25 to 48% after 7-day remediation. The contributing ratios of electrokinetics to TCs removal varied from 22 to 84%. The concentrations of NH4+ increased in soils and electrolytes, which indicated the decomposition of TCs in the electric field. The highest removal amount of TCs was obtained in the C50 treatment, due to efficient reactions of TCs with oxidative radicals generated during the electrolysis. The fluctuant range of pH in the electrolytes was decreased with increasing concentration of TCs, while the soil pH was increased. The removal rate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the C5 treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments. The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) increased with the concentrations of TCs in soils. It might result from the induction of increasing selective pressure of antibiotics. Significant removal of ARGs occurred in the C50 treatment (38-60%). In terms of controlling ARB and ARGs, which were more resistant, the electrokinetic technology showed advantageous effects. Above all, electrokinetic technology provides an effective remediation method, especially for TC-polluted soil with a concentration of 20-50 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binxu Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 of Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 of Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 of Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 of Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Changxiong Zhu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 of Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongna Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 of Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gitipour S, Sorial GA, Ghasemi S, Bazyari M. Treatment technologies for PAH-contaminated sites: a critical review. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:546. [PMID: 30140952 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To reduce environmental and human health risks of contaminated sites, having a comprehensive knowledge about the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal processes is crucial. PAHs are contaminants which are highly recognized to pose threats to humans, animals, and plants. PAHs are hydrophobic and own two or more benzene rings, and hence are resistant to structural degradation. There are various techniques which have been developed to treat PAH-contaminated soil. Four distinct processes to remove PAHs in the contaminated soil, thought to be more effective techniques, are presented in this review: soil washing, chemical oxidation, electrokinetic, phytoremediation. In a surfactant-aided washing process, a removal rate of 90% was reported. Compost-amended phytoremediation treatment presented 58-99% removal of pyrene from the soil in 90 days. Chemical oxidation method was able to reach complete conversion for some PAHs. In electrokinetic treatment, researchers have achieved reliable results in removal of some specific PAHs. Researchers' innovations in novel studies and advantages/disadvantages of the techniques are also investigated throughout the paper. Finally, it should be noted that an exclusive method or a combination of methods by themselves are not the key to be employed for remediation of every contaminated site but the field characteristics are also essential in selection of the most appropriate decontamination technique(s). The remedy for selection criteria is based on PAH concentrations, site characteristics, costs, shortcomings, and advantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Gitipour
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, No.25 Ghods St., Enghelab Ave, PO Box 81948/43995, Tehran, Iran.
| | - George A Sorial
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Soroush Ghasemi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, No.25 Ghods St., Enghelab Ave, PO Box 81948/43995, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bazyari
- HSE Group, Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Li B, Zhang Z, Zhu C, Tian Y, Ye J. Evolution of microbial communities during electrokinetic treatment of antibiotic-polluted soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 148:842-850. [PMID: 29197799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of microbial communities during the electrokinetic treatment of antibiotic-polluted soil (EKA) was investigated with chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline (TC) as template antibiotics. The total population of soil microorganisms was less affected during the electrokinetic process, while living anti-CTC, anti-OTC, anti-TC and anti-MIX bacteria were inactivated by 10.48%, 31.37%, 34.76%, and 22.08%, respectively, during the 7-day treatment compared with antibiotic-polluted soil without an electric field (NOE). Accordingly, samples with NOE treatment showed a higher Shannon index than those with EKA treatment, indicating a reduction of the microbial community diversity after electrokinetic processes. The major taxonomic phyla found in the samples of EKA and NOE treatment were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. And the distribution of Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Chloroflexi was greatly decreased compared with blank soil. In the phylum Proteobacteria, the abundance of Alphaproteobacteria was greatly reduced in the soils supplemented with antibiotics (from 13.40% in blank soil to 6.43-10.16% after treatment); while Betaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria showed a different trend with their abundance increased compared to blank soil, and Gammaproteobacteria remained unchanged for all treatments (2.36-2.78%). The varied trends for different classes indicated that the major bacterial groups changed with the treatments due to their different adaptability to the antibiotics as well as to the electric field. SulI being an exception, the reduction ratio of the observed antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) including tetC, tetG, tetW, tetM, intI1, and sulII in the 0-2cm soil sampled with EKA versus NOE treatment reached 55.17%, 3.59%, 99.26%, 89.51%, 30.40%, and 27.92%, respectively. Finally, correlation analysis was conducted between antibiotic-resistant bacteria, ARGs and taxonomic bacterial classes. It was found that sulII was the most representative of many different bacteria among the seven ARGs studied. This is the first report on the changes in microbial communities before and after EKA, and the present results demonstrated that the application of EKA is a useful and effective approach to suppressing both antibiotic resistant microorganisms and ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Binxu Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Changxiong Zhu
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tian
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tang J, He J, Liu T, Xin X, Hu H. Removal of heavy metal from sludge by the combined application of a biodegradable biosurfactant and complexing agent in enhanced electrokinetic treatment. Chemosphere 2017; 189:599-608. [PMID: 28963977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the heavy metal removal potentiality of an electrokinetic (EK) decontamination treatment enhanced by a biodegradable complexing agent Tetrasodium of N, N-bis (carboxymethyl) glutamic acid (GLDA) also in combination with a biodegradable biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) was investigated to decontaminate heavy metals from the sludge. The main results explored that the nature of sludge and their interactions with different improving agents significantly influenced the electrokinetic removal processes. A general increase of pH values from anode to cathode in the sludge-cell was observed due to the strong buffering capacity of carbonates. Compared with the deionized water, the use of GLDA as an electrolyte, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn removal efficiencies were 53.2 ± 3.12%, 67.4 ± 3.45%, 59.2 ± 4.78%, 45.4 ± 4.15%, 72.8 ± 3.68% and 45.0 ± 4.85%, respectively, whereas a further improvement heavy metals removal efficiencies (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn removal efficiencies were 64.8 ± 2.34%, 56.8 ± 4.12%, 49.4 ± 4.45%, 46.6 ± 2.35%, 60.4 ± 3.45% and 69.6 ± 3.54%, respectively) were achieved by repalcing rhamnolipid as the electrolyte. Significantly higher removal efficiencies (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Mn removal efficiencies were 70.6 ± 3.41%, 82.2 ± 5.21%, 89.0 ± 3.34%, 60.0 ± 4.67%, 88.4 ± 4.43% and 70.0 ± 3.51%, respectively) were obtained by the simultaneous use of GLDA and rhamnolipid due to their synergic action in electrokinetic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Junguo He
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Xin
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Huizhi Hu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang B, Chi G, Chen X, Shi Y. Mild electrokinetic treatment of cadmium-polluted manure for improved applicability in greenhouse soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:24011-24018. [PMID: 28884455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Applications of cadmium (Cd) and salinity-containing manures contribute to Cd pollution and salinization in greenhouse soils. In this study, chicken manure polluted with Cd (5.6 mg/kg) was mildly electrokinetically treated (0.25 V/cm) for 48 h with intermittent replacement of catholyte with 20 mM acetic acid solution to remove Cd and salinity for application without need of post-treatment in greenhouse soil. The electrokinetic treatment created pH conditions mainly ranging from 5.0 to 8.0 within the manure for minimizing re-precipitation of desorbed Cd and evaporative loss of ammonium. However, without manure pre-acidification, electrokinetic treatment resulted in negligible removal of total Cd but 61.7% of increase in the small fraction of exchangeable Cd, due to poor desorption but enhanced formation of exchangeable Cd. In contrast, manure pre-acidification with 20 mM acetic acid favored Cd desorption, leading to electrokinetic removal of exchangeable, carbonate-bound, and total Cd by 32.2%, 34.5%, and 14.5%, respectively. Mild electrokinetic treatment of manure with and without pre-acidification resulted in similar removal of salinity (72.3% and 68.0%), similar pH condition (7.2 and 7.4), and basically same evaporative loss of ammonium (14.6% and 14.2%). Overall, the mild electrokinetic treatment considerably lowered the risk of Cd and the salinity from the pre-acidified manure for improved applicability in greenhouse soil, and more studies are needed to enhance the performance of electrokinetic Cd removal from manure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China.
| | - Guangyu Chi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Touch N, Hibino T, Nakashita S, Nakamoto K. Variation in properties of the sediment following electrokinetic treatments. Environ Technol 2017; 38:277-284. [PMID: 27218205 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1190408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have reported variation in properties of the sediment within electrokinetic treatments (EKTs). However, we aim to reveal the variation in properties of the sediment following EKTs through laboratory experiments. We collected sewage-derived sediment from a littoral region, and passed it through a 2-mm sieve. We used a potentiostat to cause electrical current in EKT. We measured the sediment properties such as pH, redox potential (ORP), and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration at the end of EKT and at 30 days following EKT. Results showed decreases in pH, increases in ORP, and decreases in H2S concentration at the end of EKT. Compared with the sediment without EKT, the decrease in ORP for the sediment within EKT was higher at 30 days following EKT. These suggest that anaerobic digestion of organic compounds occurs in the sediment following EKT, of which the oxidants produced by EKT serve as electron acceptors and organic compounds serve as electron donors. Furthermore, we found that EKT can remove H2S from the sediment and reduce H2S production in the sediment within EKT when compared to the case without EKT. These ensure that EKT can be used to remove H2S and control H2S production in the sediment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narong Touch
- a Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima City , Japan
| | - Tadashi Hibino
- a Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima City , Japan
| | - Shinya Nakashita
- a Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima City , Japan
| | - Kenji Nakamoto
- a Civil and Environmental Engineering , Hiroshima University , Higashihiroshima City , Japan
| |
Collapse
|