1
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An X, Ma C, Gong L, Liu C, Li N, Liu Z, Li X. Ionic-physical-chemical triple cross-linked all-biomass-based aerogel for thermal insulation applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 668:678-690. [PMID: 38710124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Aerogels, as a unique porous material, are expected to be used as insulation materials to solve the global environmental and energy crisis. Using chitosan, citric acid, pectin and phytic acid as raw materials, an all-biomass-based aerogel with high modulus was prepared by the triple strategy of ionic, physical and chemical cross-linking through directional freezing technique. Based on this three-dimensional network, the aerogel exhibited excellent compressive modulus (24.89 ± 1.76 MPa) over a wide temperature range and thermal insulation properties. In the presence of chitosan, citric acid and phytic acid, the aerogel obtained excellent fire safety (LOI value up to 31.2%) and antibacterial properties (antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached 81.98% and 67.43%). In addition, the modified aerogel exhibited excellent hydrophobicity (hydrophobic angle of 146°) and oil-water separation properties. More importantly, the aerogel exhibited a biodegradation rate of up to 40.31% for 35 days due to its all-biomass nature. This work provides a green and sustainable strategy for the production of highly environmentally friendly thermal insulation materials with high strength, flame retardant, antibacterial and hydrophobic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu An
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chang Ma
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ning Li
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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2
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Ma X, Kang N, Zhang Y, Min Y, Yang J, Ban D, Zhao W. Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression in Epoxy Resin Composites with Sulfur-Phosphorous Reactive Flame Retardant. Molecules 2023; 29:227. [PMID: 38202810 PMCID: PMC10780495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of massive amounts of toxic volatiles and smoke during combustion is a very serious problem facing epoxy resin (EP) composites. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) can simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and reduce the release of smoke and fatal gases. Herein, a novel sulfur-phosphorous reactive flame retardant (SPMS) was synthesized for epoxy resin. The high efficiency of smoke suppression and flame retardancy of the EP/SPMS-APP hybrid was investigated using a cone calorimeter, a vertical burning test, and limited oxygen index measurements. Compared with those of pure EP, the composite with 20 wt% SPMS-APP reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the peak smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production rate (TSR) by 82%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. The results showed a remarkable suppressed effect of alleviating the fire hazard of EP using a sulfur-phosphorus flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ni Kang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yonghang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yang Min
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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3
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Zhang T, Liu Y. Preparation of High-Transparency Phosphenanthrene-Based Flame Retardants and Studies of Their Flame-Retardant Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4665. [PMID: 38139917 PMCID: PMC10747229 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparency is an important property for polymer flame retardants, especially epoxy resin (EP) flame retardants, and flame-retardant epoxy resins that maintain a high transparency and low chromatic aberration play important roles in the optical, lighting, and energy industries. Herein, a DOPO-based flame retardant 6,6'-((sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) with a high transparency and low chromatic aberration was prepared via the classical Atherton-Todd reaction and named SBPDOPO. Its chemical structure was characterized with Fourier IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. An EP loaded with 7 wt% SBPDOPO passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 32.1%, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production were reduced by 34.1%, 31.6%, and 27.7%, respectively, compared with those of pure EP. In addition, the addition of SBPDOPO improved the thermal stability, residual mass, and glass transition temperature of the EP. On this basis, the EP containing 7 wt% SBPDOPO maintained a high transparency and low color aberration, with a transmittance of 94% relative to that of pure EP and a color aberration ΔE of 1.63. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism of SBPDOPO was analyzed, which demonstrated that it exerted both gas-phase and condensed-phase flame-retardant effects, and that SBPDOPO/EP had high potential for application scenarios in which both flame retardancy and transparency are needed. SBPDOPO/EP has great potential for applications requiring both flame retardancy and transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
- Work Safety Key Laboratory on Prevention and Control of Gas and Roof Disasters for Southern Coal Mines, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Safe Mining Techniques of Coal Mines, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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4
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Davidson DJ, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Woollins JD, Westwood NJ. The Covalent Linking of Organophosphorus Heterocycles to Date Palm Wood-Derived Lignin: Hunting for New Materials with Flame-Retardant Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:7885. [PMID: 38067614 PMCID: PMC10707890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmentally acceptable and renewably sourced flame retardants are in demand. Recent studies have shown that the incorporation of the biopolymer lignin into a polymer can improve its ability to form a char layer upon heating to a high temperature. Char layer formation is a central component of flame-retardant activity. The covalent modification of lignin is an established technique that is being applied to the development of potential flame retardants. In this study, four novel modified lignins were prepared, and their char-forming abilities were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. The lignin was obtained from date palm wood using a butanosolv pretreatment. The removal of the majority of the ester groups from this heavily acylated lignin was achieved via alkaline hydrolysis. The subsequent modification of the lignin involved the incorporation of an azide functional group and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. These reactions enabled novel organophosphorus heterocycles to be linked to the lignin. Our preliminary results suggest that the modified lignins had improved char-forming activity compared to the controls. 31P and HSQC NMR and small-molecule X-ray crystallography were used to analyse the prepared compounds and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Davidson
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Aidan P. McKay
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
| | - David B. Cordes
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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5
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Liu C, Tao J, Wu T, Zhao HB, Yu C, Rao W. Construction of hierarchical SiO 2 microcapsule towards flame retardation, low toxicity and mechanical enhancement of epoxy resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140184. [PMID: 37716559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for improving the flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of epoxy resins (EPs) has been proposed by incorporating functionalized hollow mesoporous silica microcapsules (SHP) loaded with phosphorous silane flame retardants (SCA) and coated with polydopamine (PDA) and transition metals. The proposed approach involves a multi-level structure that combines several mechanisms to enhance the flame-retardant properties of EP. The physical barrier provided by silica serves to impede heat and mass transfer during combustion, while the catalytic carbonization effect of phosphorus and transition metals promotes the formation of a protective char layer, which acts as a barrier to further flame propagation. Incorporating a low loading amount of 3 wt% SHP into the epoxy matrix resulted in EP/SHP-3 composites with significantly improved flame retardancy, as evidenced by a limiting oxygen index of 31.5% and a V-1 rating, in contrast to the values obtained for unmodified EP, which were 23.8% and no rating, respectively. In addition, cone calorimeter test (CCT) results indicated that the total heat release, peak heat release rate and total smoke production of EP/SHP-3 decreased by 18.2%, 25.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Moreover, the improved interfacial compatibility facilitated by polydopamine assists in the dispersion and compatibility of the SHP with the epoxy matrix, leading to better mechanical properties. Herein, the addition of 1 wt% SHP to EP significantly improved its mechanical performance, with a 16.7% increase in tensile strength and a 19.2% increase in impact strength. The design of the multi-level structural approach has the potential to provide new ideas for the simultaneous improvement of fire safety as well as mechanical properties of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jie Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Wenhui Rao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China.
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6
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Zou Y, Cui W, Chen D, Luo F, Li H. In Situ-Generated Heat-Resistant Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Remarkably Improving Both Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47463-47474. [PMID: 37750712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the heat-resistant hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) material HOF-FJU-1 was synthesized via in situ generation and then used as flame retardants (FRs) to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). HOF-FJU-1 can maintain high crystallinity at 450 °C and thus function as a flame retardant in EP. The study found that HOF-FJU-1 facilitates the improvement of char formation in EP, thus inhibiting heat transfer and smoke release during combustion. For EP/HOF-FJU-1 composites, the in situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 can remarkably improve both the mechanical properties and the flame retardancy of EP. Furthermore, the in situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 has better fire safety than the ex situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 at the same filling content. Thermal degradation products and flame retardation mechanisms in the gas and condensed phases were further investigated. This work demonstrates that the in situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 is promising to be an excellent flame-retardant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbing Zou
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Wenqi Cui
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Petrochemical Research Institute, Fujian Normal University, Quanzhou 362801, China
| | - Fubin Luo
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hongzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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7
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Li D, Lin S, Hao J, He B, Zhang H, Chen M. A Rigid-Flexible and Multi-Siloxane Bridge Strategy for Toughening Epoxy Resin with Promising Flame Retardancy, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14059. [PMID: 37762362 PMCID: PMC10531251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing highly efficient and multifunctional epoxy resins (EPs) that overcome the shortcomings of flammability and brittleness is crucial for pursuing sustainable and safe application but remains a huge challenge. In this paper, a novel biomass-containing intumescent flame retardant containing a rigid-flexible and multi-siloxane bridge structure (DPB) was synthesized using siloxane; 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO); and biomass vanillin. DPB could facilitate the formation of a carbon residual with an intumescent structure, which effectively blocked the propagation of heat and oxygen. As a result, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of DPB/EP-7.5 decreased by 38.8% and 45.0%, respectively. In terms of mechanical properties, the tensile and flexural elongations at break of DPB/EP-7.5 increased by 77.2% and 105.3%, respectively. Impressively, DPB/EP-7.5 had excellent dielectric properties, with a dielectric constant of 2.5-2.9. This was due to the Si-O bonds (multi-siloxane bridges) contained in DPB/EP, which can quench the polarization behavior of the hydroxyl group. This paper provides a facile strategy for the preparation of multifunctional EP, which will pave the way for the promotion and application of EP in the high-end field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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8
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Ou M, Lian R, Li R, Cui J, Guan H, Zhu J, Liu L, Jiao C, Chen X. A High-Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant as a Co-Curing Agent for Simultaneously Enhancing the Fire Safety and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300262. [PMID: 37335812 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously enhancing the fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP) remains a persistent challenge. Herein, a high-efficient phosphaphenanthrene-based flame retardant (FNP) is synthesized using 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, 4-formylbenzoic acid, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. Due to the presence of active amine groups, FNP is employed as a co-curing agent for fabricating EP composites with outstanding fire safety and mechanical properties. EP containing 8 wt% FNP (EP/8FNP) achieves a vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 31%. Meanwhile, FNP declines the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release of EP/8FNP by 41.1%, 31.8%, and 16.0%, respectively, compared to those of unmodified EP. The increased fire safety of EP/FNP composites is because FNP promotes the formation of an intumescent, compact, and cross-linking char layer for EP/FNP composites, and releases P-containing substances and noncombustible gases in the gas phase during combustion. In addition, EP/8FNP exhibits 20.3% and 5.4% increase in the flexural strength and modulus compared with those of pure EP. Furthermore, FNP enhances the glass transition temperature of EP/FNP composites from 141.6 °C for pure EP to 147.3 °C for EP/8FNP. Therefore, this work is conducive to the future development of fabricating fire-safe EP composites with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Ou
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Richeng Lian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Rongjia Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Cui
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Haocun Guan
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jianhao Zhu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, P. R. China
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9
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Shao W, Li T, Xiao F, Luo F, Qiu Y, Liu Y, Yuan B, Li K. Exploration of the Fire-Retardant Potential of Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate in Epoxy Vitrimer Containing Dynamic Disulfide Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2839. [PMID: 37447485 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy vitrimers appear as a promising alternative to common epoxy thermoset composites. Nevertheless, the possibilities of applying these materials are limited due to their high flammability which may cause high fire risks. To date, the flame-retardant epoxy vitrimer systems reported in the literature almost all rely on intrinsic flame retardancy to achieve high fire safety; however, the complex and expensive synthesis process hinders their large-scale application. In this work, disulfide-based epoxy vitrimer (EPV) was fabricated with 4, 4'-dithiodianiline as the curing agent, and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP) was employed as a potential additive flame retardant to improve their fire retardancy. As a comparative study, common epoxy (EP) composites were also prepared using 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The results showed that the introduction of dynamic disulfide bonds led to a reduction in the initial thermal decomposition temperature of EPV by around 70 °C compared to EP. Moreover, the addition of 7.5 wt.% of MFAPP endowed EP with excellent fire performance: the LOI value was as high as 29.9% and the V-0 rating was achieved in the UL-94 test (3.2 mm). However, under the same loading, although EPV/MFAPP7.5% showed obvious anti-dripping performance, it did not reach any rating in the UL-94 test. The flame-retardant mechanisms in the condensed phase were evaluated using SEM-EDS, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the residue of EPV/MFAPP7.5% presented numerous holes during burning, which failed to form a continuous and dense char layer as a physical barrier resulting in relatively poor flame retardancy compared to EP/MFAPP7.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Shao
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tongbing Li
- Guangdong Advanced Thermoplastic Polymer Technology Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523125, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fubin Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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10
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A crosslinked organic/inorganic functionalized graphene containing hybrid engineering to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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11
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Wei C, Gao T, Xu Y, Yang W, Dai G, Li R, Zhu SE, Yuen RKK, Yang W, Lu H. Synthesis of Bio-based Epoxy Containing Phosphine Oxide as a Reactive Additive Toward Highly Toughened and Fire-retarded Epoxy Resins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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12
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A high durable polysaccharide flame retardant based on phosphorus element for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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13
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A phosphorus-containing aliphatic amine curing agent towards intrinsic flame-retardant and smoke-suppressive epoxy resins. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Hu J, Zhang L, Chen M, Dai J, Teng N, Zhao H, Ba X, Liu X. Synthesis of Hyperbranched Flame Retardants with Varied Branched Chains' Rigidity and Performance of Modified Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020449. [PMID: 36679329 PMCID: PMC9863857 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome the high flammability and brittleness of epoxy resins without sacrificing their glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical properties, three epoxy-terminated hyperbranched flame retardants (EHBFRs) with a rigid central core and different branches, named EHBFR-HB, EHBFR-HCM, and EHBFR-HBM, were synthesized. After chemical structure characterization, the synthesized EHBFRs were introduced into the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and cured with 4, 4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The compatibility, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy of the resultant resins were evaluated. Results showed that all three EHBFRs could significantly improve the fire safety of cured resins, and 30 wt. % of EHBFRs (less than 1.0 wt. % phosphorus content) endowed cured DGEBA with a UL-94 V-0 rating. In addition, the increased rigidity of branches in EHBFRs could increase the flexural strength and modulus of cured resins, and the branches with appropriate rigidity were also beneficial for improving their room temperature impact strength and Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liyue Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Mingxuan Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinyue Dai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Na Teng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (X.L.)
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15
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Liu C, Li P, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhu P. Nickel alginate‐enhanced fire safety of aluminum diethylphosphinate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ying‐Jun Xu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
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16
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Sun H, Zhu Y, Xu H, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Ma Y, Sui X, Wang B, Feng X, Mao Z. Fire retardant polyethylene terephthalate containing 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol-substituted cyclotriphosphazene microspheres. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221145881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphazene derivatives are gaining popularity due to their eco-friendly character and high content of flame-retardant components. Herein, a polyphosphazene derivative (PZAF) microsphere was successfully synthesized utilizing an in-situ template approach, which was then employed as an additive flame retardant in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to improve the fire safety. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PZAF promoted the pyrolysis of PET in advance to generate a stable char layer that protects the matrix from heat, consequently increasing char residues. With addition of 10 wt% PZAF, the PET nanocomposites obtained a V-0 grade in vertical combustion test and its LOI value increased from 24.2 vol% to 32.1 vol%. Moreover, the peak heat release and carbon monoxide production decreased by 46.6% and 50.6%, respectively. This was because the phosphonic acid fragments and pyridine ring compounds produced by the PZAF pyrolysis encouraged the development of a robust char layer. Meanwhile, the •PO radicals generated by the pyrolysis of PZAF could capture free radicals in the gas phase, ultimately ending the chain reaction of combustion. Also, mechanical properties of the PET nanocomposites were noticeably enhanced by the addition of 3 or 5 wt% PZAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Sun
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuanzhao Zhu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing & Finishing Technology, Shandong Zhongkang Guochuang Research Institute of Advanced Dyeing & Finishing Technology Co., Ltd., Taian City, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yimeng Ma
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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17
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Wang X, Wang J, Zhao W, Liu J, Long S, Wang D. Effects of flame retardants containing
POC
and
PC
structures on the flame retardant properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
| | - Dun Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center Hainan University Haikou Hainan People's Republic of China
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18
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Wu Q, Xiao L, Chen J, Peng Z. Facile fabrication of high‐performance epoxy systems with superior mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qilei Wu
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Long Xiao
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Zhihe Peng
- Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
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19
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Ye G, Huo S, Wang C, Song P, Fang Z, Wang H, Liu Z. Durable flame-retardant, strong and tough epoxy resins with well-preserved thermal and optical properties via introducing a bio-based, phosphorus-phosphorus, hyperbranched oligomer. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Li L, Hua F, Xi H, Yang J, Xiao T, Zuo R, Xu X, Yang Z, Lei Z. Synthesis of Phosphorous Phenanthrene/L-Tryptophan Flame Retardant for Enhanced Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resins. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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22
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Guo Y, Rong H, Chen Z, Chen T, Yu Y, Zhang X, Chu Y, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. A novel DOPO derivative containing multifunctional groups aiming to improve fire safety, thermal stability and curing state towards epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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23
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Yuan Z, Shu Z, Qi L, Cai W, Liu W, Wang J, Derradji M, Wang Y. Curing behavior, mechanical, and flame‐retardant properties of epoxy‐based composites filled by expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Gang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Zhao‐Hui Shu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Liang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Wan‐An Cai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Wen‐Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Material and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Mehdi Derradji
- UER Procédésénergétiques, EcoleMilitairePolytechnique Algiers Algeria
| | - Yan‐hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science Changchun China
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24
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Zhou H, Zhang Y. Interfacially-engineered PBA based hierarchical structure with Ni(OH)2 nanocatalyst towards fire retardation of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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25
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A phosphaphenanthrene-based derivative as multifunctional flame retardant for epoxy resins. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Epoxy Compositions with Reduced Flammability Based on DER-354 Resin and a Curing Agent Containing Aminophosphazenes Synthesized in Bulk Isophoronediamine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173592. [PMID: 36080667 PMCID: PMC9460727 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of an amine-containing epoxy resin curing agent by dissolving hexakis-[(4-formyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene in an excess of isophoronediamine was developed. The curing agent was characterized via NMR and IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and its rheological characteristics were studied. Compositions based on DER-354 epoxy resin and the synthesized curing agent with different amounts of phosphazene content were obtained. The rheological characteristics of these compositions were studied, followed by their curing. An improvement in several thermal (DSC), mechanical (compression, tension, and adhesion), and physicochemical (water absorption and water solubility) characteristics, as well as the fire resistance of the obtained materials modified with phosphazene, was observed, compared with unmodified samples. In particular, there was an improvement in adhesive characteristics and fire resistance. Thus, compositions based on a curing agent containing a 30% modifier were shown to fulfill the V-1 fire resistance category. The developed compositions can be processed by contact molding, winding, and resin transfer molding (RTM), and the resulting material is suitable for use in aircraft, automotive products, design applications, and home repairs.
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27
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Li C, Wang B, Zhou L, Hou X, Su S. Effects of lignin-based flame retardants on flame-retardancy and insulation performances of epoxy resin composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Wang Y, Yuan J, Wang H, Ma L, Lin X, Deng H, Zhu Z. A phosphaphenanthrene‐based derivative for simultaneously improving flame retardant and smoke suppression of epoxy resin composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Jun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | | | - Hua Deng
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory Yichang China
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
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29
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He LX, Liu XD, Zheng XT, Dong YQ, Bai WB, Lin YC, Jian RK. A versatile phosphorothioate bearing benzimidazole for the preparation of flame retardant, mechanically strong and high transparency epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Chen X, Wang B, Hao Z, Tan G, Selim MS, Yu J, Huang Y. Synergistic Effect of Multifunctional Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Hybrids and Modified Phosphagen with an Active Amino Group for Enhancing the Smoke Suppression and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21714-21726. [PMID: 35785288 PMCID: PMC9245116 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To improve the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP), phosphomolybdate (PMoA), as a classical Keggin cluster, was successfully intercalated into Mg, Al, and Zn layered double hydrotalcite (LDH) by the reconstruction method, and it was denoted as MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA. The structure and morphology of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, hexa(4-aminophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) was prepared and characterized as a high-performance organic flame retardant, which is rich in flame elements phosphorus and nitrogen. The synergistic effects of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP on the fire safety of EP composites loaded with different amounts of flame retardant hybrids were studied in detail. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the char residue of these EP composites increased significantly. Compared with the EP matrix filled with only MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA or HACP, the incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP had a synergistic effect on promoting char formation of EP composites. Particularly, the char yield of EP7 is as high as 29.0%. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA with HACP were investigated using the cone calorimeter combustion tests. The results showed that the total heat release and peak heat release rate of the EP composites remarkably declined by 35.2 and 50.9%, respectively, with a loading of 7 wt % hybrid flame retardant. Moreover, the hybrid flame retardants also showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the total smoke production and the release of toxic CO gas. The detailed analysis of the residual char indicated that the main mechanism for improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to both the catalytic carbonization of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and phosphoric acid compounds and physical barrier function of the char layer. In addition, the molybdenum oxides produced from [PMo12O40]3- during combustion can not only increase the yield and compactness of the char layer but also reduce the release of CO through a redox reaction, which has important application value to reduce the fire hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Hao
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guizhen Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed S. Selim
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Petroleum
Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum
Research Institute, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jian Yu
- Key
Laboratory of Clean Chemistry Technology of Guangdong Regular Higher
Education Institutions, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingmin Huang
- Guangzhou
Panyu Cable Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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31
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Hou Z, Cai H, Li C, Li B, Wang H. A phosphorus/silicon/triazine‐containing flame retardant towards flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Haopeng Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Chuan Li
- Shanghai Composites Science & Technology Co., Ltd. Shanghai PR China
| | - Bolun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
| | - Huihuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan PR China
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32
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Abdur Rashid M, Liu W, Wei Y, Jiang Q. Review of reversible dynamic bonds containing intrinsically flame retardant biomass thermosets. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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33
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Wang H, Yuan J, Wang Y, Ma Y, Lyu S, Zhu Z. A nitrogen heterocyclic/phosphaphenanthrene derivative as a reactive additive for simultaneous improvement of flame retardancy, mechanical and dielectric properties of epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Kırbaş İ. Effect of perlite on the thermal conductivity, thermal degradation and mechanical properties of epoxy materials. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the thermal conductivity, thermal degradation and mechanical properties of the perlite added epoxy materials were investigated. Perlite was added into the epoxy resin (EP) at the rate of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% compared to the total mass. For the analysis of these epoxy materials, the thermal conductivity, density, hardness, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile strength, flexural strength, limit oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning tests were carried out. With the added perlite (PER10), a decrease of 24.03% occurred in the thermal conductivity coefficient compared to the pure EP material. A maximum decrease of 6.86% was detected in its density. It gained fire retardant feature as it increased from 6.15% to 28.71% in V-0 and carbon residue as inflammability class. Despite the decrease of tensile stress, tensile modulus increased. The maximum increase PER02 was 36.9%. It did not provide any improvement in terms of other mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Kırbaş
- Department of Electrical and Energy, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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35
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Ding H, Luo Z, Wang B. A phosphorus/sulfur‐containing compound toward simultaneously endowing epoxy resin with good flame retardancy and high transparency. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
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36
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Wang X, Liu Q, Wang J, Liu J, Long S, Wang D. Synthesis of multifunctional flame retardant with toughening and transparency and its application in epoxy resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Cao J, Duan H, Zou J, Zhang J, Wan C, Zhang C, Ma H. Bio-based phosphorus-containing benzoxazine towards high fire safety, heat resistance and mechanical properties of anhydride-cured epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Ai YF, Liu XD, Bai WB, Lin YC, Xie RR, Jian RK. From herbicide to flame retardant: The lamellar-like phosphorus-bridged amitrole toward high fire safety epoxy resin with light smoke and low toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132704. [PMID: 34715101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to alleviate the harmful impact of the flammability of epoxy resin on the environment, amitrole, a herbicide, has been converted to a novel flame retardant (PBA) with lamellar morphology through organophosphorus modification. This material has been utilized to fabricate fire safe epoxy thermosets (EP). EP containing 7.5 wt% PBA undergoes quick self-extinguishment upon ignition. This blend displays a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 34%. More importantly, hazardous products (heat, smoke, toxic gases including CO/CO2) released during combustion of EP, are strongly suppressed in the presence of PBA. The mechanical properties of EP-PBA blends are comparable to those of virgin EP. The tensile strength of EP containing PBA is 90% of that of unmodified EP. The flexural strength of PBA blends is somewhat greater than that for EP containing no additive. A tactful strategy for the transformation of amitrole, a potential environmental contaminant to a benign flame retardant for polymers has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fang Ai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xin-Duo Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Wei-Bin Bai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Yu-Cai Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Rong-Rong Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Rong-Kun Jian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
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39
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Construction of hetero-structured nanohybrid relying on reactive phosphazene towards flame retardation and mechanical enhancement of epoxy resins. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Guo Y, Chen Z, Yu Y, Chen T, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. A new‐type terephthalonitrile derivative flame retardant of
bi‐DOPO
compound with hydroxyl and amino groups on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Changxin Li
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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41
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Zhang S, Chu F, Xu Z, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Qian L, Hu Y, Wang B, Hu W. The improvement of fire safety performance of flexible polyurethane foam by Highly-efficient P-N-S elemental hybrid synergistic flame retardant. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:768-783. [PMID: 34419816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, three different phosphorus-containing compounds (methyl phosphoryl dichloride, phenyl phosphoryl dichloride and phenyl dichlorophosphate) were reacted with 2-aminobenzothiazole respectively, and a series of synergistic flame retardants with phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur elements were synthesized, named MPBT, PPBT and POBT respectively. Then, they were added to prepare flame-retardant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). Through the analysis of thermal stability, pyrolysis, heat release and smoke release behavior, the influence of different phosphorus-containing structures on the flame-retardant performance of FPUF was studied, and their flame-retardant mechanism was explored in detail. Among them, MPBT had the highest flame retardant efficiency with the same addition amount (10 wt%). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of PU/10.0% MPBT reached 22.5 %, and it successfully passed the vertical burning test. Subsequently, the addition amount of MPBT was increased and the best comprehensive performance of flame-retardant FPUF was explored. The results showed that the LOI value of PU/15.0% MPBT was increased to 23.5%. As for PU/15.0% MPBT, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) was 453 KW/m2, which was reduced by 46.64 %; and the flame retardancy index (FRI) value was also increased to 6.88. At the same time, the mechanical properties of flame-retardant FPUF were studied. The tensile strength of PU/15.0% MPBT reached 170 KPa, and the permanent deformation of FPUF/10% MPBT was only 4 %, showing its excellent resilience. The above results show that this phosphorus-containing element hybrid synergistic flame retardant (MPBT) has a very good application prospect in the field of flame-retardant polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fukai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhoumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lijun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Weizhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China, Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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42
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Sun Y, Peng Y, Zhang Y. A Study on the Synthesis, Curing Behavior and Flame Retardance of a Novel Flame Retardant Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:245. [PMID: 35054651 PMCID: PMC8781762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a flame retardant curing agent (DOPO-MAC) composed of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide DOPO and methyl acrylamide (MAC) was synthesized successfully, and the structure of the compound was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The non-isothermal kinetics of the epoxy resin/DOPO-MAC system with 1% phosphorus was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The activation energy of the reaction (Ea), about 46 kJ/mol, was calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa method, indicating that the curing reaction was easy to carry out. The flame retardancy of the epoxy resin system was analyzed by vertical combustion test (UL94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results showed that epoxy resin (EP) with 1% phosphorus successfully passed a UL-94 V-0 rating, and the LOI value increased along with the increasing of phosphorus content. It confirmed that DOPO-MAC possessed excellent flame retardance and higher curing reactivity. Moreover, the thermal stability of EP materials was also investigated by TGA. With the DOPO-MAC added, the residual mass of EP materials increased remarkably although the initial decomposition temperature decreased slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Yongli Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
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43
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Li D, Zhang Z, Wang S, Xu M, Li B. A monomolecular intumescent flame retardant for improvement simultaneously of fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Miaojun Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
| | - Bin Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization Northeast Forestry University Harbin China
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44
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Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:82. [PMID: 35012105 PMCID: PMC8747271 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Against the background of people's increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR of unmodified polymer is not ideal, and new methods to make it more flame retardant are needed to enhance the FR. This article primarily introduces the flame-retardant mechanism of fire retardancy. It summarizes the preparation of polymer flame-retardant materials by adding different flame-retardant agents, and the application and research progress related to polymer flame-retardant materials in construction engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Building Office, Taizhou Urban and Rural Planning & Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Taizhou 318000, China;
| | - Xinfeng Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hongjian Lin
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Shifang Wang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang, China; (H.L.); (J.Y.); (S.W.)
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45
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Xiao L, Li W, Li S, Chen J, Wang Y, Huang J, Nie X. Diphenolic Acid-Derived Hyperbranched Epoxy Thermosets with High Mechanical Strength and Toughness. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34142-34149. [PMID: 34926962 PMCID: PMC8675157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is a kind of widely used epoxy resin, but its thermosets normally show high brittleness and poor impact resistance due to the intrinsic rigid aromatic rings, which limit its application greatly. To avoid this drawback, we proposed a method to prepare a series of hyperbranched epoxies (HBEPs) with different molecular weights. After HBEPs were cured with methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), characterizations were carried out to evaluate the properties of the cured HBEP samples. Testing results indicate that the hyperbranched thermosets can achieve excellent mechanical strength and toughness (tensile strength: 89.2 MPa, bending strength: 129.6 MPa, elongation at break: 6.1%, toughness: 4.5 MJ m-3, and impact strength: 6.7 kJ m-2), which are superior to those of the thermosets of commercial DGEBA (tensile strength: 81.2 MPa, bending strength: 108.2 MPa, elongation at break: 3.0%, toughness: 1.5 MJ m-3, and impact strength: 4.2 kJ m-2). In addition, HBEP with the highest molecular weight and degree of branching shows the best comprehensive mechanical properties. All hyperbranched thermosets exhibit high glass-transition temperatures (T g) and thermostability, which further illustrates the potential application value of HBEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laihui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Jinrui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and
Material, Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing
and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and
Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass
Chemical Utilization, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin Wucun, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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46
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Facile construction of lamellar-like phosphorus-based triazole-zinc complex for high-performance epoxy resins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:513-522. [PMID: 34802764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EP) possessing superior flame retardancy, mechanical properties and glass transition temperature are urgently needed to meet the ever-increasing requirement of high performance for the practical application of EP. Herein, lamellar-like phosphorus-based triazole-zinc complex (Zn-PT) was firstly constructed through coordination reaction in a facile condition to address the above issue. The results revealed that Zn-PT was well dispersed in epoxy matrix, and with 3 wt% Zn-PT, the tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of epoxy composites were remarkably increased from 71, 112 and 2982 MPa of neat epoxy resin (EP) to 80, 162 and 3482 MPa respectively. The glass transition temperature was higher than EP. Besides, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased to 28.3%, and UL-94V-1 level was available. Meanwhile, the cone calorimeter test (CCT) results showed that epoxy composites displayed less heat release and smoke production. Generally, this work provides a feasible strategy to prepare high-performance epoxy composites, which has the potential to satisfy the requirement of epoxy in the practical application.
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47
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Zheng Z, Xia Y, Liao C, Liu Y, Chai W, Niu E, Hu Z. Fabrication of starch-based multi-source integrated halogen-free flame retardant in improving the fire safety of polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Xu Q, Zhang S, Su Z, Li D, Liang S, Li B, Lian T, Qin X, Jiang M, Liu P. A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐based reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin: Synthesis, properties, and comparison. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Xu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zexi Su
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dazhe Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Shuheng Liang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tingting Lian
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiangpu Qin
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Mengjin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Pengqing Liu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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49
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Wang W, Li H, Li Q, Luo Z. A novel grafted polyethylene with diphenyl phosphoryl group: Improved flame retardancy and favorable compatibility. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiduo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Huayi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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50
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Bhoite SP, Kim J, Jo W, Bhoite PH, Mali SS, Park KH, Hong CK. Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2662. [PMID: 34451203 PMCID: PMC8398555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram P. Bhoite
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jonghyuck Kim
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Wan Jo
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Pravin H. Bhoite
- Department of Chemistry, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai 412803, India;
| | - Sawanta S. Mali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Kyu-Hwan Park
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Chang-Kook Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
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