1
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Wang F, Wang J, He Y, Yan Y, Fu D, Rene ER, Singh RP. Effect of different bulking agents on fed-batch composting and microbial community profile. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118449. [PMID: 38354880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The current study focused on analyzing the effect of different types of bulking agents and other factors on fed-batch composting and the structure of microbial communities. The results indicated that the introduction of bulking agents to fed-batch composting significantly improved composting efficiency as well as compost product quality. In particular, using green waste as a bulking agent, the compost products would achieve good performance in the following indicators: moisture (3.16%), weight loss rate (85.26%), and C/N ratio (13.98). The significant difference in moisture of compost products (p < 0.05) was observed in different sizes of bulking agent (green waste), which was because the voids in green waste significantly affected the capacity of the water to permeate. Meanwhile, controlling the size of green waste at 3-6 mm, the following indicators would show great performance from the compost products: moisture (3.12%), organic matter content (63.93%), and electrical conductivity (EC) (5.37 mS/cm). According to 16S rRNA sequencing, the relative abundance (RA) of thermophilic microbes increased as reactor temperature rose in fed-batch composting, among which Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Basidiomycota, and Rasamsonia were involved in cellulose and lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuheng He
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yixin Yan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Dafang Fu
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
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2
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Kabiri E, Maftouni N. Multiple objective energy optimization of a trade center building based on genetic algorithm using ecological materials. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9366. [PMID: 38653981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to optimize energy consumption in buildings while considering thermal comfort. The first step here involved an EnergyPlus simulation on a trade center building located in Tehran, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz, Iran. A multi-objective optimization was then performed based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) in jEPlus + EA to establish the building in the selected city where would benefit the most from implementing the radiant ceiling cooling system. Efforts were undertaken to choose environmentally-friendly materials. The final solution by Pareto charts resulted in a 52% reduction in energy consumption, a 37.3% decrease in cooling load, and a 17.4% improvement in comfort hours compared to the original design. Annual emission of greenhouse gas reduced as 167.67 tone of CO2 equivalent emission, 25.77 ton of CH4, and 0.2 ton of NO2. The mentioned algorithm was conducted for the first time on a trade center, including a DOAS system and radiant ceiling cooling system. Simultaneously, the environmental-friendly materials were dealt with. The procedure holds significant relevance for the design and optimization of buildings in Iran, especially wherever the climate is hot and humid. This approach offers advantages to the environment by reducing the impact on energy resources and utilizing environmentally-friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kabiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Maftouni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Chaubey A, Pratap T, Preetiva B, Patel M, Singsit JS, Pittman CU, Mohan D. Definitive Review of Nanobiochar. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12331-12379. [PMID: 38524436 PMCID: PMC10955718 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanobiochar is an advanced nanosized biochar with enhanced properties and wide applicability for a variety of modern-day applications. Nanobiochar can be developed easily from bulk biochar through top-down approaches including ball-milling, centrifugation, sonication, and hydrothermal synthesis. Nanobiochar can also be modified or engineered to obtain "engineered nanobiochar" or biochar nanocomposites with enhanced properties and applications. Nanobiochar provides many fold enhancements in surface area (0.4-97-times), pore size (0.1-5.3-times), total pore volume (0.5-48.5-times), and surface functionalities over bulk biochars. These enhancements have given increased contaminant sorption in both aqueous and soil media. Further, nanobiochar has also shown catalytic properties and applications in sensors, additive/fillers, targeted drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, polymer production, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of nanobiochar over bulk biochar are summarized herein, in detail. The processes and mechanisms involved in nanobiochar synthesis and contaminants sorption over nanobiochar are summarized. Finally, future directions and recommendations are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tej Pratap
- School
of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Manvendra Patel
- School
of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jonathan S. Singsit
- School
of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Charles U. Pittman
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- School
of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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4
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Zhang D, Zhang S, Yang Q. Effect of Replacing Fine Aggregate with Fly Ash on the Performance of Mortar. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4292. [PMID: 37374474 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural river sand resources are facing depletion, and large-scale mining pollutes the environment and harms humans. To utilize fly ash fully, this study used low-grade fly ash as a substitute for natural river sand in mortar. This has great potential to alleviate the shortage of natural river sand resources, reduce pollution, and improve the utilization of solid waste resources. Six types of green mortars were prepared by replacing different amounts of river sand (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) with fly ash and other volumes. Their compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic wave velocity, drying shrinkage, and high-temperature resistance were also investigated. Research has shown that fly ash can be used as a fine aggregate in the preparation of building mortar, thereby ensuring that green-building mortar has sufficient mechanical properties and better durability. The replacement rate for optimal strength and high-temperature performance was determined to be 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Research Group RecyCon, Department of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Bruges, 8200 Bruges, Belgium
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qiuning Yang
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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5
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Pontinha ADR, Mäntyneva J, Santos P, Durães L. Thermomechanical Performance Assessment of Sustainable Buildings’ Insulating Materials under Accelerated Ageing Conditions. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030241. [PMID: 36975690 PMCID: PMC10048358 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliable characterization of insulation materials in relevant environmental conditions is crucial, since it strongly influences the performance (e.g., thermal) of building elements. In fact, their properties may vary with the moisture content, temperature, ageing degradation, etc. Therefore, in this work, the thermomechanical behaviour of different materials was compared when subjected to accelerated ageing. Insulation materials that use recycled rubber in their composition were studied, along with others for comparison: heat-pressed rubber, rubber_cork composites, aerogel_rubber composite (developed by the authors), silica aerogel, and extruded polystyrene. The ageing cycles comprised dry-heat, humid-heat, and cold conditions as the stages, during cycles of 3 and 6 weeks. The materials’ properties after ageing were compared with the initial values. Aerogel-based materials showed superinsulation behaviour and good flexibility due to their very high porosity and reinforcement with fibres. Extruded polystyrene also had a low thermal conductivity but exhibited permanent deformation under compression. In general, the ageing conditions led to a very slight increase in the thermal conductivity, which vanished after drying of the samples in an oven, and to a decrease in Young’s moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dora Rodrigues Pontinha
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Johanna Mäntyneva
- Häme University of Applied Sciences, HAMK Tech Research Unit, 13100 Hämeenlinna, Finland
| | - Paulo Santos
- University of Coimbra, ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Durães
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Nusrat Aman AM, Selvarajoo A, Lau TL, Chen WH. Optimization via response surface methodology of palm kernel shell biochar for supplementary cementitious replacement. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137477. [PMID: 36509190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of sustainable materials in the construction industry has been on the rise recently. Studies have proven that the use of conventional concrete and its raw materials has a negative impact on the environment. Research on incorporating biochar as a supplementary cementitious material has been recently evolving and has shown that the attributes of biochar are highly affected by the pyrolysis parameters. These attributes have enhanced the properties of biochar concrete and mortar composite. This paper identifies the different physiochemical properties exhibited by palm kernel shell biochar through optimization by response surface methodology. Focusing on some of the properties of biochar that have proven beneficial when used as a cement replacement. Very limited research has used optimization tools for the production of biochar with the intention of using it as a cement substitute. Pyrolysis was conducted by a tubular furnace at different temperature ranges from 200 °C to 800 °C. The biomass and biochar have been analyzed with TGA and FESEM-EDX. The targeted biochar properties and selected responses are the yield, carbon, oxygen, silica, and potassium content. The optimized parameters obtained are 409 °C, 15 °C/min, 120 min with responses of 38.2% yield, 73.37% carbon, 25.48% oxygen, 0.39% potassium and 0.44% silica. Thermal properties of the palm kernel shell biochar affected by the pyrolysis factors such as temperature, heating rate and residence time have also been discussed. In conclusion, this study supports and encourages the use of palm waste, which is abundant in Malaysia, as a supplementary cementitious material to promote sustainable growth in construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aan Mohammad Nusrat Aman
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anurita Selvarajoo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Teck Leong Lau
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
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7
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Effect of Clay’s Multilayer Composites Material on the Energy Efficiency of Buildings. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6050151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and resource and energy depletion are already impacting ecosystems and societies around the world. As a result, environmental sustainability has become one of humanity’s priority challenges. This study aims to use ecological multilayer material in order to reduce the impact of carbon and energy needs of heating in severe climates in which people die each year from cold. The combination of the investigated multilayer material gives a low thermal transmittance (U = 0.361 W·m−2·K−1). A simulation using the software TRNSYS was established to estimate the yearly heating and cooling needs in the building with the developed multilayer material in a semi-arid climate. The yearly energy demands for heating and cooling were compared to a normal wall with conventional bricks; 47% of energy was saved by the use of the multilayer material wall. The use of the multilayer material permits a low ratio of energy needs of 24 KWh/m2/year for cooling needs and 43 KWh/m2/year for heating.
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8
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Legan M, Gotvajn AŽ, Zupan K. Potential of biochar use in building materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114704. [PMID: 35176567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the articles dealing with biochar in terms of the reuse of biomass waste in building materials and its impact on material properties was conducted using five different electronic databases; thirteen articles were selected for this critical review. Biochar was used as a replacement for cement and aggregate in cementitious composites and as an addition in wood polypropylene composites and plasters. The biochar dosages ranged from 0.5% to 40%; in most composites, the addition of biochar increased strength and reduced thermal conductivity and the bulk density of fresh mortars. Also, biochar dosages of 0.5-2% decreased, while dosages of 10-40% increased water absorption and penetration on cementitious composites. The selected studies mainly introduced biochar use in building materials as a means of biomass waste reduction and its reuse for various purposes, while carbon footprint reduction was addressed in only a few of them. Biochar-containing building material's capability of capturing CO2 from the air was also observed (0.033 mmol CO2 gbiochar-1 to 0.138 mmol CO2 gbiochar-1). The results also showed that mortars with CO2-unsaturated biochar had better mechanical and physical properties than mortars with CO2-saturated biochar. Selected studies showed biochar-containing building materials have a great potential for carbon footprint reduction. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies about biochar use in building materials concerning climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Legan
- Chair of Occupational, Process and Fire Safety, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn
- Chair of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klementina Zupan
- Chair of Occupational, Process and Fire Safety, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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9
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Morales LF, Herrera K, López JE, Saldarriaga JF. Use of biochar from rice husk pyrolysis: assessment of reactivity in lime pastes. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08423. [PMID: 34869930 PMCID: PMC8626701 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar has unique properties such as its porous structure, specific surface area, and stable chemical properties. The rice husk is characterized by its high content of silica, and that during the pyrolysis process it generates a considerable amount of biochar that can be used in different processes. The aim of this work is to evaluate several biochars from the pyrolysis process in the reactivity of lime pastes. For this, biochar has been obtained at four different temperatures (450, 500, 550 and 600 °C), and they have been characterized by XRF, XRD, ICP-EOS, and particle size distribution, to determine their phases and their chemical composition. Biochar has been replaced in lime pastes in different proportions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%), and exposed to different curing times (1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 and 180 days). It has been found that all the replacements show reactivity within the lime pastes and that the percentage of 25% in all the biochar tested could be an adequate replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F. Morales
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, 1Este #19A-40, 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Katherine Herrera
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, 1Este #19A-40, 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julián E. López
- Environmental Engineering Program, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 #30-65, 050026, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Saldarriaga
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, 1Este #19A-40, 111711, Bogotá, Colombia
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar-Based Geopolymer Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to evaluate the possibility to realize alkali-activated materials exploiting biochar, a secondary raw material coming from pyrolysis/gasification processes, for environmental benefits, such as improvement of soil fertility and reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere thanks to the carbon sink process where carbon dioxide is subtracted from the cycle of carbon. For the matrix of the geopolymers, a waste material derived from incinerator bottom ash was used and compared to pure metakaolin matrix. The materials obtained are lightweight and porous, with high water absorption capacity and moisture adsorption/desorption. BET analysis shows an increase in specific surface by increasing the biochar content and the biochar acts as a filler in the pores. From porosimetry analysis it is possible to follow the evolution of the curing process of the geopolymer prepared: specimens containing 70 wt% biochar after 28 and 90 days showed an increase in total Hg intrusion volume, pore area and total porosity but a decrease in the dimensions of pores. Due to the technical properties of materials containing biochar, they can be used in the future for a cleaner design of products in the field of sustainable construction for insulating panels or lightweight materials for houses and gardens in terraces and balconies.
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11
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Biochar-Added Cementitious Materials—A Review on Mechanical, Thermal, and Environmental Properties. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13169336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced carbon footprint of the construction sector has created the need for CO2 emission control and mitigation. CO2 emissions in the construction sector are influenced by a variety of factors, including raw material preparation, cement production, and, most notably, the construction process. Thus, using biobased constituents in cement could reduce CO2 emissions. However, biobased constituents can degrade and have a negative impact on cement performance. Recently, carbonised biomass known as biochar has been found to be an effective partial replacement for cement. Various studies have reported improved mechanical strength and thermal properties with the inclusion of biochar in concrete. To comprehend the properties of biochar-added cementitious materials, the properties of biochar and their effect on concrete need to be examined. This review provides a critical examination of the mechanical and thermal properties of biochar and biochar-added cementitious materials. The study also covers biochar’s life cycle assessment and economic benefits. Overall, the purpose of this review article is to provide a means for researchers in the relevant field to gain a deeper understanding of the innate properties of biochar imparted into biochar-added cementitious materials for property enhancement and reduction of CO2 emissions.
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12
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Park JH, Kim YU, Jeon J, Yun BY, Kang Y, Kim S. Analysis of biochar-mortar composite as a humidity control material to improve the building energy and hygrothermal performance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145552. [PMID: 33611181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study suggests a new perspective of biochar as a building material that improve not only for the strength but also hygrothermal properties. Biochar has a high porosity and surface area created by pyrolysis. It can be suitably used as a porous material because porous materials are used by incorporating into building materials for improving hygrothermal performance in the construction sector. To analyze whether biochar can be used as a functional building material to improve the hygrothermal performance, two types of biochar, made from oilseed rape (OSB) and mixed softwood (SWB), were prepared. A biochar-mortar composite was prepared according to the mixing ratio of the biochar from 2 wt% to 8 wt%, and the compressive strength and hygrothermal performance of them were analyzed. The compressive strength is the highest when 4 wt% of biochar into the mortar was mixed regardless of the type of biochar. Thermal conductivity of biochar-mortar composites was decreased as the biochar addition increased, and the value of biochar-mortar composites with 8 wt% OSB decreases by maximum 57.6% compared to the conventional cement mortar. The water vapor resistance factor of biochar-mortar composites increases, and biochar-mortar composites with 8 wt% SWB increases by maximum 50.9% compared to the reference. WUFI simulation shows that the biochar-mortar composites can contribute to a humidity control and no mold growth. The biochar-mortar composites can also contribute to energy savings although the amount of savings is insignificant. As a result, this study proved that when the mortar with biochar addition was possible to improve not only strength but also hygrothermal properties of mortar. This approach will be a new perspective that biochar can apply to the building material in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hun Park
- Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455, de Maisonneuve, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada.
| | - Young Uk Kim
- Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisoo Jeon
- Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beom Yeol Yun
- Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yujin Kang
- Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture & Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Wi S, Park JH, Kim YU, Yang S, Kim S. Thermal, hygric, and environmental performance evaluation of thermal insulation materials for their sustainable utilization in buildings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116033. [PMID: 33261959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As energy use in the building sector is increasing worldwide, building materials with characteristics that save energy are becoming increasingly important; in addition, there is an emerging need for high-performance insulation materials with low thermal conductivity. However, thermal insulation should consider thermal conductivity, which is the main performance parameter, in addition to the water adsorption rate, acidity, and deformation and expansion due to drying conditions. This study evaluated the main performance of 21 insulation materials used at construction sites to objectively and clearly evaluate their overall performance, including their thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity was measured by the heat flow meter method according to ASTM C518 and ISO 8301 standards; it was also evaluated according to the drying conditions. The water absorption rate was evaluated by ISO 2896 to ensure the sustainability and long-term thermal conductivity performance of the material. Acidity was evaluated with ASTM E861 to reduce the environmental load of the buildings and soil. The results of this study reviewed an appropriate method to measure the main performance according to the type of insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Wi
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Uk Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoong Yang
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Wi S, Park JH, Kim YU, Kim S. Evaluation of environmental impact on the formaldehyde emission and flame-retardant performance of thermal insulation materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123463. [PMID: 32702617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal insulation material, an essential building material, is used to preserve heat or block heat gains in buildings. Insulation material is currently attracting significant attention, and thermal conductivity, i.e., thermal insulation performance, is expressed at a very low value. Therefore, since the era of industrialization, several chemicals have been used to secure thermal insulation performance in each sector; therefore, the resulting hazards have increased. To date, researches have been mainly conducted to secure the low thermal conductivity of insulating material; however, the hazards remain unaddressed. Therefore, this study quantitatively evaluates 18 building construction products and the emission of pollutants and harmful gas during combustion events. Pollutant emission was conducted using the 20-L small chamber method according to the ISO 16000, and formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, and five volatile organic compounds were analyzed. Gas hazard evaluation during combustion was evaluated by KS F 2271: Fire Retardant Testing Method of Interior Finishes and Structures as the average behavioral stop time of rats under thermal insulation combustion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Wi
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Uk Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Atinafu DG, Chang SJ, Berardi U, Kim KH, Kim S. Potential utility of HKUST-1-graphite nanocomposite to endow alkane with high thermal properties and low electrical resistivity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123695. [PMID: 33254751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to develop novel multipurpose phase change materials (PCMs) with improved energy storage and release characteristics. In this study, the utility of a nanocomposite composed of a metal-organic framework (MOF) and graphite was explored for shape-stable PCMs. The prepared MOF-integrated graphite featured favorable structural characteristics (such as large specific surface area (550.6 m2/g), increased total pore volume, and dominant mesopore structure). The obtained composite with a high energy storage capacity (111.4 J/g) exhibited an electrical resistivity that was at least 7 orders of magnitude lower than that of the pristine PCM. In addition, the alkane possessed enhanced chemical compatibility with the supporting scaffolds, outstanding shape, and thermal stabilities. The strong structural connectivity, high specific surface area, and pore size distributions (micro/mesopores) of the scaffolds play a remarkable role in large PCM infiltration ratio, high electrical conductivity, and improved thermal properties of as-prepared composites. It was also suggested that the cavities of the MOF, filled with graphite and the π-π interactions between strand ligands, generate favorable pathways in the nanocomposites. Subsequently creates a supramolecular "wire-like" paths and reduce the resistivity of the parent materials. Therefore, this multifunctional material shows the potential for applications in electro/thermal energy management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimberu G Atinafu
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Chang
- Department of Interior Materials Engineering, College of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Umberto Berardi
- Department of Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Praneeth S, Saavedra L, Zeng M, Dubey BK, Sarmah AK. Biochar admixtured lightweight, porous and tougher cement mortars: Mechanical, durability and micro computed tomography analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:142327. [PMID: 33182209 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the global carbon footprint of cement industry is nearly 7 to 8% and this number is expected to grow in the near future given the continued global demand of cement usage in the construction and other sectors. Additionally, extraction of sand from the coastal and riverine environment is detrimental to ecosystem health and also gives rise to sand mafia in many developing countries. Biochar has the potential to sequester CO2 in cement mortars. The purpose of this study was to valorise a waste biomass (poultry litter) to carbon-rich biochar and utilise as filler material to replace the sand in the range of 10-40% of the total weight in cement. A total of four mix designs each with three replicates at 10%, 20%, and 40% replacement of sand and control (0% biochar addition) were investigated for their mechanical, durability and micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis. The results showed that the flexural strength of the composites at 20% biochar replacement of sand was improved by 26% when compared to control. Biochar addition lowered the thermal conductivity of the cement mortars and was optimised at 10% addition. The density of the mortars decreased ~20% with 40% biochar addition. Micro-CT analysis showed nearly a five-fold increase in the 2-dimensional porosity of the samples, from 2.5% (control) to 12% for samples which had 40% biochar; however, no marked changes were noticed for samples at 20% biochar addition. Taking mortar plastering as an example for 100 m2 area with standard 12 mm thickness revealed that CO2 emissions decreased 20% when sand was replaced with 40% biochar as compared to control specimen. It was concluded that biochar has the potential to replace the sand in the mortars for improving toughness, lowering thermal conductivity and density of the cement composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Praneeth
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Laureen Saavedra
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Graduate Civil Engineer, AECOM, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Maria Zeng
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Graduate Civil Engineer, AECOM, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Brajesh K Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Kim J, Choi H, Rye HM, Yoon KB, Lee DE. A Study on the Red Clay Binder Stabilized with a Polymer Aqueous Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010054. [PMID: 33375639 PMCID: PMC7794840 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the performance evaluation was performed by adding a polymer aqueous (PA) solution as a new additive of the red clay binder for use in the rammed-earth construction method. The evaluation items were compressive strength, water erosion, shrinkage, crystal structure, and microstructure. As a result of the experiment, the binder was improved by efficiently bonding the silica particles by the polymerized polymer. It was confirmed that adding a PA solution to red clay enhances the compressive strength, which is further improved when 5 wt% poly(Acrylic acid(AA)-co-Acrylamide(AM)) is added to the PA solution. Microstructural analysis indicated that the addition of a PA solution facilitates effective bonding of the silica particles of red clay to form hydrogen bonding with poly(AA-co-AM) and encourages aggregate formation. Therefore, the study confirmed that PA solution can be applied to satisfy the performance requirements of the rammed-earth construction by improving the durability and strength of the binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Kim
- School of Architecture, Civil Environment and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Hyeonggil Choi
- School of Architecture, Civil Environment and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (D.-E.L.)
| | - Hyeun-Min Rye
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.-M.R.); (K.-B.Y.)
| | - Keun-Byoung Yoon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.-M.R.); (K.-B.Y.)
| | - Dong-Eun Lee
- School of Architecture, Civil Environment and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (D.-E.L.)
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Atinafu DG, Chang SJ, Kim S. Infiltration properties of n-alkanes in mesoporous biochar: The capacity of smokeless support for stability and energy storage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123041. [PMID: 32521320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biochar, also named biocarbon, is a solid particulate material produced from the thermal decomposition of biomass at moderate temperatures. It has progressively become the topic of scientific interest in energy storage and conversion applications due to its affordability, environment friendliness, and structural tunability. In this study, biochar (obtained 600 °C pyrolysis) was introduced as phase change materials (PCMs) support. Three different n-alkanes (such as dodecane, tetradecane, and octadecane) are used as PCMs. The PCMs were infiltrated in the biochar network via the vacuum impregnation method. Among the biochar/n-alkane composites, one from octadecane exhibited a high latent heat storage capacity of 91.5 kJ/kg, 15.7 % and 25.9 % higher than that of dodecane and tetradecane-based composites, respectively. The molecular length of the PCMs and intermolecular interaction between the functional groups play an imperative role. The infiltration ratio of PCM in the biochar reached 50.1 % with improved thermal stability and chemical compatibility. This is attributed to the favorable morphological and structural properties (e.g., large BET surface area and mesopore structure) of the biochar that resides the n-alkanes found in the nanosized chain length. Hence, this report will lay a foundation for the application of biochars in thermal energy management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimberu G Atinafu
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Chang
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Wi S, Kim MG, Myung SW, Baik YK, Lee KB, Song HS, Kwak MJ, Kim S. Evaluation and analysis of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde emission of building products in accordance with legal standards: A statistical experimental study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122381. [PMID: 32155520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Building materials have been developed mainly for thermal performance, strength, low energy consumption, and aesthetics. Consequently, large amounts of chemicals have been added to building products, resulting in the release of abundant pollutants that adversely affect human health. In particular, pollutants from the materials used to build modern dwellings can cause sick house syndrome, which leads to health resilience problems and diseases. In this study, more than 100 investigations were conducted annually from 2004 to 2017 by using the 20 L small chamber method to analyze the contents of formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) released from 2780 building products in total. High emissions were released by some building components with raw materials containing hazardous chemicals. However, since the 2004 enactment of a legal standard for the regulation of emissions of harmful substances in building products, the pollutant emissions have tended to decrease over the years. As a result of the experiment, all 2780 building materials met the legal standard on average. Therefore, legal restrictions on the release of hazardous materials from building products have achieved reductions in pollutant emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Wi
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Goo Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Myung
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyu Baik
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Seoil University, Seoul 02192 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Bong Lee
- National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Seung Song
- Korea Air Cleaning Association, Seoul 06162, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Kwak
- Korea Air Cleaning Association, Seoul 06162, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Ricciardi P, Cillari G, Carnevale Miino M, Collivignarelli MC. Valorization of agro-industry residues in the building and environmental sector: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:487-513. [PMID: 32089127 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20904426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has become a relevant issue as the population rises and resources decrease. Reuse and recycling still have the greatest potential as they turn the waste into a new resource, representing the 'closed-loop' step of a circular economy (CE). Looking for new applications for agro-industry waste represents both an environmental issue, as its incorrect disposal is a cause of pollution, and a chance to exploit zero-cost natural wastes. The present review, with around 200 articles examined, focuses on possible reuses of these residues in (a) building construction, as additives to produce thermal and acoustic insulation panels, and (b) in water treatments, exploited for removal of pollutants. The selected materials (coconut, coffee, corn, cotton and rice) have industry production wastes with suitable applications in both sectors and huge worldwide availability; their reuse may thus represent a new resource, with an impact based on the production rate and the possible replacement of current inorganic materials. Along with possible implementation of the selected materials in the building industry and environmental engineering, a brief description of the production and supply chain are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ricciardi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cillari
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Italy
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A Review of Non-Soil Biochar Applications. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020261. [PMID: 31936099 PMCID: PMC7013903 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is the solid residue that is recovered after the thermal cracking of biomasses in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Biochar has been used for many years as a soil amendment and in general soil applications. Nonetheless, biochar is far more than a mere soil amendment. In this review, we report all the non-soil applications of biochar including environmental remediation, energy storage, composites, and catalyst production. We provide a general overview of the recent uses of biochar in material science, thus presenting this cheap and waste-derived material as a high value-added and carbonaceous source.
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Jeon J, Park JH, Wi S, Yang S, Ok YS, Kim S. Characterization of biocomposite using coconut oil impregnated biochar as latent heat storage insulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124269. [PMID: 31319304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective of this research was to characterize properties of the latent heat storage biocomposite (LHSBC) as a novel material that can be employed as a latent heat storage insulation by using biochar. Biochars produced from waste material pine cone, pine saw dust, and paper mill sludge were vacuum impregnated with a bio-based phase change material (PCM), coconut oil, to prepare LHSBCs. In particular, this paper analyzed the chemical stability, latent heat storage performance, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability of LHSBCs based on results of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), laser flash method and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As a result, the LHSBCs showed a maximum latent heat storage capacity of 74.6 J/g and a low thermal conductivity of 0.030 W/mK at the maximum, confirming that LHSBCs have a high latent heat storage capacity and thermal insulation performance. With a maximum specific heat of 1.69 J/gK, a high, sensible heat storage was confirmed. In addition, all LHSBCs were found to be thermally and chemically stable. The LHSBC could be employed as a material with good thermal insulation performance and heat storage characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Jeon
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hun Park
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seunghwan Wi
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungwoong Yang
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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