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Guo J, Wang D, Shi Y, Lyu H, Tang J. Minor chromium passivation of S-ZVI enhanced the long-term dechlorination performance of trichlorethylene: Effects of corrosion and passivation on the reactivity and selectivity. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120973. [PMID: 38071903 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The corrosion and surface passivation of sulfidized zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) by common groundwater ions and contaminants are considered to be the most challenging aspects in the application of S-ZVI for remediation of chlorinated contaminants. This study investigated the impacts of corrosive chloride (Cl-) and passivation of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) on the long-term reactivity, selectivity, corrosion behavior, and physicochemical properties during the 60-day aging process of S-ZVI. Although the co-existing of Cl- promoted the initial reactivity of S-ZVI, the rapid consumption of Fe° content shortened the reactive lifetime owing to the insufficient electron capacity. Severe passivation by Cr(VI) (30 mg L-1) preserved the Fe° content but significantly interfered with the reductive sulfur species, resulting in an increase in electron transfer resistance. In comparison, minor passivated S-ZVI (5.0 mg L-1 Cr(VI)) inhibited the hydrogen evolution while concurrently mitigating the further oxidation of the reductive iron and sulfur species, which significantly enhanced the long-term reactivity and selectivity of S-ZVI. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of minor passivation could be detected in the aging processes of one-step, two-step, and mechanochemically synthesized S-ZVI particles with different S/Fe ratios and precursors, which further verified the advantages of minor passivation. This observation is inspirable for the development of innovative strategies for environmental remediation by S-ZVI-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Environmental Protection Institute, SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yinghao Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Honghong Lyu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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2
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Tang J, Su W, Liu J, Tang F, Yang X. Reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene by sulfided microscale zero-valent iron in fresh and saline groundwater: Reactivity, pathways, and selectivity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139900. [PMID: 37611757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
S/mZVI is a promising material for groundwater remediation due to its excellent properties. However, the reactivity and electron selectivity toward target contaminant are critical. Thus, this study investigated the effect of complex groundwater chemistries (Milli-Q water, fresh groundwater and saline groundwater) on the reactivity of S/mZVI toward trichloroethylene (TCE), dechlorination pathway, hydrogen evolution kinetic, electron efficiency and aging behaviors. Results showed that sulfidation appreciably increased the reactivity and electron selectivity. The major degradation product of TCE dechlorination by S/mZVI was acetylene, which was consistent with TCE dechlorination by β-elimination. Moreover, reductive β-elimination was still the dominant dechlorination pathway for the application of S/mZVI in three groundwater conditions. However, the rates and the quantities of major products from TCE degradation varied significantly. S/mZVI in saline groundwater can maintain the reactivity towardTCE due to the protection of Fe0 by Fe3O4 deposited on the surface. Thus, the higher TCE removal efficiency and less hydrogen accumulation resulted in the greatest electron efficiency (4.3-79.2%). Overall, S/mZVI was more effective for the application in saline groundwater. This study proved insight into the comprehensive evaluation and implications for the application of S/mZVI based technologies in saline contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Wenzhen Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
| | - Fenglin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China.
| | - Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637000, PR China
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3
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Cai S, Cao Z, Yang L, Wang H, He F, Wang Z, Xing B. Cations facilitate sulfidation of zero-valent iron by elemental sulfur: Mechanism and dechlorination application. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120262. [PMID: 37390653 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The solid-solid reaction of microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) with elemental sulfur (S0) in water can form sulfidated mZVI (S-mZVI) with high reactivity and selectivity. However, the inherent passivation layer of mZVI hinders the sulfidation. In this study, we demonstrate that ionic solutions of Me-chloride (Me: Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Fe2+) can accelerate the sulfidation of mZVI by S0. The S0 with S/Fe molar ratio of 0.1 was fully reacted with mZVI in all solutions to form unevenly distributed FeS species on S-mZVIs as confirmed by SEM-EDX and XANES characterization. The cations depassivated the mZVI surface by driving the proton release from the surface site (FeOH) and resulting in localized acidification. The probe reaction test (tetrachloride dechlorination) and open circuit potential (EOCP) measurement demonstrated that Mg2+ was most efficient in depassivating the mZVI and therefore promoting sulfidation. The decrease of surface proton for hydrogenolysis on the S-mZVI synthesized in MgCl2 solution also inhibited the formation of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene by 14-79% compared to other S-mZVIs during trichloroethylene dechlorination. In addition, the synthesized S-mZVIs exhibited the highest reduction capacity reported so far. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the facile on-site sulfidation of mZVI by S0 with cation-rich natural waters for sustainable remediation of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Cai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liwei Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution control, and School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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4
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Li T, Teng Y, Li X, Luo S, Xiu Z, Wang H, Sun H. Sulfidated microscale zero-valent iron/reduced graphene oxide composite (S-mZVI/rGO) for enhanced degradation of trichloroethylene: The role of hydrogen spillover. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130657. [PMID: 36580785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic hydrogen (H*) has long been thought to play an important role in the dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) by carbon-supported zero-valent iron (ZVI), which offers an alternative pathway for TCE dechlorination. Herein, we demonstrate that the reductive dechlorination of TCE by sulfidated microscale ZVI (S-mZVI) can be further enhanced by promoting the formation of H* through the introduction of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The completely degradation of 10 mg/L TCE can be achieved by S-mZVI/rGO within 24 h, which was 3.3 times faster than that of S-mZVI. The change in the distribution of TCE degradation products over time suggests that the introduction of rGO leads to a change in the dechlorination pathway. The percentage of ethane in the final products of TCE degradation by S-mZVI/rGO was 34.3 %, while that of S-mZVI was only 21.9 %. The electrochemical tests confirmed the occurrence of hydrogen spillover in the S-mZVI/rGO composite, which promoted the reductive dechlorination of TCE by H*. Although the S-mZVI/rGO composite had stronger hydrogen evolution propensity than S-mZVI, the S-mZVI/rGO composite still exhibited higher electron utilization efficiency than S-mZVI thanks to the increased utilization of hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yaxin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuangjiang Luo
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongming Xiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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5
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Mohana Rangan S, Rao S, Robles A, Mouti A, LaPat-Polasko L, Lowry GV, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Delgado AG. Decoupling Fe 0 Application and Bioaugmentation in Space and Time Enables Microbial Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethene to Ethene: Evidence from Soil Columns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4167-4179. [PMID: 36866930 PMCID: PMC10018760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fe0 is a powerful chemical reductant with applications for remediation of chlorinated solvents, including tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene. Its utilization efficiency at contaminated sites is limited because most of the electrons from Fe0 are channeled to the reduction of water to H2 rather than to the reduction of the contaminants. Coupling Fe0 with H2-utilizing organohalide-respiring bacteria (i.e., Dehalococcoides mccartyi) could enhance trichloroethene conversion to ethene while maximizing Fe0 utilization efficiency. Columns packed with aquifer materials have been used to assess the efficacy of a treatment combining in space and time Fe0 and aD. mccartyi-containing culture (bioaugmentation). To date, most column studies documented only partial conversion of the solvents to chlorinated byproducts, calling into question the feasibility of Fe0 to promote complete microbial reductive dechlorination. In this study, we decoupled the application of Fe0 in space and time from the addition of organic substrates andD. mccartyi-containing cultures. We used a column containing soil and Fe0 (at 15 g L-1 in porewater) and fed it with groundwater as a proxy for an upstream Fe0 injection zone dominated by abiotic reactions and biostimulated/bioaugmented soil columns (Bio-columns) as proxies for downstream microbiological zones. Results showed that Bio-columns receiving reduced groundwater from the Fe0-column supported microbial reductive dechlorination, yielding up to 98% trichloroethene conversion to ethene. The microbial community in the Bio-columns established with Fe0-reduced groundwater also sustained trichloroethene reduction to ethene (up to 100%) when challenged with aerobic groundwater. This study supports a conceptual model where decoupling the application of Fe0 and biostimulation/bioaugmentation in space and/or time could augment microbial trichloroethene reductive dechlorination, particularly under oxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsan Mohana Rangan
- School
of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Bio-Mediated and Bio-Inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Shefali Rao
- School
of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Bio-Mediated and Bio-Inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Aide Robles
- School
of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Bio-Mediated and Bio-Inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Aatikah Mouti
- Biodesign
Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Gregory V. Lowry
- Center
for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- School
of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Bio-Mediated and Bio-Inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Anca G. Delgado
- School
of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Biodesign
Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center
for Bio-Mediated and Bio-Inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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6
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Wang X, Xin J, Yuan M, Zhao F, Wang L. Coupled microscale zero valent iron-autotrophic hydrogen bacteria dechlorination system is not always superior to its standalone counterparts: A sustainable remediation perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159364. [PMID: 36228794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of microscale zero-valent iron with autotrophic hydrogen bacteria (mZVI-AHB) are often believed to show greater potential than the single abiotic or biotic systems in remediating chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater. However, our understanding of the remediation performance of this system under real field conditions, especially by incorporating the concept of sustainable remediation, remains limited. In this study, the performances of the mZVI, H2-AHB, and mZVI-AHB systems in dechlorinating groundwater containing complex electron acceptors were compared by evaluating their removal efficiency (RE), reaction products, and electron efficiency (EE), using trichloroethylene (TCE) as the target contaminant and NO3- and SO42- as the coexisting natural electron acceptors. Ultimately, which of these systems had TCE removal superiority was dependent on the coexisting electron acceptor. mZVI-AHB and mZVI resulted in more complete dechlorination, whereas H2-AHB exhibited higher N2 selectivity in reducing NO3-. Regardless of the coexisting electron acceptor, the mZVI-alone system showed the highest EE. Finally, the sustainability concerns and applicability of the three systems were evaluated on the basis of their TCE RE, complete dechlorination ratio, N2 selectivity, EE, and cost, which were integrated into a comparison of overall benefits. Our findings provide comprehensive and insightful information on the factors that determine remediation scheme selection in real practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Mengjiao Yuan
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Litao Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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7
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He K, Sun R, Yang D, Wang S, Shu J, Wan W, Pan Y, Qin F, He F, Liang L. Effect of sulfidation on nitrobenzene removal from groundwater by microscale zero-valent iron: Insights into reactivity, reaction sites and removal pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136819. [PMID: 36241117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While it has been recognized that sulfidation can effectively improve the reactivity of microscale zero valent iron (mZVI), there is limited understanding of nitrobenzene (ArNO2) removal by sulfidated mZVI. To understand the reduction capacity and pathway of ArNO2 by sulfidated mZVI, ball-milling sulfidated mZVI (S-mZVIbm) with different S/Fe molar ratios (0-0.2) was used to conduct this experiment. The results showed that sulfidation could efficiently enhance ArNO2 removal under iron-limited and iron excess conditions, which was attributed to the presence of FeSx sites that could provide higher Fe(0) utilization efficiency and stronger passivation resisting for S-mZVIbm. The optimum ArNO2 reduction could be obtained by S-mZVIbm with S/Fe molar ratio at 0.1, which could completely transform ArNO2 to aniline (ArNH2) with a rate constant of 4.36 × 10-2 min-1 during 120-min reaction. FeSx phase could act as electron transfer sites for ArNO2 reduction and it could still be reserved in S-mZVIbm after reduction reaction. The product distribution indicated that sulfidation did not change the types of reduction products, while the removal of ArNO2 by S-mZVIbm was a step-by-step reduction progress along with the adsorption of ArNH2. In addition, a faster reduction of ArNO2 in groundwater/soil system further demonstrated the feasibility of S-mZVIbm in the real field remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Rui Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shuchen Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Junjie Shu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wubo Wan
- Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of Hainan, Province, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, No.1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Ying Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Fengyang Qin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
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8
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Gong L, Zhang Z, Xia C, Zheng J, Gu Y, He F. A quantitative study of the effects of particle' properties and environmental conditions on the electron efficiency of Pd and sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent irons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158469. [PMID: 36058331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electron efficiency (or electron selectivity, ɛe) is an important quantitative criterion for zero-valent iron treatment of organohalide contaminated groundwater. The aim of this quantitative study was the systematic exploration and comparison of the effects of the Pd/Fe and S/Fe molar ratios (i.e., [Pd/Fe] and [S/Fe]), trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations ([TCE]), pH solution, aging time, and water matrices on the ɛe of Pd-nZVI and S-nZVI. To this end, we used TCE as a probe contaminant. The ɛe of Pd-nZVI increased and then decreased with [Pd/Fe], while that of S-nZVI increased with [S/Fe], as more hydrophobic FeS2 was formed on S-nZVI at higher [S/Fe]. The εe of S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI increased with increasing [TCE]. Specifically, the εe of S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI at [TCE] of 200 ppm increased by 24.9 % and 79.3 %, respectively, compared with that at [TCE] of 10 ppm. As the H2 evolution reaction (HER) was more sensitive to surface passivation than TCE dechlorination, the εe of S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI under alkaline conditions was higher than that under basic conditions, and increased by 11.7 % and 37.8 %, respectively, at pH 10 relative to that at pH 6. The εe also increased with the aging time of the S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI particles; the increase was by 27.2 % and 59.6 %, respectively, at aging time of 30 d compared with that of the fresh ones. The ɛe of both particles were higher in artificial groundwater (AGW) than in real groundwater (RGW). For all batch experiments, the εe of S-nZVI increased over the reaction time and tended to outperform that of Pd-nZVI, even though the εe of Pd-nZVI was higher than that of S-nZVI at the initial stage of TCE dechlorination, thereby justifying the longevity of S-nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zaizhi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenyun Xia
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yawei Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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9
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Li Y, Ding Y, Wei H, Li S. Flocculating microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI) improves its hydrodynamic properties for wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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10
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Wang P, Hu J, Wang Y, Liu T. Enhanced elimination of V 5+ in wastewater using zero-valent iron activated by ball milling: The overlooked crucial roles of energy input and sodium chloride. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129050. [PMID: 35650725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ball-milling technology, a highly efficient and cost-effective method, had excellent application prospects for overcoming passivation issues of normal zero-valent iron (ZVI) to enhance the decontamination efficiency. In this work, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of pH, process control agents (PCA), and main process parameters on the removal of V5+ using ball-milled zero-valent iron (ZVIbm). The results showed that ZVI was successfully activated due to mechanochemical action. The enhanced proton conductivity of ZVIbm leaded to the rapid production of more Fe2+, thereby resulting in an order of magnitude higher elimination of V5+ by ZVIbm than by ZVI under near-neutral conditions. In addition, the introduction of NaCl in the ball milling process could not only effectively alleviate the agglomeration phenomenon of ZVIbm, but also effectively enhance its activity. Unexpectedly, due to over-compaction and small size effects, excessive energy input weakened the reactivity of ZVIbm on V5+ elimination. Various characterization results confirmed that the removal of V5+ by ZVIbm was dominated by reduction and supplemented by adsorption. This work updated the basic understanding of the critical effects of process parameters and NaCl on ZVIbm in the remediation of vanadium-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jian Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yidong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Tingyi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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11
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Liang L, Tan W, Xue Y, Xi F, Meng X, Hu B, Du J. Effects of magnetic field on selenite removal by sulfidated zero valent iron under aerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154755. [PMID: 35339539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy of sulfide modified zero valent iron (S-ZVI) coupled with the magnetic field (MF) is developed for selenite (Se(IV)) removal. The original ZVI particle size (30 μm), S/Fe ratio (1:80), solution pH (5), S-ZVI loading (0.75 g L-1), and MF intensity (20 mT) can exhibit the optimal enhancement effects of MF on Se(IV) removal by S-ZVI. Common corrosion promoters (Cl-, PO43-, SO42-, Mg2+, and Ca2+) and inhibitors (NO3-, SiO32-, and CO32-) show positive and negative effects on Se(IV) removal by S-ZVI, respectively. But MF can alleviate promoting or inhibiting effects of coexisting ions on Se(IV) removal by S-ZVI, and well preserve the reactivity of S-ZVI from background ions in water. Furthermore, MF can also enhance the reactivity of S-ZVI towards Se(IV) during consecutive experiments, the promotion factor (the ratio of kobs with MF to kobs without MF) increased from 2.57 to 5.83 with the increase of cycles. MF can not only improve the reactivity of ZVI covered with iron oxide or iron hydroxide but also effectively enhance the ability of ZVI covered with iron sulfide. S-ZVI exhibited good stability and recyclability in the presence of MF. XANES analysis of selenium species reveals that the reductive product of Se(IV) with or without MF is primarily Se(0), and Se(IV) removal by S-ZVI can be ascribed to adsorption and reduction. This work indicates that MF may widen the application of S-ZVI for pollutants removal in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liang
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China; College of Chemistry, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Weishou Tan
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Fenfen Xi
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Xu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China
| | - Baowei Hu
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, PR China.
| | - Juanshan Du
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Mo Y, Xu J, Zhu L. Molecular Structure and Sulfur Content Affect Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Ethenes by Sulfidized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5808-5819. [PMID: 35442653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidized nanoscale zerovalent iron (SNZVI) with desirable properties and reactivity has recently emerged as a promising groundwater remediation agent. However, little information is available on how the molecular structure of chlorinated ethenes (CEs) affects their dechlorination by SNZVI or whether the sulfur content of SNZVI can alter their dechlorination pathway and reactivity. Here, we show that the reactivity (up to 30-fold) and selectivity (up to 70-fold) improvements of SNZVI (compared to NZVI) toward CEs depended on the chlorine number, chlorine position, and sulfur content. Low CEs (i.e., vinyl chloride and cis-1,2-dichloroethene) and high CEs (perchloroethene) tended to be dechlorinated by SNZVI primarily via atomic H and direct electron transfer, respectively, while SNZVI could efficiently and selectively dechlorinate trichloroethene and trans-1,2-dichloroethene via both pathways. Increasing the sulfidation degree of SNZVI suppressed its ability to produce atomic H but promoted electron transfer and thus altered the relative contributions of atomic H and electron transfer to the CE dechlorination, resulting in different reactivities and selectivities. These were indicated by the correlations of CE dechlorination rates and improvements with CE molecular descriptors, H2 evolution rates, and electron transfer indicators of SNZVI. These mechanistic insights indicate the importance of determining the structure-specific properties and reactivity of both SNZVI materials and their target contaminants and can lead to a more rational design of SNZVI for in situ groundwater remediation of various CEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Mo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Ren Y, Lee Y, Cui M, Zhou Y, Liang H, Khim J. Evaluation of self-oxidation and selectivity of iron-based reductant in anaerobic pentachlorophenol contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127322. [PMID: 34601407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination due to chlorinated organics prompts an important environmental problem; however, the iron-based reduction materials and complicated ground environment are the main barriers to implementation and promotion of in situ soil remediation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the reductants zero-valent iron (ZVI) and its activated carbon composite (AC-ZVI) in terms of their self-oxidation and selectivity in soil experiments. The results indicated that saturated moisture conditions were beneficial for degradation due to the dispersal of the pollutants from soil particles. Particularly, increasing the water/soil ratio to the over-saturated state would decrease the selectivity of ZVI and AC-ZVI. Meanwhile, increasing the reductant loading decreased the selectivity of ZVI and AC-ZVI, whereas the high initial concentration increased the selectivity of AC-ZVI. In addition, the self-oxidation of ZVI (3.0 ×10-3 h-1) is 4.2 times higher than that of AC-ZVI (0.7 ×10-3 h-1), and the selectivity of AC-ZVI (48%) is 6.9 times higher than that of ZVI (7%), which confirmed that AC-ZVI is a superior iron-based amendment in saturated moisture conditions. Therefore, this study provides a reliable and feasible evaluation method for in situ remediation process, and deepens the understanding of the effects of moisture contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Ren
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingcan Cui
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongyue Zhou
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Jeehyeong Khim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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14
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He F, Yu Y, Wan W, Liang L. Enhanced dechlorination of trichloroethene by sulfidated microscale zero-valent iron under low-frequency AC electromagnetic field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127020. [PMID: 34481402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study an electromagnetic heating strategy is proposed for remediation of trichloroethene (TCE) by ball milled, sulfidated microscale zero valent iron (S-mZVIbm) particles. S-mZVIbm is ferromagnetic, which generates heat under the application of a low-frequency alternating current electromagnetic field (AC EMF). We found that the temperature reached up to ~120 ℃ during 30-min electromagnetic induction heating of 10 g/L S-mZVIbm (with S/Fe molar ratio of 0.1), compared with ~55 ℃ and ~80 ℃ for ZVI and ball milled mZVIbm, respectively. The application of AC EMF accelerated the TCE degradation rate (kTCE = 5.5 × 10-1 h-1) by up to 4-fold without compromising or even enhancing electron efficiency of S-mZVIbm compared to no-heating. Furthermore, this process halved the generation of chlorinated intermediate, cis-DCE. In contrast, water-bath heating only increased the dechlorination rate 2-fold with unchanged cis-DCE generation and lowered electron efficiency. This is attributed to both rising temperature by induction heating and accelerated ZVI corrosion and surface Fe0 exposure caused by AC EMF. In real groundwater, the AC EMF maintained the same promoting effects for TCE dechlorination by S-mZVIbm. This study shows that combination of filed-scale available AC EMF with S-mZVIbm provides a promising approach for remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Ye Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wubo Wan
- Marine Food Engineering Technology Research Center of, Hainan Province, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of, Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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15
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Yang S, Liu A, Liu J, Liu Z, Zhang W. Advance of Sulfidated Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron: Synthesis, Properties and Environmental Application. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22080345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Wang P, Fu F, Liu T. A review of the new multifunctional nano zero-valent iron composites for wastewater treatment: Emergence, preparation, optimization and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131435. [PMID: 34256206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) with high chemical reactivity and environmental friendliness had recently become one of the most efficient technologies for wastewater restoration. However, the unitary NZVI system had not met practical requirements for wastewater treatments. Expectantly, the development of NZVI would prefer multifunctional NZVI-based composites, which could be prepared and optimized by the combined methods and technologies. Consequently, a systematic and comprehensive summary from the perspective of multifunctional NZVI-composite had been conducted. The results demonstrated that the advantages of various systems were integrated by multifunctional NZVI-composite systems with a more significant performance of pollutant removal than those of the bare NZVI and its composites. Simultaneously, characteristics of the product prepared by the incorporation of numerous methods were superior to those by a simple method, resulting in the increase of the entirety efficiency. By comparison with other preparation methods, the ball milling method with higher production and field application potential was worthy of attention. After combining multiple technologies, the effect of NZVI and its composite systems could be dramatically strengthened. Preparation technology parameters and treatment effect of contaminants could be further optimized using more comprehensive experimental designs and mathematical models. The mechanism of the multifunctional NZVI system for contaminants treatment was primarily focused on adsorption, oxidation, reduction and co-precipitation. Multiple techniques were combined to enhance the dispersion, alleviating passivation, accelerating electron transfer efficiency or mass transfer action for optimizing the effect of NZVI composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China; School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fugang Fu
- PowerChina Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, 300387, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Tingyi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China.
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17
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Garcia AN, Zhang Y, Ghoshal S, He F, O'Carroll DM. Recent Advances in Sulfidated Zerovalent Iron for Contaminant Transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8464-8483. [PMID: 34170112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2021 marks 10 years since controlled abiotic synthesis of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) for use in site remediation and water treatment emerged as an area of active research. It was then expanded to sulfidated microscale ZVI (S-mZVI) and together with S-nZVI, they are collectively referred to as S-(n)ZVI. Heightened interest in S-(n)ZVI stemmed from its significantly higher reactivity to chlorinated solvents and heavy metals. The extremely promising research outcomes during the initial period (2011-2017) led to renewed interest in (n)ZVI-based technologies for water treatment, with an explosion in new research in the last four years (2018-2021) that is building an understanding of the novel and complex role of iron sulfides in enhancing reactivity of (n)ZVI. Numerous studies have focused on exploring different S-(n)ZVI synthesis approaches, and its colloidal, surface, and reactivity (electrochemistry, contaminant selectivity, and corrosion) properties. This review provides a critical overview of the recent milestones in S-(n)ZVI technology development: (i) clear insights into the role of iron sulfides in contaminant transformation and long-term aging, (ii) impact of sulfidation methods and particle characteristics on reactivity, (iii) broader range of treatable contaminants, (iv) synthesis for complete decontamination, (v) ecotoxicity, and (vi) field implementation. In addition, this review discusses major knowledge gaps and future avenues for research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Nunez Garcia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Rd., London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Feng He
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, China 310014
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales 2052, Australia
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18
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Yuan Q, Wang S, Wang X, Li N. Biosynthesis of vivianite from microbial extracellular electron transfer and environmental application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143076. [PMID: 33129535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O) is a common hydrous ferrous phosphate mineral which often occurs in reductive conditions, especially anoxic non-sulfide environment containing high concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and orthophosphate (PO43-). Vivianite is an important product of dissimilatory iron reduction and a promising route for phosphorus recovery from wastewater. Its formation is closely related to the extracellular electron transfer (EET), a key mechanism for microbial respiration and a crucial explanation for the reduction of metal oxides in soil and sediments. Despite of the natural ubiquity, easy accessibility and attractive economic value, the application value of vivianite has not received much attention. This review introduces the characteristics, occurrence and biosynthesis of vivianite from microbial EET, and systematically analyzes the application value of vivianite in the environmental field, including immobilization of heavy metals (HMs), dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride (CT), sedimentary phosphorus sequestration and eutrophication alleviation. Additionally, its potential functions as a slow-release fertilizer are discussed as well. In general, vivianite is expected to make more contributions to the future scientific research, especially the solution of environmental problems. Overcoming the lack of understanding and some technical limitations will be beneficial to the further application of vivianite in environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
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19
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Gong L, Qi J, Lv N, Qiu X, Gu Y, Zhao J, He F. Mechanistic role of nitrate anion in TCE dechlorination by ball milled ZVI and sulfidated ZVI: Experimental investigation and theoretical analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123844. [PMID: 33264925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic role of NO3- in trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination by ball milled, micro-scale sulfidated and unsulfidated ZVI (e.g., S-mZVIbm and mZVIbm) was explored through experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Sulfidation inhibited NO3- reduction by mZVIbm as S weakened its interaction with NO3-. mZVIbm reduced NO3- within 2 h. This just resulted in a short-term electron competition during the dechlorination process by mZVIbm and hardly affected its sluggish dechlorination kinetics (complete TCE dechlorination in 11 d). On the contrary, NO3- suppressed TCE dechlorination by S-mZVIbm. This was attributed to that inhibited NO3- reduction by S-mZVIbm (40 % reduction in 6 h) induced continuous electron competition with TCE during the time span of its dechlorination by S-mZVIbm. NO3- reduction was also observed to facilitate formation/crystallization of Fe3O4 on both ZVI particles, promoting dechlorination by mZVIbm after 4 d while not taking effect to the S-mZVIbm/TCE system, as its dechlorination time was too short for the surface of S-mZVIbm to transform. This observation has important implication on groundwater remediation by ZVI or sulfidated ZVI PRBs under a scenario of upgradient anthropogenic release of NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jianlong Qi
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Neng Lv
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaojiang Qiu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yawei Gu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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