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Gao T, Dai T, Fan N, Han Z, Gao X. Comprehensive review and comparison on pretreatment of spent lithium-ion battery. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121314. [PMID: 38843731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pretreatment, the initial step in recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), efficiently separates cathode and anode materials to facilitate key element recovery. Despite brief introductions in existing research, a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of processing methods is lacking. This study reviews 346 references on LIBs recycling, analyzing pretreatment stages, treatment conditions, and method effects. Our analysis highlights insufficient attention to discharge voltage safety and environmental impact. Mechanical disassembly, while suitable for industrial production, overlooks electrolyte recovery and complicates LIBs separation. High temperature pyrolysis flotation offers efficient separation of mixed electrode materials, enhancing mineral recovery. We propose four primary pretreatment processes: discharge, electrolyte recovery, crushing and separation, and electrode material recovery, offering simplified, efficient, green, low-cost, and high-purity raw materials for subsequent recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Gao
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tao Dai
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Na Fan
- China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp., Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhongkui Han
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shanxi Aerospace Qinghua Equipment Co., Ltd, Changzhi, 046012, China.
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2
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Lei S, Sun W, Yang Y. Comprehensive Technology for Recycling and Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3609-3628. [PMID: 38329241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery has been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage for its good cyclicity, high level of safety, and low cost. The massive application of LFP battery generates a large number of spent batteries. Recycling and regenerating materials from spent LFP batteries has been of great concern because it can significantly recover valuable metals and protect the environment. This paper aims to critically assess the latest technical information available on the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries. First, it focuses on the progress of disassembly, evaluation and detection, regrouping, and application in echelon utilization. Then, the recycling technologies, including pretreatment, direct repair, and material regeneration, of spent LFPs are summarized. Finally, the paper proposes some challenges in the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries, and concludes with recommendations for an intelligent, refined, and clean LFP battery circulation system that are required to ensure the sustainable development of spent LFP battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Carbon Emission Reduction in Metal Resource Exploitation and Utilization, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Carbon Emission Reduction in Metal Resource Exploitation and Utilization, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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3
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Zhou H, Luo Data analysis Z, Wang S, Ma Experimental platform provides X, Cao Z. A mild closed-loop process for lithium-iron separation and cathode materials regeneration from spent LiFePO4 batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Li R, Li K, Wang W, Zhang F, Tian S, Ren Z, Zhou Z. Highly selective and green recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powders with ozone. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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5
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Liu K, Wang M, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Labianca C, Komárek M, Gao B, Tsang DCW. A perspective on the recovery mechanisms of spent lithium iron phosphate cathode materials in different oxidation environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130502. [PMID: 36493647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative extraction has become an economically viable option for recycling lithium (Li) from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. In this study, the releases behaviour of Li from spent LiFePO4 batteries under different oxidizing conditions was investigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as the solid oxidant. We revealed that, due to the intervention of graphitic carbon, the generated species of Li in mechanochemical oxidation (NaClO:LiFePO4 at a molar ratio of 2:1, 5 min, and 600 rpm) was lithium carbonate (Li2CO3). The graphite layer provided a channel for the conversion of Li species released by mechanochemical oxidation. While in hydrometallurgical oxidation (NaClO:LiFePO4 at a molar ratio of 2:1 and 12.5 min), the presence of hydrogen species led to the formation of lithium chloride (LiCl). Moreover, life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrated that for recycling 1.0 kg of spent LiFePO4 batteries, mechanochemical and hydrometallurgical oxidation could reduce carbon footprints by 2.81 kg CO2 eq and 2.88 kg CO2 eq, respectively. Our results indicate that the oxidative environment determines the release pathway of Li from the spent LiFePO4 cathode material, thereby regulating the product forms of Li and environmental impacts. This study can provide key technical guidance for Li recycling from spent LiFePO4 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zibo Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Claudia Labianca
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Komárek
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhou X, Yang W, Liu X, Tang J, Su F, Li Z, Yang J, Ma Y. One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium batteries in the phosphoric acid system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:53-64. [PMID: 36343600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable elements in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted more and more attention. Efficient recovery of valuable elements from spent LIBs with lower consumption and shorter process is the target that people have been pursuing. In this study, the valuable metals (Ni, Co, Mn and Li) and FePO4 products are simultaneously recovered from mixed spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 and LiFePO4 in one step under the optimized condition of 0.88 M H3PO4, a mass ratio of LFP/NCM of 2:1, a L/S ratio of 33:1 and 80 ℃ for 120 min without additional auxiliary reagents. Over 60 % of acid consumption is reduced and the process of adjusting pH is avoidable. The leaching efficiencies of the valuable elements reach up to 99.1 % for Ni, 98.9 % for Co, 99.6 % for Li and 97.3 % for Mn. Almost all of Fe is precipitated as FePO4·2H2O. By means of the empirical model, the research on leaching kinetics demonstrates that the leaching reaction is internal diffusion-controlled with the apparent activation energy of valuable metals less than 30 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the redox reaction mechanism between spent LiBs has been explored. And the intrinsic driving force in the phosphoric acid system is found out. This finding may provide an innovative and selective recycling method for valuable elements from mixed spent LIBs with high economic benefit and fewer environmental footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fanyun Su
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhenxiao Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Value-added Metallurgy, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yayun Ma
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Wang P, Lou X, Chen Q, Liu Y, Sun X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Wang R, Wang Z, Chen S, Zhang L, Zhang RQ, Guan J. Spent LiFePO 4: An old but vigorous peroxymonosulfate activator for degradation of organic pollutants in water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113780. [PMID: 35779620 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron-based catalysts have been demonstrated to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate reactive radicals, which is however limited by their complex preparation process, high costs and inefficiency for practical applications. Herein we obtain spent LiFePO4 (SLFP), with powerful catalytic capacity by a simple one-step treatment of the retired LiFePO4 cathode material, for PMS activation to decontaminate organic pollutants. Lithium defects and oxygen vacancies in SLFP play critical roles for PMS utilization, further confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. SLFP materials rapidly adsorb PMS, and the surface PMS is activated by Fe(II) to generate radicals, with •OH playing a major role for the degradation of organics after multi-step reactions. The SLFP/PMS process is finally validated for ability to remove organic contaminants and potential environmental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lou
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Xiaohu Sun
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yaoguang Guo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Rui-Qin Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jie Guan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
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Wang Z, Huang Y, Wang X, Wu D, Wu X. Advanced Solid-State Electrolysis for Green and Efficient Spent LiFePO 4 Cathode Material Recycling: Prototype Reactor Tests. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Ye Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
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9
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Niu Y, Peng X, Li J, Zhang Y, Song F, Shi D, Li L. Recovery of Li2CO3 and FePO4 from spent LiFePO4 by coupling technics of isomorphic substitution leaching and solvent extraction. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Zhang B, Qu X, Chen X, Liu D, Zhao Z, Xie H, Wang D, Yin H. A sodium salt-assisted roasting approach followed by leaching for recovering spent LiFePO 4 batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127586. [PMID: 34808449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mild-temperature (<1000 °C) carbothermic reduction has been proven as an effective way to recover Li and transition metals by converting lithium transition metal oxides to transition metals/alloys and Li2CO3. However, LiFePO4 cannot be reduced by carbon because of its thermodynamically stable olivine structure. Herein, LiFePO4 is converted to Fe and lithium salts by carbon with the assistance of Na2CO3 that acts as an activating agent to break down the chemical bonds of LiFePO4 and thereby enable the carbothermic reduction. Using Na2CO3 as the activating agent, LiFePO4 was reduced to Fe, NaLi2PO4, and LiNa5(PO4)2 which can be separated by magnetic separation with a Li recovery rate of 99.2%. Using NaOH as the activating agent, LiFePO4 was oxidized to Fe3O4, NaLi2PO4 and LiNa5(PO4)2 at 600 °C, and the roasted products can be separated by magnetic separation process with a Li recovery rate of 92.7%. Various sodium salts were tested to screen proper salts for the reduction process, and a 400-g scale roasting-separation process has been demonstrated. Overall, the salt-assisted roasting is a promising way to recycle spent LiFePO4 batteries without using strong mineral acids and shows great potential for the industrial-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Xin Qu
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Dongxu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Zhuqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Huayi Yin
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China,; School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Chang L, Cao Y, Peng W, Miao Y, Su S, Fan G, Huang Y, Li C, Song X. Highly efficient and selective recovery of Cu(II) from wastewater via ion flotation with amidoxime functionalized graphene oxide as nano collector. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xie N, Li D, Li Y, Gong J, Hu X. Solar-assisted lithium metal recovery from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Lie J, Liu JC. Closed-vessel microwave leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using dual-function leaching agent: Ascorbic acid. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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