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Yu K, Tu Y, Wan M, Guo Y, Liu S, Li H, Fan Y, Zhao G, Zhong S, Liu C, Luo X. Integrated influence of sulfide modification on the reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron towards decabromodiphenyl ether under an electromagnetic field. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134428. [PMID: 38691928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Individual application of sulfide modification and electromagnetic field (EMF) can enhance the reactivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), yet the potential of both in combination is not clear. This work found that the reactivity of nZVI towards decabromodiphenyl ether was significantly enhanced by the combined effect of sulfidation and EMF. The specific reaction rate constant of nZVI increased by 7 to 10 times. A series of characterization results revealed that the sulfidation level not only affects the inherent reactivity but also the magnetic-induced heating (MIH) and corrosion (MIC) of nZVI. These collectively influence the degradation efficiency of nZVI under EMF. Sulfidation generally diminished the MIH effect. The low degree of sulfidation (S/Fe = 0.1) slightly reduced the MIC effect by 21.4%. However, the high degree of sulfidation (S/Fe = 0.4) led to significantly enhanced MIC effect by 107.1%. For S/Fe = 0.1 and 0.4, the overall enhancement in the reactivity resulting from EMF was alternately dominated by the contributions of MIH and MIC. This work provides valuable insights into the MIH and MIC effects about the sulfidation level of nZVI, which is needed for further exploration and optimization of this combined technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Mao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Yongliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yanchun Fan
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Songxiong Zhong
- Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Cun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zeng J, Xu S, Pan J, Huang W, Sun J, Jiang F. Recycling of waste aluminum scraps to fabricate sulfidated zero-valent iron-aluminum particles for enhanced chromate removal. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:650-659. [PMID: 38135428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Massive waste aluminum scraps produced from the spent aluminum products have high electron capacity and can be recycled as an attractive alternative to materials based on zero-valent iron (Fe0) for the removal of oxidative contaminants from wastewater. This study thus proposed an approach to fabricate micron-sized sulfidated zero-valent iron-aluminum particles (S-Al0@Fe0) with high reactivity, electron selectivity and capacity using recycled waste aluminum scraps. S-Al0@Fe0 with a three-layer structure contained zero-valent aluminum (Al0) core, Fe0 middle layer and iron sulfide (FeS) shell. The rates of chromate (Cr(VI)) removal by S-Al0@Fe0 at pH 5.0‒9.0 were 1.6‒5.9 times greater than that by sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-Fe0). The Cr(VI) removal capacity of S-Al0@Fe0 was 8.2-, 11.3- and 46.9-fold greater than those of S-Fe0, zero-valent iron-aluminum (Al0-Fe0) and Fe0, respectively. The chemical cost of S-Al0@Fe0 for the equivalent Cr(VI) removal was 78.5% lower than that of S-Fe0. Negligible release of soluble aluminum during the Cr(VI) removal was observed. The significant enhancement in the reactivity and capacity of S-Al0@Fe0 was partially ascribed to the higher reactivity and electron density of the Al0 core than Fe0. More importantly, S-Al0@Fe0 served as an electric cell to harness the persistent and selective electron transfer from the Al0-Fe0 core to Cr(VI) at the surface via coupling Fe0-Fe2+-Fe3+ redox cycles, resulting in a higher electron utilization efficiency. Therefore, S-Al0@Fe0 fabricated using recycled waste aluminum scraps can be a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to S-Fe0 for the enhanced removal of oxidative contaminants in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiajia Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuqun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianyu Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenzhuo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Chi HY, Zhou XX, Wu MR, Shan WY, Liu JF, Wan JQ, Yan B, Liu R. Regulating the reaction pathway of nZVI to improve the decontamination performance through magnetic spatial confinement effect. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130799. [PMID: 36680900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) shows high effectiveness in the catalyzed removal of contaminants in wastewater treatment. However, the uncontrolled interfacial electron transfer behavior and formation of surface iron oxide (FeOx) layer led to severe electron wasting and occasionally form highly toxic intermediates. Here, we constructed magnetic mesoporous SiO2 shell on surface of nZVI to stimulate a magnetic spatial confinement effect and regulate the electron transfer pattern. Therein, Fe atom facilely spread out from the nZVI core, orderly release electron to surface adsorbed H2O molecule, which is efficiently transformed into active hydrogen (H*). Meanwhile, in-situ Raman revealed that Fe atoms were involved in the formation of penetrable γ-FeOOH rather than FeOx layer, enabling the continuous inward diffusion of H2O and outward diffusion of H* . Employing the catalyzed removal of halogenated phenols as demo reaction, the presence of magnetic mesoporous SiO2 shell utilized the reaction between electrons and H2O to switch the reaction pathway from the reduction/oxidation hybrid process to hydrodehalogantion, and increased the conversion of halogenated phenols-to-phenols by 5.53 times. This study shows the forehand of improving the decontamination performance of nZVI through sophisticated designed surface coating, as well as fine regulating the environmental behavior of magnetic material via micro-magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yuan Chi
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Min-Rong Wu
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wan-Yu Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jing-Fu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jin-Quan Wan
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Wu M, Teng X, Liang X, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Yin Y. Supporting nanoscale zero-valent iron onto shrimp shell-derived N-doped biochar to boost its reactivity and electron utilization for selenite sequestration. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137979. [PMID: 36736475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has been widely used in the reductive removal of contaminants from water, yet it still fights against the inherent passive cover and the raise of medium pH. In this study, nZVI was supported onto a nitrogen-doped biochar (NBC) that was prepared by pyrolyzing shrimp shell for efficiently sequestrating aqueous selenite (Se(IV)). The resultant composite (NBC-nZVI) revealed a higher reactivity and electron utilization efficiency (EUE) than the bare nZVI in Se(IV) sequestration because of the positive charge, the buffering effect and the good conductivity of NBC. The kinetic rate and EUE of NBC-nZVI were increased by 143.4% and 15.3% compared to the bare nZVI, respectively, at initial pH of 3.0. The high removal capacity of 605.4 mg g-1 for NBC-nZVI was obtained at Se(IV) concentration of 1000 mg L-1, initial pH of 3.0, NBC-nZVI dosage of 1.0 g L-1 and contact time of 12 h. Moreover, NBC-nZVI exhibited a strong tolerance to solution pHs and coexisting compounds (e.g., humic acid) and could reduce the Se(IV) concentration from 5.0 mg L-1 to below the limit of drinking water (50 μg L-1) in real-world samples. This work exemplified a utilization of shrimp shell-derived NBC to simultaneously enhance the reactivity and EUE of nZVI for reductively removing contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xingtang Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China
| | - Zuqiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yanzhen Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Materials and Safety Technology, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China.
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Li W, Liang L, Li Y, Tian Y, Chen J, Chen S, Zhang J. Individual effects of different co-existing ions and polystyrene (PS) microplastics on the reactivity of sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) toward EDTA-chelated CdII removal. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhou L, Li Z, Yi Y, Tsang EP, Fang Z. Increasing the electron selectivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron in environmental remediation: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126709. [PMID: 34315021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) have been used for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment due to their high reactivity, high adsorption capacity and nontoxicity. However, side reactions generally occur in tandem with the target contaminants removal process, resulting in poor electron selectivity (ES) of nZVI, and subsequently restricting its commercial application. Major efforts to increase ES of nZVI have been made in recent years. This review's objective is to provide a progress report on the significant developments in nZVI's ES during the past decade. Firstly, the definition of ES and its quantification approaches were documented, and the intrinsic (i.e. particle size, crystallinity, and surface area) and extrinsic factors (i.e. solutions pH, target contaminant concentration, and presence of co-contaminants) affecting the ES of nZVI were reported. The latest techniques for increasing ES were summarized in detail, with reference made to sulfidation, magnetization, carbon loading and other features. Then the mechanisms of those strategies for ES enhancement were described. Finally, some constructive suggestions on future research directions concerning nZVI's ES in the future were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunqiang Yi
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Eric Pokeung Tsang
- Dept. Sci. & Environment Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 00852 Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wang P, Fu F, Liu T. A review of the new multifunctional nano zero-valent iron composites for wastewater treatment: Emergence, preparation, optimization and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131435. [PMID: 34256206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) with high chemical reactivity and environmental friendliness had recently become one of the most efficient technologies for wastewater restoration. However, the unitary NZVI system had not met practical requirements for wastewater treatments. Expectantly, the development of NZVI would prefer multifunctional NZVI-based composites, which could be prepared and optimized by the combined methods and technologies. Consequently, a systematic and comprehensive summary from the perspective of multifunctional NZVI-composite had been conducted. The results demonstrated that the advantages of various systems were integrated by multifunctional NZVI-composite systems with a more significant performance of pollutant removal than those of the bare NZVI and its composites. Simultaneously, characteristics of the product prepared by the incorporation of numerous methods were superior to those by a simple method, resulting in the increase of the entirety efficiency. By comparison with other preparation methods, the ball milling method with higher production and field application potential was worthy of attention. After combining multiple technologies, the effect of NZVI and its composite systems could be dramatically strengthened. Preparation technology parameters and treatment effect of contaminants could be further optimized using more comprehensive experimental designs and mathematical models. The mechanism of the multifunctional NZVI system for contaminants treatment was primarily focused on adsorption, oxidation, reduction and co-precipitation. Multiple techniques were combined to enhance the dispersion, alleviating passivation, accelerating electron transfer efficiency or mass transfer action for optimizing the effect of NZVI composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China; School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fugang Fu
- PowerChina Guiyang Engineering Corporation Limited, 300387, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Tingyi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, PR China.
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Li H, Zhang J, Gu K, Li J. Sulfidation of zerovalent iron for improving the selectivity toward Cr(VI) in oxic water: Involvements of FeS x. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124498. [PMID: 33250310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of the general roles of FeSx in selectivity of zerovalent iron (ZVI) toward target contaminants is of great significance but challenging, especially in oxic water system. Herein, the ZVI amended with Na2S2O3 (i.e., S-ZVINa2S2O3) and Na2S2O4 (i.e., S-ZVINa2S2O4) were applied for the sequestration of Cr(VI) and corresponding FeSx involvements were explored. Results revealed that the largest effect for S-ZVINa2S2O3 and S-ZVINa2S2O4 observed at S/Fe molar ratio of 0.05 were 7.9- and 11.6- folds increase in removal rate (kobs) of Cr(VI), respectively. respectively. Correspondingly, the electron efficiency (EE) of S-ZVI for reducing Cr(VI) were mainly from 2.1- to 2.4- folds greater than that that of the ZVIH2O. Further, this work suggested that the improved selectivity of ZVI toward Cr(VI) by sulfidation should be mainly ascribed to the involvements of FeSx, which could tune the reactive sites and corrosion products of ZVI for synergistically improving the mass transfer of Cr(VI) and subsequent electron transfer from iron core to Cr(VI). Overall, this work offers a new platform for improving ZVI selectivity for water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Kaili Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jinxiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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Recent Advances in Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for the Remediation of Water Resources. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Water resources are of extreme importance for both human society and the environment. However, human activity has increasingly resulted in the contamination of these resources with a wide range of materials that can prevent their use. Nanomaterials provide a possible means to reduce this contamination, but their removal from water after use may be difficult. The addition of a magnetic character to nanomaterials makes their retrieval after use much easier. The following review comprises a short survey of the most recent reports in this field. It comprises five sections, an introduction into the theme, reports on single magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic nanocomposites containing two of more nanomaterials, magnetic nanocomposites containing material of a biologic origin and finally, observations about the reported research with a view to future developments. This review should provide a snapshot of developments in what is a vibrant and fast-moving area of research.
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