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Xie Y, Zhang H, Cui B, Geng R, Grossart HP, Xiao P, Zuo J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang G, Wang X, Ma Z, Li R. Enhanced inhibitory efficiency against toxic bloom forming Raphidiopsis raciborskii by Streptomyces sp. HY through triple algicidal modes: Direct and indirect attacks combined with bioflocculation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135152. [PMID: 39047554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Raphidiopsis raciborskii (R. raciborskii) forms harmful cyanobacterial blooms globally, and poses a great threat to the safety of drinking water and public health. There is a great need to develop eco-friendly biological alternative measures to mitigate mass blooms of R. raciborskii. However, previous rare studies on algicidal microorganisms against R. raciborskii restricted this aim. Recently, an algicidal bacterium Streptomyces sp. HY (designated HY) was identified with flavones producing ability, and could remove up to 98.73 % of R. raciborskii biomass within 48 h by directly attacking the cyanobacterium and release of algicidal substances (i.e., flavonoids) with a inoculum ratio of 5 %. Algicidal rate of HY was enhanced by 88.05 %, 89.33 % under dark and light, and full-light conditions respectively, when compared with the dark condition. Its algicidal substances were stable in a broad range of temperature (-80-55 °C) and pH (3-11) conditions, and all treated groups exhibited ≈ 100 % algicidal rate at day 3. HY treatment disrupted the photosynthesis system and triggered serious oxidative stress resulting in severe morphological injury. Thereby, HY treatment significantly affected expression levels of several essential genes (i.e., psbA, psaB, rbcL, ftsZ, recA, grpE), and simultaneously inhibited the biosynthesis and release of cylindrospermopsin. Yet, HY treatment didn't show any toxicity to zebrafish test embryos. Such results indicate that HY is a promising algicidal candidate strain to control global R. raciborskii blooms, and holds great promises for an effective biological measure to sustain water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - He Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Baiyu Cui
- Wenzhou Shanxi Hydro-junction Management Center, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ruozhen Geng
- Research Center for Monitoring and Environmental Sciences, Taihu Basin & East China Sea Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Authority, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People' s Republic of China, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin 16775, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Peng Xiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jun Zuo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Zeshuang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Zengling Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Kopriva S, Rahimzadeh Karvansara P, Takahashi H. Adaptive modifications in plant sulfur metabolism over evolutionary time. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4697-4711. [PMID: 38841807 PMCID: PMC11350084 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an essential element for life on Earth. Plants are able to take up and utilize sulfate (SO42-), the most oxidized inorganic form of S compounds on Earth, through the reductive S assimilatory pathway that couples with photosynthetic energy conversion. Organic S compounds are subsequently synthesized in plants and made accessible to animals, primarily as the amino acid methionine. Thus, plant S metabolism clearly has nutritional importance in the global food chain. S metabolites may be part of redox regulation and drivers of essential metabolic pathways as cofactors and prosthetic groups, such as Fe-S centers, CoA, thiamine, and lipoic acid. The evolution of the S metabolic pathways and enzymes reflects the critical importance of functional innovation and diversifications. Here we review the major evolutionary alterations that took place in S metabolism across different scales and outline research directions that may take advantage of understanding the evolutionary adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Parisa Rahimzadeh Karvansara
- Institute of Molecular Photosynthesis, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Chowdhury RR, Grosso MF, Gadara DC, Spáčil Z, Vidová V, Sovadinová I, Babica P. Cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin disrupts lipid homeostasis and metabolism in a 3D in vitro model of the human liver. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 397:111046. [PMID: 38735451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin, a potent hepatotoxin produced by harmful cyanobacterial blooms, poses environmental and human health concerns. We used a 3D human liver in vitro model based on spheroids of HepG2 cells, in combination with molecular and biochemical assays, automated imaging, targeted LC-MS-based proteomics, and lipidomics, to explore cylindrospermopsin effects on lipid metabolism and the processes implicated in hepatic steatosis. Cylindrospermopsin (1 μM, 48 h) did not significantly affect cell viability but partially reduced albumin secretion. However, it increased neutral lipid accumulation in HepG2 spheroids while decreasing phospholipid levels. Simultaneously, cylindrospermopsin upregulated genes for lipogenesis regulation (SREBF1) and triacylglycerol synthesis (DGAT1/2) and downregulated genes for fatty acid synthesis (ACLY, ACCA, FASN, SCD1). Fatty acid uptake, oxidation, and lipid efflux genes were not significantly affected. Targeted proteomics revealed increased levels of perilipin 2 (adipophilin), a major hepatocyte lipid droplet-associated protein. Lipid profiling quantified 246 lipid species in the spheroids, with 28 significantly enriched and 15 downregulated by cylindrospermopsin. Upregulated species included neutral lipids, sphingolipids (e.g., ceramides and dihexosylceramides), and some glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines), while phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylinositols were mostly reduced. It suggests that cylindrospermopsin exposures might contribute to developing and progressing towards hepatic steatosis or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riju Roy Chowdhury
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Felipe Grosso
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zdeněk Spáčil
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vidová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Sovadinová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Yang S, Cao J, Zhao C, Zhang X, Li C, Wang S, Yang X, Qiu Z, Li C, Wang J, Xue B, Shen Z. Cylindrospermopsin enhances the conjugative transfer of plasmid-mediated multi-antibiotic resistance genes through glutathione biosynthesis inhibition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116288. [PMID: 38581909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a cyanobacterial toxin, has been detected in the global water environment. However, information concerning the potential environmental risk of CYN is limited, since the majority of previous studies have mainly focused on the adverse health effects of CYN through contaminated drinking water. The present study reported that CYN at environmentally relevant levels (0.1-100 μg/L) can significantly enhance the conjugative transfer of RP4 plasmid in Escherichia coli genera, wherein application of 10 μg/L of CYN led to maximum fold change of ∼6.5- fold at 16 h of exposure. Meanwhile, evaluation of underlying mechanisms revealed that environmental concentration of CYN exposure could increase oxidative stress in the bacterial cells, resulting in ROS overproduction. In turn, this led to an upregulation of antioxidant enzyme-related genes to avoid ROS attack. Further, inhibition of the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) was also detected, which led to the rapid depletion of GSH in cells and thus triggered the SOS response and promoted the conjugative transfer process. Increase in cell membrane permeability, upregulation of expression of genes related to pilus generation, ATP synthesis, and RP4 gene expression were also observed. These results highlight the potential impact on the spread of antimicrobial resistance in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuran Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jinrui Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Chao Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bin Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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He Z, Chen Y, Gao J, Xu Y, Zhou X, Yang R, Geng R, Li R, Yu G. Comparative toxicology of algal cell extracts and pure cyanotoxins: insights into toxic effects and mechanisms of harmful cyanobacteria Raphidiopsis raciborskii. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 135:102635. [PMID: 38830716 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Ongoing research on cyanotoxins, driven by the socioeconomic impact of harmful algal blooms, emphasizes the critical necessity of elucidating the toxicological profiles of algal cell extracts and pure toxins. This study comprehensively compares Raphidiopsis raciborskii dissolved extract (RDE) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) based on Daphnia magna assays. Both RDE and CYN target vital organs and disrupt reproduction, development, and digestion, thereby causing acute and chronic toxicity. Disturbances in locomotion, reduced behavioral activity, and weakened swimming capability in D. magna have also been reported for both RDE and CYN, indicating the insufficiency of conventional toxicity evaluation parameters for distinguishing between the toxic effects of algal extracts and pure cyanotoxins. Additionally, chemical profiling revealed the presence of highly active tryptophan-, humic acid-, and fulvic acid-like fluorescence compounds in the RDE, along with the active constituents of CYN, within a 15-day period, demonstrating the chemical complexity and dynamics of the RDE. Transcriptomics was used to further elucidate the distinct molecular mechanisms of RDE and CYN. They act diversely in terms of cytotoxicity, involving oxidative stress and response, protein content, and energy metabolism, and demonstrate distinct modes of action in neurofunctions. In essence, this study underscores the distinct toxicity mechanisms of RDE and CYN and emphasizes the necessity for context- and objective-specific toxicity assessments, advocating nuanced approaches to evaluate the ecological and health implications of cyanotoxins, thereby contributing to the precision of environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshi He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Youxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yewei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinya Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruozhen Geng
- Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Taihu Basin & East China Sea Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Bureau, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai 200125, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Fritz SA, Charnas S, Ensley S. Blue Green Algae. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:121-132. [PMID: 38000985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue green algae cyanotoxins have become increasingly more prevalent due to environmental, industrial, and agricultural changes that promote their growth into harmful algal blooms. Animals are usually exposed via water used for drinking or bathing, though specific cases related to equines are very limited. The toxic dose for horses has not been determined, and currently only experimental data in other animals can be relied upon to aid in case interpretation and treatment. Treatment is mostly limited to supportive care, and preventative control methods to limit exposures are more likely to aid in animal health until more research has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Fritz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1620 Denison Avenue, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Savannah Charnas
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Steve Ensley
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1620 Denison Avenue, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Laux M, Piroupo CM, Setubal JC, Giani A. The Raphidiopsis (= Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii pangenome updated: Two new metagenome-assembled genomes from the South American clade. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102518. [PMID: 37951618 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Two Raphidiopsis (=Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered from two freshwater metagenomic datasets sampled in 2011 and 2012 in Pampulha Lake, a hypereutrophic, artificial, shallow reservoir, located in the city of Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil. Since the late 1970s, the lake has undergone increasing eutrophication pressure, due to wastewater input, leading to the occurrence of frequent cyanobacterial blooms. The major difference observed between PAMP2011 and PAMP2012 MAGs was the lack of the saxitoxin gene cluster in PAMP2012, which also presented a smaller genome, while PAMP2011 presented the complete sxt cluster and all essential proteins and clusters. The pangenome analysis was performed with all Raphidiopsis/Cylindrospermopsis genomes available at NCBI to date, with the addition of PAMP2011 and PAMP2012 MAGs (All33 subset), but also without the South American strains (noSA subset), and only among the South American strains (SA10 and SA8 subsets). We observed a substantial increase in the core genome size for the 'noSA' subset, in comparison to 'All33' subset, and since the core genome reflects the closeness among the pangenome members, the results strongly suggest that the conservation level of the essential gene repertoire seems to be affected by the geographic origin of the strains being analyzed, supporting the existence of a distinct SA clade. The Raphidiopsis pangenome comprised a total of 7943 orthologous protein clusters, and the two new MAGs increased the pangenome size by 11%. The pangenome based phylogenetic relationships among the 33 analyzed genomes showed that the SA genomes clustered together with 99% bootstrap support, reinforcing the metabolic particularity of the Raphidiopsis South American clade, related to its saxitoxin producing unique ability, while also indicating a different evolutionary history due to its geographic isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele Laux
- Department of Botany, Phycology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Morais Piroupo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Setubal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Department of Botany, Phycology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Wyatt PB, Nunn PB, Cox PA. A Direct Analysis of β- N-methylamino-l-alanine Enantiomers and Isomers and Its Application to Cyanobacteria and Marine Mollusks. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:639. [PMID: 37999501 PMCID: PMC10674937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the wide variety of toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, the neurotoxic amino acid β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has attracted attention as a result of its association with chronic human neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's. Consequently, specific detection methods are required to assess the presence of BMAA and its isomers in environmental and clinical materials, including cyanobacteria and mollusks. Although the separation of isomers such as β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA), N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) from BMAA has been demonstrated during routine analysis, a further compounding factor is the potential presence of enantiomers for some of these isomers. Current analytical methods for BMAA mostly do not discriminate between enantiomers, and the chiral configuration of BMAA in cyanobacteria is still largely unexplored. To understand the potential for the occurrence of D-BMAA in cyanobacteria, a chiral UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to separate BMAA enantiomers and isomers and to determine the enantiomeric configuration of endogenous free BMAA in a marine Lyngbya mat and two mussel reference materials. After extraction, purification and derivatization with N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-l-phenylalanine 2-methoxyethyl ester ((S)-NIFE), both L- and D-BMAA were identified as free amino acids in cyanobacterial materials, whereas only L-BMAA was identified in mussel tissues. The finding of D-BMAA in biological environmental materials raises questions concerning the source and role of BMAA enantiomers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Peter B. Wyatt
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Peter B. Nunn
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Paul A. Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
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Thawabteh AM, Naseef HA, Karaman D, Bufo SA, Scrano L, Karaman R. Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:582. [PMID: 37756009 PMCID: PMC10535532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Hani A Naseef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Valencia-Cárdenas D, Tavares TS, Silveira R, Brandão CCS, Soares RM, Ginoris YP. Evaluation of the Removal and Effects of Cylindrospermopsin on Ripened Slow Sand Filters. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:543. [PMID: 37755969 PMCID: PMC10536468 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of toxic blooms of cyanobacteria has been a matter of public health interest due to the cyanotoxins produced by these microorganisms. Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin of particular concern due to its toxic effects on humans. This study investigated the removal and effects of CYN in ripened slow sand filters (SSFs) treating water from Paranoá Lake, Brasilia, Brazil. Four pilot-scale SSFs were ripened and operated for 74 days. Two contamination peaks with CYN were applied along the filtration run. The improvement of any of the evaluated water quality parameters was not affected by the presence of CYN in the raw water. The SSFs efficiently removed CYN, presenting concentrations lower than 0.8 µg/L in the filtered water. The microbiota of the SSFs were dominated by protozoa of the genus Euglypha and amoebas of the genera Arcella, Centropyxis, and Amoeba, together with some groups of rotifers. These microorganisms played a crucial role in removing total coliforms and E. coli. In addition, CYN was not identified as a determining factor in the microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Valencia-Cárdenas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (T.S.T.); (R.S.); (C.C.S.B.); (R.M.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yovanka Pérez Ginoris
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (T.S.T.); (R.S.); (C.C.S.B.); (R.M.S.)
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11
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Feng J, Li X, Manzi HP, Kiki C, Lin L, Hong J, Zheng W, Zhang C, Wang S, Zeng Q, Sun Q. Chlorination of microcystin-LR in natural water: Kinetics, transformation products, and genotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117774. [PMID: 36989953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a type of cyanotoxin commonly found in natural water bodies (sources of drinking water), poses a threat to human health due to its high toxicity. It is essential to successfully remove this cyanotoxin from drinking water sources. In this study, chlorine was used to oxidize MC-LR in Milli-Q water (MQ) (control test) and natural water collected from Lake Longhu (LLW) as a drinking water source. The removal efficiency, proposed transformation pathways, and genotoxicity were investigated. In the chlorine dose range investigated (4.0 mg L-1 - 8.0 mg L-1), the apparent second-order rate constants for MC-LR chlorination varied from 21.3 M-1s-1 to 31.9 M-1s-1 in MQ, higher than that in LLW (9.06 M-1s-1 to 17.7 M-1s-1) due to a faster chlorine decay attributed to the water matrix (e.g., natural organic matter) of LLW. Eleven transformation products (TPs) of MC-LR were identified in the two waters. The conjugated diene moieties and benzene ring of Adda moiety (3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid), and the double bond of Mdha moiety (N-methyldehydroalanine) were the major susceptible reaction sites. Attacking unsaturated bonds by hydroxyl and chlorine radicals to generate monochloro-hydroxy-MC-LR was the primary initial transformation pathway, followed by nucleophilic substitution, dehydration, and cleavage in MC-LR. Chlorine substitution on the benzene ring was also observed. Based on the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames assay), TPs in treated natural water did not induce genotoxicity/mutagenicity. These findings shed light on the role of chlorination in controlling the risk of cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Habasi Patrick Manzi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Claude Kiki
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiaxing Hong
- Fujian Jinjin Water Supply Co., LTD, Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Wenzhen Zheng
- Fujian Jinjin Water Supply Co., LTD, Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qiaoting Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Plata-Calzado C, Diez-Quijada L, Medrano-Padial C, Prieto AI, Cameán AM, Jos A. In Vitro Mutagenic and Genotoxic Assessment of Anatoxin-a Alone and in Combination with Cylindrospermopsin. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:458. [PMID: 37505727 PMCID: PMC10467140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anatoxin-a (ATX-a) is a cyanobacterial toxin whose occurrence has been reported worldwide and has attracted increasing scientific interest due to its toxicity. Moreover, in nature, ATX-a usually appears together with other cyanotoxins, such as cylindrospermopsin (CYN), so possible interaction phenomena could happen and should be considered for risk assessment purposes. For this reason, the aim of this work was to explore the potential mutagenicity and genotoxicity of pure ATX-a and an ATX-a/CYN mixture using a battery of in vitro assays, including the bacterial reverse-mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium (OECD 471) and the micronucleus test (MN) (OECD 487) on L5178Y Tk+/- cells. The results showed that ATX-a was not mutagenic either alone or in combination with CYN under the conditions tested. Nevertheless, genotoxic effects were observed for both ATX-a and its mixture with CYN following the in vitro MN assay. The genotoxicity exhibited by ATX-a was only observed in the absence of S9 mix, whereas in the cyanotoxin mixture the concentration-dependent genotoxicity of ATX-a/CYN in vitro was observed only in the presence of S9. Thus, the toxicity induced by cyanotoxin mixtures may vary from that produced by toxins alone, and consequently more studies are necessary in order to perform more realistic risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana I. Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.P.-C.); (L.D.-Q.); (C.M.-P.); (A.M.C.)
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Hinojosa MG, Cascajosa-Lira A, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Vasconcelos V, Jos A, Cameán AM. Cytotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress Produced by a Cyanobacterial Cylindrospermopsin Producer Extract versus a Cylindrospermopsin Non-Producing Extract on the Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050320. [PMID: 37235355 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and interest of cyanobacteria are increasing nowadays because they are able to produce some toxic secondary metabolites known as cyanotoxins. Among them, the presence of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is especially relevant, as it seems to cause damage at different levels in the organisms: the nervous system being the one most recently reported. Usually, the effects of the cyanotoxins are studied, but not those exerted by cyanobacterial biomass. The aim of the present study was to assess the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress generation of one cyanobacterial extract of R. raciborskii non-containing CYN (CYN-), and compare its effects with those exerted by a cyanobacterial extract of C. ovalisporum containing CYN (CYN+) in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Moreover, the analytical characterization of potential cyanotoxins and their metabolites that are present in both extracts of these cultures was also carried out using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, in tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS). The results show a reduction of cell viability concentration- and time-dependently after 24 and 48 h of exposure with CYN+ being five times more toxic than CYN-. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased with time (0-24 h) and CYN concentration (0-1.11 µg/mL). However, this rise was only obtained after the highest concentrations and times of exposure to CYN-, while this extract also caused a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, which might be an indication of the compensation of the oxidative stress response. This study is the first one performed in vitro comparing the effects of CYN+ and CYN-, which highlights the importance of studying toxic features in their natural scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicología, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Cascajosa-Lira
- Area of Toxicología, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicología, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicología, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-159 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicología, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicología, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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He Z, Chen Y, Huo D, Gao J, Xu Y, Yang R, Yang Y, Yu G. Combined methods elucidate the multi-organ toxicity of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) on Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121250. [PMID: 36813104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global water bodies are now at risk from inevitable cyanobacterial blooms and their production of multiple cyanotoxins, in particular cylindrospermopsin (CYN). However, research on the CYN toxicity and its molecular mechanisms is still limited, whilst the responses of aquatic species against CYN are uncovered. By integrating behavioral observations, chemical detections and transcriptome analysis, this study demonstrated that CYN exerted multi-organ toxicity to model species, Daphnia magna. The present study confirmed that CYN could cause protein inhibition by undermining total protein contents, and altered the gene expression related to proteolysis. Meantime, CYN induced oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreasing the glutathione (GSH) concentration, and interfered with protoheme formation process molecularly. Neurotoxicity led by CYN was solidly determined by abnormal swimming patterns, reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and downward expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM). Importantly, for the first time, this research determined CYN directly interfered with energy metabolism in cladocerans. CYN distinctively reduced filtration and ingestion rate by targeting on heart and thoracic limbs, which declined the energy intake, and could be further displayed by the reduction of motional strength and the trypsin concentration. These phenotypic alterations were supported by transcriptomic profile, including the down-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Moreover, CYN was speculated to trigger the self-defense responses of D. magna, known as "abandon-ship" by moderating lipid metabolism and distribution. This study, overall, comprehensively demonstrated the CYN toxicity and the responses of D. magna against it, which is of great significance to the advancements of CYN toxicity knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshi He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jin Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yewei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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15
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Casas-Rodríguez A, Cebadero-Dominguez Ó, Puerto M, Cameán AM, Jos A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Cylindrospermopsin in Human T Cells and Monocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040301. [PMID: 37104239 PMCID: PMC10146592 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin with an increasing occurrence, and therefore it is important to elucidate its toxicity profile. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin, although the scientific literature has already revealed that it affects a wide range of organs and systems. However, research on its potential immunotoxicity is still limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of CYN on two human cell lines representative of the immune system: THP-1 (monocytes) and Jurkat (lymphocytes). CYN reduced cell viability, leading to mean effective concentrations (EC50 24 h) of 6.00 ± 1.04 µM and 5.20 ± 1.20 µM for THP-1 and Jurkat cells, respectively, and induced cell death mainly by apoptosis in both experimental models. Moreover, CYN decreased the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages after 48 h of exposure. In addition, an up-regulation of the mRNA expression of different cytokines, such as interleukin (IL) 2, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ), was also observed mainly after 24 h exposure in both cell lines. However, only an increase in TNF-α in THP-1 supernatants was observed by ELISA. Overall, these results suggest the immunomodulatory activity of CYN in vitro. Therefore, further research is required to evaluate the impact of CYN on the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
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16
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Hernandez BY, Zhu X, Nagata M, Loo L, Chan O, Wong LL. Cyanotoxin exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Toxicology 2023; 487:153470. [PMID: 36863303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in aquatic and terrestrial environments worldwide and include a number of species producing tumor-promoting hepatotoxins. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins primarily occurs though ingestion of contaminated drinking water and food sources. In a Northeast U.S. population, we recently reported an independent association of oral cyanobacteria with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In a cross-sectional study of 55 HCC patients in Hawaii, U.S.A., serum microcystin/nodularin (MC/NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and anabaenopeptin (AB) were measured by ELISA. In a subset of 16 patients, cyanotoxin levels were compared by tumor expression of over 700 genes analyzed via the Nanostring nCounter Fibrosis panel. MC/NOD, CYN, and AB were detected in all HCC patients. MC/NOD and CYN levels significantly varied by etiology with the highest levels in cases attributed to metabolic risk factors, specifically, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cyanotoxin levels were significantly positively correlated with tumor expression of genes functioning in PPAR signaling and lipid metabolism. Our study provides novel albeit limited evidence that cyanotoxins may a role in the pathogenesis of HCC through the dysregulation of lipid metabolism and progression of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, United States.
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Michelle Nagata
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Lenora Loo
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - O Chan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Linda L Wong
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Seo Y, Yoon Y, Lee M, Jang M, Kim TH, Kim Y, Yoo HY, Min J, Lee T. Rapid electrochemical biosensor composed of DNA probe/iridium nanoparticle bilayer for Aphanizomenon flos-aquae detection in fresh water. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113218. [PMID: 36871331 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and require adequate detection and control systems. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a harmful cyanobacterium that produces the toxicant saxitoxin. Therefore, it is necessary to detect the presence of A. flos-aquae in lakes and rivers. We proposed a rapid electrochemical biosensor composed of DNA primer/iridium nanoparticles (IrNP) bilyer for the detection of A. flos-aquae in freshwater. The extracted A. flos-aquae gene (rbcL-rbcX) is used as a target, and it was fixed to the electrode using a 5'-thiolated DNA primer (capture probe). Then, Avidin@IrNPs complex for amplification of electrical signals was bound to the target through a 3'-biotinylated DNA primer (detection probe). To rapidly detect the target, an alternating current electrothermal flow technique was introduced in the detection step, which could reduce the detection time to within 20 min. To confirm the biosensor fabrication, atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the surface morphology. To evaluate the biosensor performance, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used. The target gene was detected at a concentration of 9.99 pg/mL in tap water, and the detection range was 0.1 ng/mL to 103 ng/mL with high selectivity. Based on the combined system, we employed A. flos-aquae in tap water. This rapid cyanobacteria detection system is a powerful tool for CyanoHABs in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoseph Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungro Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonbong Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun 2-Gil, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Zheng L, Liu Y, Li R, Yang Y, Jiang Y. Recent Advances in the Ecology of Bloom-Forming Raphidiopsis ( Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii: Expansion in China, Intraspecific Heterogeneity and Critical Factors for Invasion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1984. [PMID: 36767351 PMCID: PMC9915880 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water blooms caused by the invasive cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii occur in many reservoirs in the tropical and subtropical regions of China. In recent decades, this species has spread rapidly to temperate regions. Phenotypic plasticity and climate warming are thought to promote the worldwide dispersion of R. raciborskii. However, investigations into the genetic and phenotypic diversities of this species have revealed significant intraspecific heterogeneity. In particular, competition between R. raciborskii and Microcystis aeruginosa was highly strain dependent. Although the concept of an ecotype was proposed to explain the heterogeneity of R. raciborskii strains with different geographic origins, microevolution is more reasonable for understanding the coexistence of different phenotypes and genotypes in the same environment. It has been suggested that intraspecific heterogeneity derived from microevolution is a strong driving force for the expansion of R. raciborskii. Additionally, temperature, nutrient fluctuations, and grazer disturbance are critical environmental factors that affect the population establishment of R. raciborskii in new environments. The present review provides new insights into the ecological mechanisms underlying the invasion of R. raciborskii in Chinese freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Shi Y, Li J, Huang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Chen C, Li R. Specific Adsorption and Efficient Degradation of Cylindrospermopsin on Oxygen-Vacancy Sites of BiOBr. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
| | - Di Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Xiawei Wang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
| | - Yingping Huang
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
| | - Chuncheng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Ruiping Li
- College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang443002, China
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Constante JS, Khateeb JEA, Souza APDE, Conter FU, Lehmann M, Yunes JS, Dihl RR. In vitro and in silico assessment of cytotoxicity and chromosome instability induced by saxitoxin in human derived neural cell line. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20220029. [PMID: 36477823 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220220029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In freshwater, saxitoxins (STX) are produced by different cyanobacteria genera, including Raphidiopsis. Data regarding cytogenotoxicity effects of STX on human cells are scarse, this merit further studies of its toxicology. This study assessed the cytotoxicity and the chromosome instability of STX on SHSY-5Y human cell line. The CBMN assay allows the detection of chromosome breaks and abnormal chromosomal segregation. Additionally, in silico systems biology approach, used to search for known and predicted interaction networks, was applied to study the interactions between STX and SHSY-5Y cellular components. The results of the CBMN assay demonstrated that STX concentrations of 2.5 - 10 µg/L induced cytostasis and chromosome instability in a dose-response relationship. Apoptosis was detected after exposure of SHSY-5Y cultured cells to STX concentration of 10 µg/L. The results of the systems biology analysis revealed the interaction of STX with proteins related with acetylcoline pathway, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Furthermore, combining the in vitro and in silico approachs, it was possible to suggest a mechanism of action of STX in SHSY-5Y cells. Overall, the data demonstrated the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of STX. These results should be considered when setting up guidelines for monitoring STX in water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliany S Constante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Laboratório de Análise Tóxico-Genética Celular, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Al Khateeb
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Laboratório de Análise Tóxico-Genética Celular, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula DE Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Laboratório de Análise Tóxico-Genética Celular, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe U Conter
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 5° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lehmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Laboratório de Análise Tóxico-Genética Celular, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - João S Yunes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Instituto de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Cianobactérias e Ficotoxinas, Av. Itália, Km 8, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Dihl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Laboratório de Análise Tóxico-Genética Celular, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Prédio 22, 4° andar, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, 8001, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brazil
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Subchronic Oral Cylindrospermopsin Exposure Alters the Host Gut Microbiome and Is Associated with Progressive Hepatic Inflammation, Stellate Cell Activation, and Mild Fibrosis in a Preclinical Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120835. [PMID: 36548732 PMCID: PMC9785749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported a strong association between liver injury and incidences of hepatocellular carcinoma in sections of humans globally. Several preclinical studies have shown a strong link between cyanotoxin exposure and the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a precursor of hepatocellular carcinoma. Among the emerging threats from cyanotoxins, new evidence shows cylindrospermopsin release in freshwater lakes. A known hepatotoxin in higher concentrations, we examined the possible role of cylindrospermopsin in causing host gut dysbiosis and its association with liver pathology in a mouse model of toxico-pharmacokinetics and hepatic pathology. The results showed that oral exposure to cylindrospermopsin caused decreased diversity of gut bacteria phyla accompanied by an increased abundance of Clostridioides difficile and decreased abundance of probiotic flora such as Roseburia, Akkermanssia, and Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, a signature most often associated with intestinal and hepatic pathology and underlying gastrointestinal disease. The altered gut dysbiosis was also associated with increased Claudin2 protein in the intestinal lumen, a marker of gut leaching and endotoxemia. The study of liver pathology showed marked liver inflammation, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, and activation of toll-like receptors, a hallmark of consistent and progressive liver damage. Hepatic pathology was also linked to increased Kupffer cell activation and stellate cell activation, markers of progressive liver damage often linked to the development of liver fibrosis and carcinoma. In conclusion, the present study provides additional evidence of cylindrospermopsin-linked progressive liver pathology that may be very well-linked to gut dysbiosis, though definitive evidence involving this link needs to be studied further.
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Zuo J, Tan F, Zhang H, Xue Y, Grossart HP, Jeppesen E, Xiao P, Chen H, Yang J. Interaction between Raphidiopsis raciborskii and rare bacterial species revealed by dilution-to-extinction experiments. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102350. [PMID: 36470605 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between heterotrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria regulate the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and are thus crucial for the prediction and management of cyanobacterial blooms in relation to water security. Currently, abundant bacterial species are of primary concern, while the role of more diverse and copious rare species remains largely unknown. Using a dilution-to-extinction approach, rare bacterial species from reservoir water were co-cultured with the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii in the lab to explore their interactions by using Phyto-PAM and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. We found that a ≤1000-fold bacterial dilution led to bacteria control of the growth and photosynthesis of R. raciborskii. Moreover, the bacterial community compositions in the low-dilution groups were clearly diverged from the high-dilution groups. Importantly, rare species changed dramatically in the low-dilution groups, resulting in lower phylogenetic diversity and narrower niche width. The network complexity and compositional stability of bacterial communities decreased in the low-dilution groups. Collectively, our results suggest that rare bacterial species inhibit R. raciborskii growth and photosynthesis through microbial interactions mediated by species coexistence and interaction mechanisms. Our study provides new knowledge of the ecological role of rare bacteria and offers new perspectives for understanding the outbreak and regression of R. raciborskii blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zuo
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fengjiao Tan
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongteng Zhang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin 16775, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, Beijing 100049, China; Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin 33731, Turkey
| | - Peng Xiao
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Rattner BA, Wazniak CE, Lankton JS, McGowan PC, Drovetski SV, Egerton TA. Review of harmful algal bloom effects on birds with implications for avian wildlife in the Chesapeake Bay region. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 120:102319. [PMID: 36470599 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Chesapeake Bay, along the mid-Atlantic coast of North America, is the largest estuary in the United States and provides critical habitat for wildlife. In contrast to point and non-point source release of pesticides, metals, and industrial, personal care and household use chemicals on biota in this watershed, there has only been scant attention to potential exposure and effects of algal toxins on wildlife in the Chesapeake Bay region. As background, we first review the scientific literature on algal toxins and harmful algal bloom (HAB) events in various regions of the world that principally affected birds, and to a lesser degree other wildlife. To examine the situation for the Chesapeake, we compiled information from government reports and databases summarizing wildlife mortality events for 2000 through 2020 that were associated with potentially toxic algae and HAB events. Summary findings indicate that there have been few wildlife mortality incidents definitively linked to HABs, other mortality events that were suspected to be related to HABs, and more instances in which HABs may have indirectly contributed to or occurred coincident with wildlife mortality. The dominant toxins found in the Chesapeake Bay drainage that could potentially affect wildlife are microcystins, with concentrations in water approaching or exceeding human-based thresholds for ceasing recreational use and drinking water at a number of locations. As an increasing trend in HAB events in the U.S. and in the Chesapeake Bay have been reported, additional information on HAB toxin exposure routes, comparative sensitivity among species, consequences of sublethal exposure, and better diagnostic and risk criteria would greatly assist in predicting algal toxin hazard and risks to wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Catherine E Wazniak
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Resource Assessment Service, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
| | - Julia S Lankton
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Peter C McGowan
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
| | - Serguei V Drovetski
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center at the Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Todd A Egerton
- Virginia Department of Health, Division of Shellfish Safety and Waterborne Hazards, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
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24
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Casas Rodríguez A, Diez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Jos A, Cameán AM. Effect of cold food storage techniques on the contents of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113507. [PMID: 36334728 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and Microcystins (MCs) in vegetables is considered as a significant worldwide toxicological risk. Thus, this work aims to assess for the first time the impact of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (-20 °C) on the levels of CYN, MCs and their mixtures (CYN + MCs) in lettuce and spinach. Samples were spiked with 750 μg cyanotoxins/g dry weight (d.w.). Several storage conditions were studied: refrigeration after 24, 48 h and 7 days, and freezing for 7 days, 1 and 3 months. Cyanotoxin concentrations were determined by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). For CYN, refrigeration at 48 h and 7 days was effective to decrease its concentrations up to 26% and 32%, respectively, in spinach. For MCs, refrigeration was only effective in lettuce compared to spinach, showing an important decrease of 80.3% MC-LR and 85.1% MC-YR. In spinach, CYN was stable after 3 months freezing, whereas MC contents were still reduced up to 44%. Overall, cyanotoxins were less stable in the mixture compared to individual toxins for both processes, and the effect of these storage techniques were toxin and food-specific. Further studies of cyanotoxins in foods are required for evaluating the risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casas Rodríguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain.
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
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25
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Svirčev Z, Chen L, Sántha K, Drobac Backović D, Šušak S, Vulin A, Palanački Malešević T, Codd GA, Meriluoto J. A review and assessment of cyanobacterial toxins as cardiovascular health hazards. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2829-2863. [PMID: 35997789 PMCID: PMC9395816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophicated waters frequently support bloom-forming cyanobacteria, many of which produce potent cyanobacterial toxins (cyanotoxins). Cyanotoxins can cause adverse health effects in a wide range of organisms where the toxins may target the liver, other internal organs, mucous surfaces and the skin and nervous system. This review surveyed more than 100 studies concerning the cardiovascular toxicity of cyanotoxins and related topics. Over 60 studies have described various negative effects on the cardiovascular system by seven major types of cyanotoxins, i.e. the microcystin (MC), nodularin (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), guanitoxin (GNTX), saxitoxin (STX) and lyngbyatoxin (LTX) groups. Much of the research was done on rodents and fish using high, acutely toxin concentrations and unnatural exposure routes (such as intraperitoneal injection), and it is thus concluded that the emphasis in future studies should be on oral, chronic exposure of mammalian species at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is also suggested that future in vivo studies are conducted in parallel with studies on cells and tissues. In the light of the presented evidence, it is likely that cyanotoxins do not constitute a major risk to cardiovascular health under ordinary conditions met in everyday life. The risk of illnesses in other organs, in particular the liver, is higher under the same exposure conditions. However, adverse cardiovascular effects can be expected due to indirect effects arising from damage in other organs. In addition to risks related to extraordinary concentrations of the cyanotoxins and atypical exposure routes, chronic exposure together with co-existing diseases could make some of the cyanotoxins more dangerous to cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Kinga Sántha
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stamenko Šušak
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vulin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, UNS, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, UNS, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Hernandez BY, Biggs J, Zhu X, Sotto P, Nagata M, Mendez AJP, Paulino Y. Environmental Exposure to Cyanobacteria Hepatotoxins in a Pacific Island Community: A Cross-Sectional Assessment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081607. [PMID: 36014026 PMCID: PMC9412653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of secondary metabolites, including tumor-promoting hepatotoxins. We recently reported evidence of an independent association between oral cyanobacteria and hepatocellular carcinoma in a U.S. population. We sought to characterize the nature, sources, and health correlates of cyanotoxin exposure in the U.S. Pacific Island territory of Guam, which has a high incidence of liver cancer. (2) Methods: Seventy-four adult males and females were enrolled in a cross-sectional study to quantify cyanotoxins in saliva, urine, and blood and their correlation with health behaviors, medical history, and environmental exposures. Plant samples were collected from locations throughout the island. Microcystin/nodularin (MC/NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and anabaenopeptin (AB) were measured in biospecimens and in plant extracts by ELISA. (3) Results: Overall, among study participants MC/NOD were detected in 53.9% of saliva, 7.5% of urine, and 100% of serum.; CYN in 40.0% of saliva, 100.0% of urine, and 70.4% of serum; AB in 30.8% of saliva, 85% of urine, and 92.6% of serum. Salivary MC/NOD levels were significantly higher in individuals using municipal tap water as their primary source of drinking water; both salivary and urinary MC/NOD levels were higher in those not using store-bought/commercial water. Urine MC/NOD levels were highest among individuals consuming fruits and vegetables exclusively from local sources. Urine MC/NOD levels were elevated in individuals with hypertension and hyperlipidemia and salivary MC/NOD in those with recent alcohol consumption. Cyanotoxins were prevalent in plant samples including MC/NOD (46.6%), CYN (35.1%), and AB (51.7%). (4) Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that exposure to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, including tumor promoters, may be prevalent in Guam and may originate from environmental sources. Population-based epidemiologic studies are needed to investigate the role of cyanotoxins in liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y. Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-808-586-2992
| | - Jason Biggs
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Patrick Sotto
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
| | - Michelle Nagata
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | | | - Yvette Paulino
- University of Guam Cancer Research Center, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA
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Méjean A, Lequin O, Ploux O. Identification of 7-Deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin, the Missing Piece in Cylindrospermopsin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14627-14637. [PMID: 35916199 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin, a major cyanotoxin, is produced by freshwater cyanobacteria. Its biosynthesis starts from arginine and glycine and involves five polyketide synthases and several tailoring enzymes. We report the identification of 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin in several cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria using mass spectrometry experiments. We have purified this new metabolite and established its structure by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy using scalar-based 1H-1H, 1H-13C, and 1H-15N as well as 2D 1H-1H ROESY correlation experiments. Using labeled arginines in isotopic incorporation experiments, we have shown that arginine is fully incorporated into 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin and that the uracil ring of cylindrospermopsin originates from the guanidino moiety of arginine, thus solving a long-standing puzzling question. CyrG and CyrH from the cylindrospermopsin-producing Oscillatoria sp. PCC 6506 were overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. We showed that CyrG is a zinc-dependent hydrolase, homologous to adenosine deaminases, that transforms 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin into 7-deoxy-desulfo-cylindrospermopsin and ornithine, with the following kinetic parameters: KM = 0.21 ± 0.05 μM and kcat = 0.19 ± 0.02 min-1. CyrG contained 0.55 mol of zinc per mol of monomer but could be activated by FeII or CoII. CyrH contained almost no metal and showed no such activity even in the presence of excess metal. Using structure-based alignments and secondary structure predictions, we propose that the fifth and last polyketide synthase CyrF in cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis contains an unprecedented C-terminal domain homologous to N-acetyltransferases. We suggest that this domain catalyzes the condensation of the CyrF product with arginine to give 7-deoxy-desulfo-argino-cylindrospermopsin. This would be an unprecedented termination step for a polyketide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Méjean
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- LIED, UMR 8236 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.,Chimie ParisTech, PSL, 75005 Paris, France
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Cyanotoxins uptake and accumulation in crops: Phytotoxicity and implications on human health. Toxicon 2022; 211:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cytotoxicity and Effects on the Synapsis Induced by Pure Cylindrospermopsin in an E17 Embryonic Murine Primary Neuronal Culture in a Concentration- and Time-Dependent Manner. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030175. [PMID: 35324672 PMCID: PMC8950865 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin whose incidence has been increasing in the last decades. Due to its capacity to exert damage at different levels of the organism, it is considered a cytotoxin. Although the main target organ is the liver, recent studies indicate that CYN has potential toxic effects on the nervous system, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of this cyanotoxin on neuronal viability and synaptic integrity in murine primary cultures of neurons exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0–1 µg/mL CYN) for 12, 24, and 48 h. The results demonstrate a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability; no cytotoxicity was detected after exposure to the cyanotoxin for 12 h, while all of the concentrations assayed decreased this parameter after 48 h. Furthermore, CYN was also demonstrated to exert damage at the synaptic level in a murine primary neuronal culture in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These data highlight the importance of studying the neurotoxic properties of this cyanotoxin in different experimental models.
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30
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Multi-Soil-Layering Technology: A New Approach to Remove Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystins from Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of surface waters caused by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa leads to the release of secondary metabolites called Microcystins (MCs), which are heptapeptides with adverse effects on soil microbiota, plants, animals, and human health. Therefore, to avoid succumbing to the negative effects of these cyanotoxins, various remediation approaches have been considered. These techniques involve expensive physico-chemical processes because of the specialized equipment and facilities required. Thus, implementing eco-technologies capable of handling this problem has become necessary. Indeed, multi-soil-layering (MSL) technology can essentially meet this requirement. This system requires little space, needs simple maintenance, and has energy-free operation and high durability (20 years). The performance of the system is such that it can remove 1.16 to 4.47 log10 units of fecal contamination from the water, 98% of suspended solids (SS), 92% of biological oxygen demand (BOD), 98% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 92% of total nitrogen (TN), and 100% of total phosphorus (TP). The only reported use of the system to remove cyanotoxins has shown a 99% removal rate of MC-LR. However, the mechanisms involved in removing this toxin from the water are not fully understood. This paper proposes reviewing the principal methods employed in conventional water treatment and other technologies to eliminate MCs from the water. We also describe the principles of operation of MSL systems and compare the performance of this technology with others, highlighting some advantages of this technology in removing MCs. Overall, the combination of multiple processes (physico-chemical and biological) makes MSL technology a good choice of cyanobacterial contamination treatment system that is applicable in real-life conditions, especially in rural areas.
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Diez-Quijada L, Casas-Rodriguez A, Guzmán-Guillén R, Molina-Hernández V, Albaladejo RG, Cameán AM, Jos A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Pure Cylindrospermopsin in Rats Orally Exposed for 28 Days. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:144. [PMID: 35202170 PMCID: PMC8877299 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a ubiquitous cyanotoxin showing increasing incidence worldwide. CYN has been classified as a cytotoxin and, among its toxic effects, its immunotoxicity is scarcely studied. This work investigates for the first time the influence of oral CYN exposure (18.75; 37.5 and 75 µg/kg b.w./day, for 28 days) on the mRNA expression of selected interleukin (IL) genes (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)) in the thymus and the spleen of male and female rats, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Moreover, their serum levels were also measured by a multiplex-bead-based immunoassay, and a histopathological study was performed. CYN produced immunomodulation mainly in the thymus of rats exposed to 75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day in both sexes. However, in the spleen only IL-1β and IL-2 (males), and TNF-α and IFN-γ (females) expression was modified after CYN exposure. Only female rats exposed to 18.75 μg CYN/kg b.w./day showed a significant decrease in TNF-α serum levels. There were no significant differences in the weight or histopathology in the organs studied. Further research is needed to obtain a deeper view of the molecular mechanisms involved in CYN immunotoxicity and its consequences on long-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Antonio Casas-Rodriguez
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Rafael G. Albaladejo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (L.D.-Q.); (A.C.-R.); (A.M.C.); (A.J.)
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Li H, Gu X, Chen H, Mao Z, Shen R, Zeng Q, Ge Y. Co-occurrence of multiple cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds in the large eutrophic Lake Taihu, China: Dynamics, driving factors, and challenges for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118594. [PMID: 34848287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms producing toxic metabolites occur frequently in freshwater, yet the environmental behaviors of complex cyanobacterial metabolites remain largely unknown. In this study, the seasonal and spatial variations of several classes of cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) and taste-and-odor (T&O) compounds (β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol) in Lake Taihu were simultaneously investigated for the first time. The total cyanotoxins were dominated by microcystins with concentrations highest in November (mean 2209 ng/L) and lowest in February (mean 48.7 ng/L). Cylindrospermopsins were abundant in May with the highest content of 622.8 ng/L. Saxitoxins only occurred in May (mean 19.2 ng/L) and November (mean 198.5 ng/L). Extracellular T&O compounds were most concentrated in August, the highest being extracellular β-cyclocitral (mean 240.6 ng/L) followed by 2-methylisoborneol (mean 146.6 ng/L). Environment variables play conflicting roles in modulating the dynamics of different groups of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds. Total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria density were important factors affecting the variation of total microcystins, β-cyclocitral and β-ionone concentrations. In contrast, total cylindrospermopsins, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin concentrations were significantly influenced by water temperature and TP. There was a significant and linear relationship between microcystins and β-cyclocitral/β-ionone, while cylindrospermopsins were positively correlated with 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. The perceptible odors may be good indicators for the existence of cyanotoxins. Hazard quotients revealed that potential human health risks from microcystins were high in August and November. Meanwhile, the risks from cylindrospermopsins were at moderate levels. Cylindrospermopsins and saxitoxins were first identified in this lake, suggesting that diverse cyanotoxins might co-occur more commonly than previously thought. Hence, the risks from other cyanotoxins beyond microcystins shouldn't be ignored. This study also highlights that the necessity for further assessing the combination effects of these complex metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ruijie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - You Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Lu Z, Lei L, Lu Y, Peng L, Han B. Phosphorus deficiency stimulates dominance of Cylindrospermopsis through facilitating cylindrospermopsin-induced alkaline phosphatase secretion: Integrating field and laboratory-based evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117946. [PMID: 34425369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii blooms are of emerging concerns, as its scale is spreading from tropical regions to high latitudes, increasing the risk of aquatic biota being exposed to cylindrospermopsin (CYN). So far, CYN-producing C. raciborskii strains have only been reported in tropical waters which are commonly phosphorus (P)-deficient, where they can dominate phytoplankton communities. However, the influence of CYN on phytoplankton communities under different P status remains unclear. In this study, we first analyzed the summer observations of 120 tropical reservoirs in Guangdong Province. The proportion of potential CYN-producers was significantly higher in P-deficient and CYN-present reservoirs than that in P-sufficient or CYN-absent ones. This suggested that in P-deficient condition, the potential CYN producers might gain more advantages by the help of CYN. Then, in laboratory experiments we found that upon P deprivation, CYN did not inhibit the cell growth of other algal cells, but significantly stimulates them to secret more alkaline phosphatase (ALP) than in P-sufficient condition. Through transcriptomics, we further revealed that under such P-deficient condition, CYN remarkably induced intracellular nitrogen allocation and protein export system by activating the PIK3/Akt-cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in Scenedesmus bijugatus, thus enhancing its ALP secretion. Our study implies that CYN-induced ALP secretion is facilitated upon P deficiency, thus supporting the dominance of its producers C. raciborskii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lu
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lamei Lei
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Boping Han
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Diez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cameán AM, Jos Á. Influence of refrigeration and freezing in Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin concentrations on fish muscle of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112673. [PMID: 34801650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of fish contaminated with cyanotoxins is an important public health issue due to their potential adverse effects. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of refrigeration (4 °C) and freezing (-20 °C) on the concentration of Cylindrospermopsin (CYN), Microcystins (MCs) and their combination in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and tench (Tinca tinca). Fish muscle were spiked with a stock solution of each toxin to reach 750 μg/g dry weight (d.w.). Three different periods of time were investigated for each treatment: 24 h, 48 h and 7 days for refrigeration, and 24 h, 7 days and 1 month for freezing. Samples were extracted and quantified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that freezing for 1 month produced highest decreases of these toxins in both species in comparison to refrigeration, being CYN the most stable cyanotoxin. Moreover, MCs are more stable to storage processes in the mixtures than alone, and fish species is a factor to take into account in their stability. These findings highlight the need to assess the influence of food storage processes on the presence of cyanotoxins in fish species for a more realistic human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Diez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain.
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Profesor García González Nº2, Spain
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Abdallah MF, Van Hassel WHR, Andjelkovic M, Wilmotte A, Rajkovic A. Cyanotoxins and Food Contamination in Developing Countries: Review of Their Types, Toxicity, Analysis, Occurrence and Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:786. [PMID: 34822570 PMCID: PMC8619289 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins have gained global public interest due to their potential to bioaccumulate in food, which threatens human health. Bloom formation is usually enhanced under Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical climates which are the dominant climate types in developing countries. In this context, we present an up-to-date overview of cyanotoxins (types, toxic effects, analysis, occurrence, and mitigation) with a special focus on their contamination in (sea)food from all the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America as this has received less attention. A total of 65 publications have been found (from 2000 until October 2021) reporting the contamination by one or more cyanotoxins in seafood and edible plants (five papers). Only Brazil and China conducted more research on cyanotoxin contamination in food in comparison to other countries. The majority of research focused on the detection of microcystins using different analytical methods. The detected levels mostly surpassed the provisional tolerable daily intake limit set by the World Health Organization, indicating a real risk to the exposed population. Assessment of cyanotoxin contamination in foods from developing countries still requires further investigations by conducting more survey studies, especially the simultaneous detection of multiple categories of cyanotoxins in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Wannes H. R. Van Hassel
- Sciensano, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium;
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Sciensano Research Institute, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Ju-liette Wytsmanstreet 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Annick Wilmotte
- BCCM/ULC Cyanobacteria Collection, InBios-Centre for Protein Engineering, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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Huo D, Gan N, Geng R, Cao Q, Song L, Yu G, Li R. Cyanobacterial blooms in China: diversity, distribution, and cyanotoxins. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 109:102106. [PMID: 34815019 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, which refer to the massive growth of harmful cyanobacteria, have altered the global freshwater ecosystems during the past decades. China has the largest population in the world, and it is suffering from the harmful effect of water eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms along with rapid development of the economy and society. Research on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins in China have been overwhelmingly enhanced and emphasized during the past decades. In the present review, the research on cyanobacterial blooms in China is generally introduced, including the history of cyanobacterial bloom studies, the diversity of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria species (BFCS), and cyanotoxin studies in China. Most studies have focused on Microcystis, its blooms, and microcystins. Newly emerging blooms with the dominance of non-Microcystis BFCS have been gradually expanding to wide regions in China. Understanding the basic features of these non-Microcystis BFCS and their blooms, including their diversity, occurrence, physio-ecology, and harmful metabolites, will provide direction on future studies of cyanobacterial blooms in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ruozhen Geng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 400049, PR China
| | - Qi Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Lirong Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
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Zhang Q, Wang L, Chen G, Wang M, Hu T. Cylindrospermopsin impairs vascular smooth muscle cells by P53-mediated apoptosis due to ROS overproduction. Toxicol Lett 2021; 353:83-92. [PMID: 34687773 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a toxic secondary metabolite from cyanobacteria that can cause cardiovascular disease. However, the study of CYN-induced cardiovascular toxicity in vitro is very limited and the mechanism is remain to be clarified. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs) have an important function in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the aortic wall, and are an important in vitro model for cardiovascular research. Thus, the effects of CYN exposure (2, 20, 200, and 2000 nM) on VMSCs were analyzed. In vitro study, results showed that CYN exposure decreased VMSCs viability, inhibited VMSCs migration, induced DNA damage, destroyed cytoskeleton, changed cell morphology, promoted VMSCs apoptosis, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In addition, CYN could induce the activities of SOD, CAT and GPX, and promote the expressions of SOD1, CAT, GPx1, p53 and Bax genes and inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 gene, leading to a higher ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Taken together, CYN may induce ROS overproduction, leading to increased p53 expression and ultimately promoting VSMC apoptosis. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that CYN could impair VMSCs, leading to vascular developmental defects and angiocardiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Immunotoxic Effects Induced by Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100711. [PMID: 34679003 PMCID: PMC8540411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxin occurrence is gaining importance due to anthropogenic activities, climate change and eutrophication. Among them, Microcystins (MCs) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are the most frequently studied due to their ubiquity and toxicity. Although MCs are primary classified as hepatotoxins and CYN as a cytotoxin, they have been shown to induce deleterious effects in a wide range of organs. However, their effects on the immune system are as yet scarcely investigated. Thus, to know the impact of cyanotoxins on the immune system, due to its importance in organisms’ homeostasis, is considered of interest. A review of the scientific literature dealing with the immunotoxicity of MCs and CYN has been performed, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have been considered. Results have confirmed the scarcity of reports on the topic, particularly for CYN. Decreased cell viability, apoptosis or altered functions of immune cells, and changed levels and mRNA expression of cytokines are among the most common effects reported. Underlying mechanisms, however, are still not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed in order to have a full picture of cyanotoxin immunotoxicity.
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Yilmaz S, Ülger TG, Göktaş B, Öztürk Ş, Karataş DÖ, Beyzi E. Cyanotoxin genotoxicity: a review. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1922922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yilmaz
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, University of Ankara, Institute for Forensic Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taha Gökmen Ülger
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Bayram Göktaş
- Department of Health Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şahlan Öztürk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Öztaş Karataş
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ebru Beyzi
- Vocational School of Health Services, University of Gazi, Ankara, Turkey
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