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Wang J, Zhu H, Huang R, Xu J, Huang L, Yang J, Chen W. CIP1, a CIPK23-interacting transporter, is implicated in Cd tolerance and phytoremediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134276. [PMID: 38640682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution from cadmium (Cd) presents a serious threat to plant growth and development. Therefore, it's crucial to find out how plants resist this toxic metal to develop strategies for remediating Cd-contaminated soils. In this study, we identified CIP1, a transporter protein, by screening interactors of the protein kinase CIPK23. CIP1 is located in vesicles membranes and can transport Cd2+ when expressed in yeast cells. Cd stress specifically induced the accumulation of CIP1 transcripts and functional proteins, particularly in the epidermal cells of the root tip. CIKP23 could interact directly with the central loop region of CIP1, phosphorylating it, which is essential for the efficient transport of Cd2+. A loss-of-function mutation of CIP1 in wild-type plants led to increased sensitivity to Cd stress. Conversely, tobacco plants overexpressing CIP1 exhibited improved Cd tolerance and increased Cd accumulation capacity. Interestingly, this Cd accumulation was restricted to roots but not shoots, suggesting that manipulating CIP1 does not risk Cd contamination of plants' edible parts. Overall, this study characterizes a novel Cd transporter, CIP1, with potential to enhance plant tolerance to Cd toxicity while effectively eliminating environmental contamination without economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ru'nan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Shi A, Xu J, Guo Y, Rensing C, Chang J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Xing S, Ni W, Yang W. Jasmonic acid's impact on Sedum alfredii growth and cadmium tolerance: A physiological and transcriptomic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169939. [PMID: 38211868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is escalating, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study investigated the effects of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) on Sedum alfredii Hance under Cd stress, aiming to enhance its phytoextraction efficiency. Initially, experiments were conducted to assess the impact of various concentrations of JA added to environments with Cd concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 μmol/L. The results determined that a concentration of 1 μmol/L JA was optimal. This concentration effectively mitigated the level of ROS products by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, JA fostered Cd absorption and accumulation, while markedly improving plant biomass and photosynthetic performance. In further experiments, treatment with 1 μmol/L JA under 300 μmol/L Cd stress was performed and transcriptomic analysis unveiled a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) instrumental in the JA-mediated Cd stress response. These DEGs encompass not only pathways of JA biosynthesis and signaling but also genes encoding functions that influence antioxidant systems and photosynthesis, alongside genes pertinent to cell wall synthesis, and metal chelation and transport. This study highlights that JA treatment significantly enhances S. alfredii's Cd tolerance and accumulation, offering a promising strategy for plant remediation and deepening our understanding of plant responses to heavy metal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Shi
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yingmin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Taoxiang Zhang
- College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shihe Xing
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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3
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Shi JW, Fan DX, Li MQ. The Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and Mortality in Postmenopausal Females: A Cohort Study of 2001-2018 NHANES. Nutrients 2023; 15:4604. [PMID: 37960256 PMCID: PMC10647223 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is one of the most harmful elements to human health, and the health of postmenopausal females is an important public health issue. However, the correlation between exposure to cadmium and the survival status of postmenopausal women is currently not fully clear. This research intended to explore the correlation between cadmium exposure and mortality among postmenopausal females using a representative sample of the population in the U.S. We drew upon the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2018). Cox's proportional hazards models and a restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) model were utilized to analyze the correlation between blood and urine cadmium and the mortality of postmenopausal women. Stratified analyses also were conducted to identify the highest risk factor of mortality for the participants. The mean concentration of blood cadmium was 0.59 μg/L, and the mean concentration of urine cadmium was 0.73 μg/g creatinine. Higher cadmium concentrations in blood and urine were significantly related to an increase in all-cause mortality for postmenopausal females after adjustment for multivariate covariates. Furthermore, there was a linear positive correlation between urine cadmium concentrations and cancer mortality, while there was no correlation between blood cadmium and cancer death. The correlation between cadmium concentrations and all-cause mortality is stronger in older, more overweight women with a history of hypertension or smoking. We propose that cadmium remains an important risk factor of all-cause and cancer mortality among postmenopausal females in the U.S. Further decreases in cadmium exposure in the population can promote the health of postmenopausal women and prolong their lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Deng-Xuan Fan
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China;
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
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Wu C, Fang F, Yu Y, Wang B, Gao H, Cui W. Multi-omics analyses of serum metabolome, urine metabolome and gut microbiome reveal dysregulated glycerophospholipid metabolism in subacute cadmium-exposed wistar rats. Toxicology 2023:153594. [PMID: 37451531 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Data is limited on intestinal microbiota and metabolites in healthy residents exposed to cadmium (Cd), a population uniquely susceptible to Cd toxicity through contaminated foods. In this study, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, serum metabolomics and urine metabolomics were performed to examine the alterations of gut microbiota and metabolomics profile of wistar rats exposed to Cd. These findings indicated that Cd exposure markedly altered the structure of gut microbial community, reduced significantly microbiome diversity, and identified 5 phyla and 6 genera with significant changes. Specifically, the levels of Pseudoxanthomonas and Anaerovibrio upregulated and that of Akkermansia, Brachyspira, Aggregatibacter and SMB53 reduced in rats treated with Cd. Metabolomics profiles of the urine and serum of Cd-treated rats revealed that the abundance of glycerophospholipid metabolites and their derivatives were markedly altered. Glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways that were markedly enriched in metabolomics in both samples was also significantly predicted in gut microbiota analysis. Further, interaction analysis predicted that there might be a relationship between the differential glycerophospholipid metabolites and affected bacteria genera induced by Cd. These results suggested that subacute Cd could disrupt the intestinal microecologica equilibrium and glycerophospholipid metabolic homeostasis, and also provided potential differential microbiota and glycerophospholipid biomarkers between subacute Cd-exposed rats and healthy rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Test, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Haicheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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5
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Xia R, Zhou J, Cui H, Liang J, Liu Q, Zhou J. Nodes play a major role in cadmium (Cd) storage and redistribution in low-Cd-accumulating rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160436. [PMID: 36427718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice cadmium (Cd) contamination is one of the critical agricultural issues. Breeding of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar is an effective approach to reduce Cd bioaccumulation in rice. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying Cd transport in rice, the functions of nodes in Cd transport are explored. The results show that different nodes have different functions of Cd transport in the rice plant and the physiological structure of the first node under panicle (N1) determine the Cd accumulation in the brown rice. The upper nodes can redistribute the Cd transport in aboveground tissues. The expressions of Cd-efflux transporter genes (OsLCT1 and OsHMA2) located on the plasma-membrane are the main factors affecting the Cd transport form node to brown rice, which are more depended on the node functions but not the node Cd concentrations. Lower expressions of OsLCT1 and OsHMA2 in N1 result in lower Cd transport from node to brown rice. The size of vascular-bundle (VB) areas in the junctional node with the flag leaf can determine the expression of OsHMA2 and the expression of OsLCT1 positively correlated with the Cd transport ability of first node (N1). The expressions of OsVIT2 and OsABCC1 cannot allow Cd to be immobilized into the vacuoles in node. The VB structure and Cd transporter gene expression level of N1 proved that the Cd concentration of N1 can be used as an important indicator for screening low-Cd-accumulating cultivars. The major implication is that selecting or breeding cultivars with lower Cd accumulations in N1 could be an effective strategy to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan 335211, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Environmental, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan 335211, China.
| | - Hongbiao Cui
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Jiani Liang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan 335211, China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement, Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yingtan 335211, China.
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6
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Fang P, Hu Y, Xia W, Wu X, Sun T, Pandey AK, Ning K, Zhu C, Xu P. Transcriptome Dynamics of Common Bean Roots Exposed to Various Heavy Metals Reveal Valuable Target Genes and Promoters for Genetic Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:223-233. [PMID: 36547223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the gene regulatory basis of plant response to heavy metals (HMs) is fundamental for the management of food safety and security. However, a comprehensive and comparative view of the plant responses to different HMs is still lacking. Here, we compared root transcriptomes in common bean under 9 HM treatments at 50 μM for three time points each. Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb caused most severe morphological and/or biochemical retardations. A total of 448 genes were found to be responsive to all nine HMs, which were mostly involved in photosynthesis, oxidization-reduction, and ion binding. Cd and Cu triggered the greatest number of unique differentially expressed genes (DEG)s, which were predominantly related to cellular transport/localization in the former and RNA binding in the latter. Short-term and prolonged HM treatments shaped very different DEG patterns. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified six co-expression modules showing exceptionally high transcripts abundance in specific HM × time scenarios. We experimentally verified the promoter activity of the gene GIP1 and the novel function of XTH23 under Cu/Cd stress. Collectively, the transcriptomic atlas provides valuable resources for better understanding the common and unique mechanisms of plant response to different HMs and offers a mass of candidate target genes/promoters for genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Fang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Yannan Hu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Xia
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Arun Kumar Pandey
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Kang Ning
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
| | - Pei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Agri-Product Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou310018, P.R. China
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7
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Wan X, Zeng W, Zhang D, Wang L, Lei M, Chen T. Changes in the concentration, distribution, and speciation of arsenic in the hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata at different growth stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156708. [PMID: 35718183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator has become a model plant for the study of the interaction between plants and trace elements. However, the change in As concentration, distribution and speciation of hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata at different growth stages, especially with the aging process remains unknown. We collected P. vittata at different growth ages and analyzed As concentration, distribution, and speciation. Furthermore, metabolic profiling was conducted for P. vittata at different growth stages. With aging, the reduced glutathione/ oxidized glutathione ratio decreased while the malondialdehyde content increased, accompanied by the change in the main As speciation in P. vittata from arsenite to arsenate. Metabolic profiling also indicated significant difference in the compositions of metabolites during different growth stages. Specifically, flavonoid compounds were found to be positively correlated with As concentration. Results indicated that with the aging of P. vittata, the redox potential increased in the pinnae, leading to the oxidation of As, which may have impacted the distribution of As in this fern. Furthermore, the correlation between As concentration and flavonoid compounds implied the essential role of flavonoid metabolism in the accumulation and transport of As in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weibin Zeng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Degang Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Honghe University, Mengzi 661199, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Lei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Singhal RK, Kumar M, Bose B, Mondal S, Srivastava S, Dhankher OP, Tripathi RD. Heavy metal (loid)s phytotoxicity in crops and its mitigation through seed priming technology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:187-206. [PMID: 35549957 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2068502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in the environment have become a predicament for all living organisms, including plants. The presence of these HMs in the plant system raised the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and remodeled several vital cellular biomolecules. These lead to several morphological, physiological, metabolic, and molecular aberrations in plants ranging from chlorosis of leaves to the lipid peroxidation of membranes, and degradation of proteins and nucleic acid including the modulation of the enzymatic system, which ultimately affects the plant growth and productivity. Plants are equipped with several mechanisms to counteract the HMs toxicity. Among them, seed priming (SP) technology has been widely tested with the use of several inorganic chemicals, plant growth regulators (PGRs), gasotransmitters, nanoparticles, living organisms, and plant leaf extracts. The use of these compounds has the potential to alleviate the HMs toxicity through the strengthening of the antioxidant defense system, generation of low molecular weight metallothionein's (MTs), and phytochelatins (PCs), and improving seedling vigor during early growth stages. This review presents an account of the sources, uptake and transport, and phytotoxic effects of HMs with special attention to different mechanism/s, occurring to mitigate the HMs toxicity in plants employing SP technology.Novelty statement: To the best of our knowledge, this review has delineated the consequences of HMs on the crucial plant processes, which ultimately affect plant growth and development. This review also compiled the up to dated information on phytotoxicity of HMs through the use of SP technology, this review discussed how different types of SP approaches help in diminishing the concentration HMs in plant systems. Also, we depicted mechanisms, represent how HMs transport and their actions on cellular levels, and emphasized, how diverse SP technology effectiveness in the mitigation of plants' phytotoxicity in unique ways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Bandana Bose
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sananda Mondal
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of ASEPAN, Institute of Agriculture, Sriniketan, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Stockbridge, MA, USA
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