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Li H, Wang X, Zhang W, Li P, Wang X, Zhang X, Wu B, Gao W, Wen J, Huang G, Xu S. Multi-perspective evaluation on spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process: For next-generation technology option. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:121983. [PMID: 39068782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries has recently become a focus topic. Consequently, evaluating different spent lithium iron phosphate recycling processes becomes necessary for industrial development. Here, based on multiple perspectives of environment, economy and technology, four typical spent lithium iron phosphate recovery processes (Hydro-A: hydrometallurgical total leaching recovery process; Hydro-B(H2O2/O2): hydrometallurgical selective lithium extraction process; Pyro: Pyrometallurgical recovery process; Direct: Direct regeneration process) were compared comprehensively. The comprehensive evaluation study uses environment, economy and technology as evaluation indicators, and uses the entropy weight method and analytic hierarchy process to couple the comprehensive indicator weights. Results show that the comprehensive evaluation values of Hydro-A, Hydro-B (H2O2), Hydro-B (O2), Pyro and Direct are 0.347, 0.421, 0.442, 0.099 and 0.857, respectively. Therefore, the technological maturity of Direct should be further improved to enable early industrialization. On this basis, this study conducted a quantitative evaluation of the spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process by comprehensively considering environmental, economic and technical factors, providing further guidance for the formulation of recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Li
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Peihua Li
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; Ganfeng Lithium Group CO., LTD, Xinyu, 338000, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Suzhou Botree Cycling Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Suzhou, 215128, China
| | - Wenfang Gao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 30040l, China
| | - Jiawei Wen
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Guoyong Huang
- College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Shengming Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Fine Ceramics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Lv L, Zhou S, Liu C, Sun Y, Zhang J, Bu C, Meng J, Huang Y. Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions. Molecules 2024; 29:3161. [PMID: 38999113 PMCID: PMC11243651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a kind of solid waste with high pollution and high-value potential, is very important. In recent years, the extraction of valuable metals from the cathodes of spent LIBs and cathode regeneration technology are still rapidly developing (such as flash Joule heating technology to regenerate cathodes). This review summarized the studies published in the recent ten years to catch the rapid pace of development in this field. The development, structure, and working principle of LIBs were firstly introduced. Subsequently, the recent developments in mechanisms and processes of pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy for extracting valuable metals and cathode regeneration were summarized. The commonly used processes, products, and efficiencies for the recycling of nickel-cobalt-manganese cathodes (NCM/LCO/LMO/NCA) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes were analyzed and compared. Compared with pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the regeneration method was a method with a higher resource utilization rate, which has more industrial application prospects. Finally, this paper pointed out the shortcomings of the current research and put forward some suggestions for the recovery and reuse of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Lv
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jubing Zhang
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Changsheng Bu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Junguang Meng
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Zhao T, Mahandra H, Choi Y, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Chen A. A clean and sustainable method for recycling of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate battery powder by using formic acid and oxygen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170930. [PMID: 38354790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
With the widespread adoption of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, the imperative recycling of LiFePO4 batteries waste presents formidable challenges in resource recovery, environmental preservation, and socio-economic advancement. Given the current overall lithium recovery rate in LiFePO4 batteries is below 1 %, there is a compelling demand for an eco-friendly, cost-efficient, and sustainable solution. This study introduces a green and sustainable recycling method that employs environmentally benign formic acid and readily available oxygen as reaction agents for selectively leaching lithium from discarded lithium iron phosphate powder. Formic acid was employed as the leaching agent, and oxygen served as the oxidizing agent. Utilizing a single-factor variable approach, various factors including formic acid concentration, oxygen flow rate, leaching time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and reaction temperature were individually investigated. Moreover, the feasibility of this method was explored mechanistically by analyzing E-pH diagrams of the Li-Fe-P-H2O system. Results demonstrate that under conditions of 2.5 mol/L formic acid concentration, 0.12 L/min oxygen flow rate, 25 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, and 3 h reaction time, lithium leaching efficiency exceeds 99.9 %, with iron leaching efficiency only at 1.7 %. Moreover, we also explored using air instead of oxygen as the oxidant and get the excellent lithium leaching rate (97.81 %) and low iron leaching rate (4.81 %), which shows the outstanding selectivity. Furthermore, the environmentally benign composition of the chemical reagents, comprising only C, H, and O elements, establishes it as a genuinely green and sustainable technology for secondary resource recovery. It can be considered as a highly environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient approach. Nevertheless, in the current context of carbon neutrality and sustainable development, this method undoubtedly holds excellent prospects for industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China; The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Harshit Mahandra
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Yeonuk Choi
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Weilun Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Ailiang Chen
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
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Zou J, Peng D, Hu W, Su S, Wang X, Zhao Z, Wang S, He D, Li P, Zhang J. All-element recovery and regeneration of mixed LiNi xCo yMn 1-x-yO 2/LiFePO 4 cathode materials by synergistic redox processes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1778-1781. [PMID: 38252414 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Given the rising lithium-ion battery retirement trend, there is a pressing need for a sustainable, cost-effective, versatile, and industrially viable positive active powder reprocessing method. The current treatment methods require significant amounts of acids, reducing agents, and other additives, resulting in increased treatment expenses and detrimental environmental consequences. This paper proposes a synergistic redox strategy, based on thermodynamic calculations of potential self-promoting reactions in mixed LFP/NCM systems, for the recovery of spent LFP and NCM batteries without the need for additional agents in a milder acidic atmosphere. In this cooperative redox strategy, the spontaneous extraction and oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ took place within the acidic solution atmosphere encapsulating LFP. Simultaneously, NCM underwent further reduction, yielding Ni2+ and Fe2+, thereby enabling the proficient dissolution and segregation of lithium and transition metal ions. The leaching rate of lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese was close to 100% when the reaction was carried out at 20 °C for 40 min. The final raw material was reprepared into a battery with a capacity of 168.8 mA h g-1 at 1C, and the cycle retention rate was 76.78% after 300 cycles. Regenerating FPO into LFP cathode material achieves closed-loop recycling of all elements and generates 12% higher profits compared to separate processes. Our method proposes a zero-additive battery recycling process and successfully explains the intrinsic redox process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Zou
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Dezhao Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Wenyang Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Shilin Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Zaowen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pico Electron Microscopy of Hainan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shubin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Di He
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Anhui Winking New Material Technology Co., LTD, Fuyang 236000, P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for High-Efficiency Recovery of Refractory Nonferrous Metals, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China.
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Zhao T, Li W, Traversy M, Choi Y, Ghahreman A, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zhao W, Song Y. A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119670. [PMID: 38039588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have gained widespread recognition for their exceptional thermal stability, remarkable cycling performance, non-toxic attributes, and cost-effectiveness. However, the increased adoption of LFP batteries has led to a surge in spent LFP battery disposal. Improper handling of waste LFP batteries could result in adverse consequences, including environmental degradation and the mismanagement of valuable secondary resources. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of waste LFP battery treatment methods, encompassing a holistic analysis of their recycling impact across five dimensions: resources, energy, environment, economy, and society. The recycling of waste LFP batteries is not only crucial for reducing the environmental pollution caused by hazardous components but also enables the valuable components to be efficiently recycled, promoting resource utilization. This, in turn, benefits the sustainable development of the energy industry, contributes to economic gains, stimulates social development, and enhances employment rates. Therefore, the recycling of discarded LFP batteries is both essential and inevitable. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including governments, corporations, and communities, in the realm of waste LFP battery recycling are also scrutinized, underscoring their pivotal engagement and collaboration. Notably, this paper concentrates on surveying the current research status and technological advancements within the waste LFP battery lifecycle, and juxtaposes their respective merits and drawbacks, thus furnishing a comprehensive evaluation and foresight for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China; The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Weilun Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Michael Traversy
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Yeonuk Choi
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Ghahreman
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Weiduo Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
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6
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Feng J, Zhang B, Du P, Yuan Y, Li M, Chen X, Guo Y, Xie H, Yin H. Recovery of LiCoO 2 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries by molten-salt electrolysis. iScience 2023; 26:108097. [PMID: 37876797 PMCID: PMC10590967 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries has not only economic value but also ecological benefits. In this paper, molten-salt electrolysis was employed to recover spent LiCoO2 batteries, in which NaCl-Na2CO3 melts were used as the electrolyte, the graphite rod and the mixtures of the spent LiCoO2 cathode and anode were used as the anode and cathode, respectively. During the electrolysis, the LiCoO2 was electrochemically reduced to Co, and Li+ and O2- entered into the molten salt. The O2- was discharged at the anode to generate CO2 and formed Li2CO3. After electrolysis, the cathodic products were separated by magnetic separation to obtain Co and graphite, and Li2CO3 was recovered by water leaching. The recovery efficiencies of Li, Co, and graphite reached 99.3%, 98.1%, and 83.6%, respectively. Overall, this paper provides a simple and efficient electrochemical method for the simultaneous recovery of the cathode and the anode of spent LiCoO2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Feng
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Beilei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P.R. China
| | - Pin Du
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Mengting Li
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
| | - Huayi Yin
- Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P.R. China
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Wuchang District 430072, P.R. China
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Pan J, Su T, Chen H, Bian R, Gao C, Ruan Z, Zhu S. An entire recycling of spent Al-bearing cathode powder as giniite sphere and lithiophophate plate with leaching-hydrothermal-precipitation process. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37970841 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2283796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium battery is a polymetallic waste, and valuable to be recovered as Li-bearing chemical with the barriers of impurities separation, especially Fe and Al. Here in, Li-rich cathode powder was manually disassembled from spent battery, and then recovered as lithiophosphate plate in consideration of effective separation of impure Fe/Al. The powder comprised of 23.2% Fe, 3.2% Al, 5.5% Li and 19.6% P, and then dissolved by azotic acid as Li-rich solution. When the solution was heated to 190°C for 10 h with the supplementary of saccharose, more than 99.9% Fe and 98.9% Al were removed as spherical giniite particles, in accordance with the rest of Fe/Al at the concentrations of 2.1 and 14 mg/L, whilst the loss of Li was less than 1.5%. But without saccharose, the Fe/Al removals only achieved by 99.2% and 52.1%. It is also found that the Fe/Al/Li removal achieved by 99.6%, 96% and 25.3% after adjusting the solution to pH 2.7 by NaOH. After hydrothermal treatment, the rest Li can be recycled as lithiophosphate plate by pH adjustment, in contrast to the recovery efficiency of 98.5% Li. Such method raised a facile route to effectively separate impure Fe/Al from Li-rich cathode powder, and showed promising application in the industrial recovery of spent battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Pan
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Su
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Bian
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjie Gao
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuowei Ruan
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Suiyi Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhou H, Luo Data analysis Z, Wang S, Ma Experimental platform provides X, Cao Z. A mild closed-loop process for lithium-iron separation and cathode materials regeneration from spent LiFePO4 batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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9
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Jia K, Ma J, Wang J, Liang Z, Ji G, Piao Z, Gao R, Zhu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Long-Life Regenerated LiFePO 4 from Spent Cathode by Elevating the d-Band Center of Fe. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208034. [PMID: 36300803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) has been produced in recent years because it is one of the most widely used cathode materials for electric vehicles. The traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods are doubted because of the economic and environmental benefits; the direct regeneration method is considered a promising way to recycle spent LFP. However, the performance of regenerated LFP by direct recycling is not ideal due to the migration of Fe ions during cycling and irreversible phase transition caused by sluggish Li+ diffusion. The key to addressing the challenge is to immobilize Fe atoms in the lattice and improve the Li+ migration capability during cycling. In this work, spent LFP is regenerated by using environmentally friendly ethanol, and its cycling stability is promoted by elevating the d-band center of Fe atoms via construction of a heterogeneous interface between LFP and nitrogen-doped carbon. The FeO bonding is strengthened and the migration of Fe ions during cycling is suppressed due to the elevated d-band center. The Li+ diffusion kinetics in the regenerated LFP are improved, leading to an excellent reversibility of the phase transition. Therefore, the regenerated LFP exhibits an ultrastable cycling performance at a high rate of 10 C with ≈80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Runhua Gao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Wang Z, Wu D, Wang X, Huang Y, Wu X. Green Phosphate Route of Regeneration of LiFePO 4 Composite Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Ye Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan430074, China
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Li X, Zhou F, Gao S, Zhao J, Wang D, Yin H. NaOH-assisted low-temperature roasting to recover spent LiFePO 4 batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:347-354. [PMID: 36191495 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing the operating temperature of pyrometallurgical methods for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is key to reducing energy consumption and cost. Herein, a NaOH-assisted low-temperature roasting approach is proposed to recover spent LiFePO4. During roasting, NaOH acts as an oxidizing agent to oxidize Fe (II) to Fe3O4 at 150°C, thus collapsing its stable olivine structure while PO43- capturing Li+ and Na+ to form Li2NaPO4 and LiNa5(PO4)2. The obtained Fe3O4 is then separated, and the resulting Li salt can be further recovered as Li3PO4 with a Li recovery efficiency of 96.7 % and a purity of 99.9 %. Economic and environmental analysis based on the EverBatt model shows that this low-temperature strategy reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thus increasing the potential profit. Overall, NaOH-assisted low-temperature roasting is a prospective strategy that broadens the application of NaOH as an oxidant and opens up a new avenue for decreasing the temperature of recovering spent LiFePO4 by pyrometallurgy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fengyin Zhou
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Shuaibo Gao
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dihua Wang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Joint Center of Green Manufacturing of Energy Storage Materials of Wuhan University and Chilwee, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Huayi Yin
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Joint Center of Green Manufacturing of Energy Storage Materials of Wuhan University and Chilwee, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resources and Energy, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Hu Z, Liu J, Gan T, Lu D, Wang Y, Zheng X. High-intensity magnetic separation for recovery of LiFePO4 and graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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