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Seyoum MM, Ashworth AJ, Owens PR, Katuwal S, Lyte JM, Savin M. Leaching of antibiotic resistance genes and microbial assemblages following poultry litter applications in karst and non-karst landscapes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:172905. [PMID: 38703856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is increasingly recognized as a critical challenge affecting human, animal, and environmental health. Yet, environmental dynamics and transport of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities in karst and non-karst leachate following poultry litter land applications are not well understood. This study investigates impacts of broiler poultry litter application on the proliferation of ARGs (tetW, qnrS, ermB, sulI, and blaCTX-M-32), class 1 integron (intI1 i), and alterations in microbial communities (16S rRNA) within karst derived soils, which are crucial and under-researched systems in the global hydrological cycle, and non-karst landscapes. Using large, intact soil columns (45 cm diam. × 100 cm depth) from karst and non-karst landscapes, the role of preferential flow and ARG transport in leachate was enumerated following surface application of poultry litter and simulated rain events. This research demonstrated that in poultry litter amended karst soils, ARG (i.e., ermB and tetW) abundance in leachate increased 1.5 times compared to non-karst systems (p < 0.05), highlighting the influence of geological factors on ARG proliferation. Notably, microbial communities in karst soil leachate exhibited increased diversity and abundance, suggesting a potential linkage between microbial composition and ARG presence. Further, our correlation and network analyses identified relationships between leachate ARGs, microbial taxa, and physicochemical properties, underscoring the complex interplay in these environmentally sensitive areas. These findings illuminate the critical role of karst systems in shaping ARG abundance and pollutant dispersal and microbial community dynamics, thus emphasizing the need for landscape-specific approaches in managing ARG dissemination to the environment. This study provides a deeper understanding of hydrogeological ARG dynamics but also lays the groundwork for future research and strategies to mitigate ARG dissemination through targeted manure applications across agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitiku Mihiret Seyoum
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Amanda J Ashworth
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Phillip R Owens
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, USDA-ARS, Booneville, AR, USA
| | - Sheela Katuwal
- USDA-ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joshua M Lyte
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Mary Savin
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Hou Y, Diao W, Jia R, Sun W, Feng W, Li B, Zhu J. Variations in antibiotic resistomes associated with archaeal, bacterial, and viral communities affected by integrated rice-fish farming in the paddy field ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118717. [PMID: 38518910 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) serving as a newly recognized pollutant that poses potential risks to global human health, which in the paddy soil can be potentially altered by different agricultural production patterns. To elucidate the impacts and mechanisms of the widely used and sustainable agricultural production pattern, namely integrated rice-fish farming, on the antibiotic resistomes, we applied metagenomic sequencing to assess ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), bacteria, archaea, and viruses in paddy soil. There were 20 types and 359 subtypes of ARGs identified in paddy soil. The integrated rice-fish farming reduced the ARG and MGE diversities and the abundances of dominant ARGs and MGEs. Significantly decreased ARGs were mainly antibiotic deactivation and regulator types and primarily ranked level IV based on their potential threat to human health. The integrated rice-fish farming decreased the alpha diversities and altered microbial community compositions. MGEs, bacteria, archaea, and virus exhibited significant correlations with ARGs, while integrated rice-fish farming effectively changed their interrelationships. Viruses, bacteria, and MGEs played crucial roles in affecting the ARGs by the integrated rice-fish farming. The most crucial pathway by which integrated rice-fish farming affected ARGs was through the modulation of viral communities, thereby directly or indirectly influencing ARG abundance. Our research contributed to the control and restoration of ARGs pollution from a new perspective and providing theoretical support for the development of clean and sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Weixu Diao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Wenrong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
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Hu R, Ren M, Liang S, Zou S, Li D. Effects of antibiotic resistance genes on health risks of rivers in habitat of wild animals under human disturbance - based on analysis of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in microbes of river sediments. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11435. [PMID: 38799388 PMCID: PMC11126646 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying the ecological risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to wild animals from human disturbance (HD) is an important aspect of "One Health". The highest risk level of ARGs is reflected in pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (PARBs). Metagenomics was used to analyze the characteristics of PARBs in river sediments. Then, the total contribution of ARGs and virulence factors (VFs) were assessed to determine the health risk of PARBs to the rivers. Results showed that HD increased the diversity and total relative abundance of ARG groups, as well as increased the kinds of PARBs, their total relative abundance, and their gene numbers of ARGs and VFs. The total health risks of PARBs in wild habitat group (CK group), agriculture group (WA group), grazing group (WG group), and domestic sewage group (WS group) were 0.067 × 10-3, -1.55 × 10-3, 87.93 × 10-3, and 153.53 × 10-3, respectively. Grazing and domestic sewage increased the health risk of PARBs. However, agriculture did not increase the total health risk of the rivers, but agriculture also introduced new pathogenic mechanisms and increased the range of drug resistance. More serious was the increased transfer risk of ARGs in the PARBs from the rivers to wild animals under agriculture and grazing. If the ARGs in the PARBs are transferred from the rivers under HD to wild animals, then wild animals may face severe challenges of acquiring new pathogenic mechanisms and developing resistance to antibiotics. Further analysis showed that the total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were related to the risk of ARGs. Therefore, controlling human emissions of TP and DON could reduce the health risk of rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongpan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Minxing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Sumei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Shuzhen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan ProvinceChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan ProvinceChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceScience and Technology Department of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
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Sun Y, Staley ZR, Woodbury B, Riethoven JJ, Li X. Composting reduces the risks of resistome in beef cattle manure at the transcriptional level. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0175223. [PMID: 38445903 PMCID: PMC11022583 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01752-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic evidence is needed to determine whether composting is more effective than conventional stockpiling in mitigating the risk of resistome in livestock manure. The objective of this study is to compare composting and stockpiling for their effectiveness in reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Samples collected from the center and the surface of full-size manure stockpiling and composting piles were subject to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. While the distinctions in resistome between stockpiled and composted manure were not evident at the DNA level, the advantages of composting over stockpiling were evident at the transcriptomic level in terms of the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the number of ARG subtypes, and the prevalence of high-risk ARGs (i.e., mobile ARGs associated with zoonotic pathogens). DNA and transcript contigs show that the pathogen hosts of high-risk ARGs included Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O25b:H4, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica. Although the average daily temperatures for the entire composting pile exceeded 55°C throughout the field study, more ARG and ARG transcripts were removed at the center of the composting pile than at the surface. This work demonstrates the advantage of composting over stockpiling in reducing ARG risk in active populations in beef cattle manure.IMPORTANCEProper treatment of manure before land application is essential to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Stockpiling and composting are two commonly used methods for manure treatment. However, the effectiveness of composting in reducing antibiotic resistance in manure has been debated. This work compared the ability of these two methods to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Our results demonstrate that composting reduced more high-risk resistance genes at the transcriptomic level in cattle manure than conventional stockpiling. This finding not only underscores the effectiveness of composting in reducing antibiotic resistance in manure but also highlights the importance of employing RNA analyses alongside DNA analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Sun
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zachery R. Staley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Bryan Woodbury
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jean-Jack Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Musiyiwa K, Simbanegavi TT, Marumure J, Makuvara Z, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. The soil-microbe-plant resistome: A focus on the source-pathway-receptor continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12666-12682. [PMID: 38253827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The One World, One Health concept implies that antibiotic resistance (AR) in the soil-microbe-plant resistome is intricately linked to the human resistome. However, the literature is mainly confined to sources and types of AR in soils or microbes, but comprehensive reviews tracking AR in the soil-microbe-plant resistome are limited. The present review applies the source-pathway-receptor concept to understand the sources, behaviour, and health hazards of the soil-microbe-plant resistome. The results showed that the soil-microbe-plant system harbours various antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Anthropogenic sources and drivers include soil application of solid waste, wastewater, biosolids, and industrial waste. Water-, wind-, and human-driven processes and horizontal gene transfer circulate AR in the soil-microbe-plant resistome. The AR in bulk soil, soil components that include soil microorganisms, soil meso- and macro-organisms, and possible mechanisms of AR transfer to soil components and ultimately to plants are discussed. The health risks of the soil-microbe-plant resistome are less studied, but potential impacts include (1) the transfer of AR to previously susceptible organisms and other resistomes, including the human resistome. Overall, the study tracks the behaviour and health risks of AR in the soil-plant system. Future research should focus on (1) ecological risks of AR at different levels of biological organization, (2) partitioning of AR among various phases of the soil-plant system, (3) physico-chemical parameters controlling the fate of AR, and (4) increasing research from low-income regions particularly Africa as most of the available literature is from developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumbirai Musiyiwa
- Department of Crop Science and Post-Harvest Technology, School of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mt. Pleasant, P.O. Box MP167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Universitat Kassel, Steinstraβe 19, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany.
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Seyoum MM, Ashworth AJ, Feye KM, Ricke SC, Owens PR, Moore PA, Savin M. Long-term impacts of conservation pasture management in manuresheds on system-level microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1227006. [PMID: 37886073 PMCID: PMC10598662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1227006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal manure improves soil fertility and organic carbon, but long-term deposition may contribute to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) entering the soil-water environment. Additionally, long-term impacts of applying animal manure to soil on the soil-water microbiome, a crucial factor in soil health and fertility, are not well understood. The aim of this study is to assess: (1) impacts of long-term conservation practices on the distribution of ARGs and microbial dynamics in soil, and runoff; and (2) associations between bacterial taxa, heavy metals, soil health indicators, and ARGs in manures, soils, and surface runoff in a study following 15 years of continuous management. This management strategy consists of two conventional and three conservation systems, all receiving annual poultry litter. High throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA was carried out on samples of cattle manure, poultry litter, soil, and runoff collected from each manureshed. In addition, four representative ARGs (intl1, sul1, ermB, and blactx-m-32) were quantified from manures, soil, and runoff using quantitative PCR. Results revealed that conventional practice increased soil ARGs, and microbial diversity compared to conservation systems. Further, ARGs were strongly correlated with each other in cattle manure and soil, but not in runoff. After 15-years of conservation practices, relationships existed between heavy metals and ARGs. In the soil, Cu, Fe and Mn were positively linked to intl1, sul1, and ermB, but trends varied in runoff. These findings were further supported by network analyses that indicated complex co-occurrence patterns between bacteria taxa, ARGs, and physicochemical parameters. Overall, this study provides system-level linkages of microbial communities, ARGs, and physicochemical conditions based on long-term conservation practices at the soil-water-animal nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitiku Mihiret Seyoum
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Amanda J. Ashworth
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science & Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Phillip R. Owens
- USDA-ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, Booneville, AR, United States
| | - Philip A. Moore
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Mary Savin
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Anju VT, Busi S, Mohan MS, Salim SA, Ar S, Imchen M, Kumavath R, Dyavaiah M, Prasad R. Surveillance and mitigation of soil pollution through metagenomic approaches. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-34. [PMID: 36881114 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2186330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is one of the serious global threats causing risk to environment and humans. The major cause of accumulation of pollutants in soil are anthropogenic activities and some natural processes. There are several types of soil pollutants which deteriorate the quality of human life and animal health. They are recalcitrant hydrocarbon compounds, metals, antibiotics, persistent organic compounds, pesticides and different kinds of plastics. Due to the detrimental properties of pollutants present in soil on human life and ecosystem such as carcinogenic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects, alternate and effective methods to degrade the pollutants are recommended. Bioremediation is an effective and inexpensive method of biological degradation of pollutants using plants, microorganisms and fungi. With the advent of new detection methods, the identification and degradation of soil pollutants in different ecosystems were made easy. Metagenomic approaches are a boon for the identification of unculturable microorganisms and to explore the vast bioremediation potential for different pollutants. Metagenomics is a power tool to study the microbial load in polluted or contaminated land and its role in bioremediation. In addition, the negative ecosystem and health effect of pathogens, antibiotic and metal resistant genes found in the polluted area can be studied. Also, the identification of novel compounds/genes/proteins involved in the biotechnology and sustainable agriculture practices can be performed with the integration of metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Anju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Siddhardha Busi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Mahima S Mohan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Simi Asma Salim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Sabna Ar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Bihar, India
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Wang B, Song L, Li W, Hou L, Li J, Xu X, Sheng G. Distribution and migration of antibiotic resistance genes, as well as their correlation with microbial communities in swine farm and its surrounding environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120618. [PMID: 36368555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and correlation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pig farm wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and surrounding environment were investigated using metagenomics and real time quantitative PCR (q-PCR). The hosts of ARGs were also studied in this study. The abundance of ARGs decreased significantly in the anoxic/oxic (A/O) process and disinfection tank of WWTPs. New ARGs emerged in wastewater that passed though the anaerobic reactor. The abundances of ARGs in the soils and water near pig farm were 10- and 35-fold higher than those in the control, respectively. The abundance of ARGs in wells near pig farm were an order of magnitude higher than that in the control. Similarly, a high abundance of ARGs was detected in swine manure. After composting, most of the ARGs were eliminated, but sul1 increased 10.5-fold. A high-throughput analysis revealed that the pig farm altered the microbial community structure in the surrounding environment, with 52% and 37% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) endemic to the soil and water samples near pig farm in comparison with these data in the control, respectively. The phyla Proteobacteria, Choroflexi, and Actinobacteriota dominated the water and soil samples. In addition, three pathogenic genera were found in the surrounding soil and water samples. A metagenomic analysis identified 14 types of ARGs (>1%), with the highest proportion of multidrug ARGs at 47%. A total of 28 subtypes of ARGs were detected (>1%), with macB the most prevalent. The correlation analysis revealed that several key phyla, including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria, were the main potential hosts and posed a positive correlation with the ARGs. Efflux pumps (60-66%) were the primary resistance mechanism, and each resistance mechanism was distributed in similar proportions in the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Rock and Soil Mechanics and Engineering Safety, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Lei Song
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Rock and Soil Mechanics and Engineering Safety, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Rock and Soil Mechanics and Engineering Safety, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li'an Hou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an, 710025, China
| | - Jiang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Guishang Sheng
- College of Civil Engineering, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Rock and Soil Mechanics and Engineering Safety, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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