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Sun Y, Staley ZR, Woodbury B, Riethoven JJ, Li X. Composting reduces the risks of resistome in beef cattle manure at the transcriptional level. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0175223. [PMID: 38445903 PMCID: PMC11022583 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01752-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic evidence is needed to determine whether composting is more effective than conventional stockpiling in mitigating the risk of resistome in livestock manure. The objective of this study is to compare composting and stockpiling for their effectiveness in reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Samples collected from the center and the surface of full-size manure stockpiling and composting piles were subject to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. While the distinctions in resistome between stockpiled and composted manure were not evident at the DNA level, the advantages of composting over stockpiling were evident at the transcriptomic level in terms of the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the number of ARG subtypes, and the prevalence of high-risk ARGs (i.e., mobile ARGs associated with zoonotic pathogens). DNA and transcript contigs show that the pathogen hosts of high-risk ARGs included Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O25b:H4, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica. Although the average daily temperatures for the entire composting pile exceeded 55°C throughout the field study, more ARG and ARG transcripts were removed at the center of the composting pile than at the surface. This work demonstrates the advantage of composting over stockpiling in reducing ARG risk in active populations in beef cattle manure.IMPORTANCEProper treatment of manure before land application is essential to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Stockpiling and composting are two commonly used methods for manure treatment. However, the effectiveness of composting in reducing antibiotic resistance in manure has been debated. This work compared the ability of these two methods to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Our results demonstrate that composting reduced more high-risk resistance genes at the transcriptomic level in cattle manure than conventional stockpiling. This finding not only underscores the effectiveness of composting in reducing antibiotic resistance in manure but also highlights the importance of employing RNA analyses alongside DNA analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Sun
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zachery R. Staley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Bryan Woodbury
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jean-Jack Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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2
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Giroux M, Park J, Kim JE, Choi YK, Lee JC, Kim S(S, Jang S, Gonzalez-Jimenez H, Kim J. The Impact of Communication Information on the Perceived Threat of COVID-19 and Stockpiling Intention. Australasian Marketing Journal 2023. [PMCID: PMC10076984 DOI: 10.1177/18393349211028670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article investigates the role of diverse nudging communication strategies on perceived threat and stockpiling intention. Across three studies, the authors examined the various effects of “nudging” on consumer behavior. Study 1 demonstrates that a commonly used picture has a stronger impact on perceived threat than a less frequently exposed picture regardless of its accuracy. Study 2 shows that the perceived threat of COVID-19, in terms of severe health consequences, is lower when using an indirect (vs. direct) explanation of the virus, as well as when reducing the amount of information about the virus. Study 3 investigates the impact of salient negative information and childhood socioeconomic status (SES). Findings reveal that negative information about deaths associated with the virus increases the level of perceived threat and stockpiling intention, especially among people of low childhood SES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae-Eun Kim
- Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jungkeun Kim
- Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
- Jungkeun Kim, Department of Marketing, Auckland University of Technology, 120 Mayoral Drive, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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3
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Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19
(coronavirus) outbreak a pandemic. In the following days, media reports showed
that consumers increasingly stockpiled groceries and household supplies.
Interestingly, behavioral data show that this stockpiling exhibited considerable
heterogeneity across countries. Building on cultural dimension theory, the
authors theorize that this heterogeneity can be explained by countries’ cultural
values: consumer stockpiling after the World Health Organization's announcement
was more pronounced in countries whose residents show high uncertainty
avoidance, low long-term orientation, low indulgence, and high individualism.
The authors confirm these propositions using global mobility data from Google
matched with country-level data on cultural values, pandemic reaction policies,
and other key variables. This research note thereby integrates the previously
disconnected literature on cultural dimension theory and consumer stockpiling in
general, as well as provides new and significant knowledge about cross-cultural
consumer behavior in crises. Furthermore, the authors provide actionable
insights for international policy makers and business managers who aim to
predict or control consumer stockpiling in future global crises to enhance
consumer well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Lee
- Iman Ahmadi is Assistant Professor of
Marketing, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK (
). Johannes Habel is Associate Professor
of Marketing, C.T. Bauer College of Business, University of Houston, USA (
). Miaolei Jia is Assistant Professor of
Marketing, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK (
). Nick Lee is Professor of Marketing,
Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK (
). Sarah Wei is Assistant Professor of
Marketing, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK (
)
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4
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Mizutani S, Takahashi K, Matsuura M. Situation analyses of caregivers' knowledge on infant liquid formula in Japan: a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14868. [PMID: 34057804 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sales of the first domestic liquid infant milk formula in Japan started in March 2019, and some local governments have started to stockpile the formula in case of disasters. This study aimed to assess caregivers' knowledge of liquid formula to promote better utilization during disaster situations. METHODS A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted between August 26 and October 4, 2019, in Aiiku Hospital and Aiiku Clinic (Minato Ward, Tokyo, Japan). Caregivers of infants at their 1-, 3-4-, and 6-7-month medical check-ups participated. Caregivers' knowledge about the cup feeding method and handling of residual (left over) formula was evaluated. Caregivers were divided into high or low knowledge groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relation between caregivers' information sources on liquid formula and each caregiver's level of knowledge (high or low). RESULTS Only 10.5% of caregivers were included in the high knowledge group regarding the cup feeding method, whereas 83.1% of caregivers were included in the high knowledge group regarding handling of residual liquid formula. Only 8.1% of caregivers were included in the high knowledge group regarding both cup feeding and handling of residual liquid formula. Logistic regression analysis showed that none of the information sources (hospital/clinic, TV/newspaper/magazine/website, milk company's website/advertisements, retail store, study meeting/event/social networking service, friend/infant's grandmother, workplace) affected the caregivers' knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Caregivers' knowledge on the cup feeding method and handling of left over liquid formula was insufficient. Proactive and correct provision of information is required to improve caregivers' knowledge as this is an urgent infant safety issue in disaster situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Mizutani
- Graduate School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Japan.,Department of Neonatology, Aiiku Hospital, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Kenzo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuura
- Graduate School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Japan
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5
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Schultz MJ, Roca O, Shrestha GS. Global lessons learned from COVID-19 mass casualty incidents. Br J Anaesth 2021; 128:e97-e100. [PMID: 34865825 PMCID: PMC8590954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With healthcare systems rapidly becoming overwhelmed and occupied by patients during a pandemic, effective and safe care for patients is easily compromised. During the course of the current pandemic, numerous treatment guidelines have been developed and published that have improved care for patients with COVID-19. Certain lessons have only been learned during the course of the outbreak, from which we can learn for future pandemics. This editorial aims to raise awareness about the importance of timely stockpiling of sufficient amounts of personal protection equipment and medications, adequate oxygen supplies, uninterrupted electricity, and fair locally adapted triage strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Schultz
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Oriol Roca
- Servei de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CibeRes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gentle S Shrestha
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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6
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Xu S, Schwinghamer T, Sura S, Cessna AJ, Zvomuya F, Zaheer R, Larney FJ, McAllister TA. Degradation of antimicrobial resistance genes within stockpiled beef cattle feedlot manure. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2021; 56:1093-1106. [PMID: 34605371 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1965416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) in manure from beef cattle administered (kg-1 feed) 44 mg of chlortetracycline (CTC), 44 mg of chlortetracycline plus sulfamethazine (CTCSMZ), 11 mg of tylosin (TYL), or no antimicrobials (Control) was examined. Manure was stockpiled and quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to assess tetracycline [tet(C), (L), (M), (W)], erythromycin [erm(A), (B), (F), (X)], and sulfamethazine [sul(1), (2)] ARG and 16S rDNA. After 102 d, copies of all ARG decreased by 0.3 to 1.5 log10 copies (g dry matter)-1. Temperature in the interior of piles averaged ≥ 55 °C for 10 d, except for CTCSMZ, but did not reach 55 °C at pile exteriors. Compared to Control, CTCSMZ increased (P < 0.05) tet(C), tet(M), tet(W), sul(1), and sul(2) in stockpiled manure. Copies of 16S rDNA remained higher (P < 0.05) in CTCSMZ than Control for the first 26 d. Levels of most ARG did not differ between the interior and exterior of stockpiles. Our results suggest that stockpiled manure would still introduce ARG to land upon manure application, but at levels lower than if manure was applied fresh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwei Xu
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim Schwinghamer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Srinivas Sura
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Allan J Cessna
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Francis Zvomuya
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francis J Larney
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Staley ZR, Woodbury BL, Stromer BS, Schmidt AM, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Wang B, Li X. Stockpiling versus Composting: Effectiveness in Reducing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes in Beef Cattle Manure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0075021. [PMID: 34085860 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00750-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Manure storage methods can affect the concentration and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in cattle manure prior to land application. The objective of this study was to compare stockpiling and composting with respect to their effectiveness in reducing ARB and ARGs in beef cattle manure in a field-scale study. Field experiments were conducted in different seasons with different bulking agents for composting. For both the winter-spring cycle and the summer-fall cycle, ARB concentrations declined below the limit of quantification rapidly in both composting piles and stockpiles; however, ARB prevalence was significantly greater in the composting piles than in the stockpiles. This was likely due to the introduction of ARB from bulking agents. There was no significant change in ARG concentrations between initial and final concentrations for either manure storage treatment during the winter-spring cycle, but a significant reduction of the ARGs erm(B), tet(O), and tet(Q) over time was observed for both the composting pile and stockpile during the summer-fall cycle. Results from this study suggest that (i) bulking agent may be an important source of ARB and ARGs for composting; (ii) during cold months, the heterogeneity of the temperature profile in composting piles could result in poor ARG reduction; and (iii) during warm months, both stockpiling and composting can be effective in reducing ARG abundance. IMPORTANCE Proper treatment of manure is essential to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance and protect human health. Stockpiling and composting are two manure storage methods which can reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes, although few field-scale studies have examined the relative efficiency of each method. This study examined the ability of both methods in both winter-spring and summer-fall cycles, while also accounting for heterogeneity within field-scale manure piles. This study determined that bulking agents used in composting could contribute antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Additionally, seasonal variation could hinder the efficacy of composting in colder months due to heterogeneity in temperature within the pile; however, in warmer months, either method of manure storage could be effective in reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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8
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Arafat SY, Ahmad AR, Murad HR, Kakashekh HM. Perceived Impact of Social Media on Panic Buying: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey in Iraqi Kurdistan. Front Public Health 2021; 9:668153. [PMID: 34041218 PMCID: PMC8141789 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.668153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Social media has an impact on panic buying by creating fear, disseminating pictures, and videos of people purchasing extra goods in a state of panic during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the perceived impact of social media on panic buying behaviors in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from October 10 to November 25, 2020. A self-reported instrument was designed in English and then translated to the Kurdish Language to conduct the study. It was disseminated through social media platforms (Facebook, Viber, and WhatsApp) and e-mail, via a link, and 466 responses were collected from social media users. The statistical computations were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: The majority of respondents were male (62.2%), were <25 years old (43.9%), and had completed their bachelor's degree (53.9%), and most of the respondents (86.3%) used Facebook. Among the respondents, 42.1% were involved in panic buying, 32.8% of the respondents thought that social media platforms had an influence on panic buying, 86.1% of the respondents thought that social media should be sensible while reporting it, 88.4% thought that the reporting should be controlled, and 78.5% thought that photos of empty shelves should be avoided. There was a significant positive statistical correlation (r = 0.84) between social media use and panic buying among consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan (p = <0.001). Conclusion: This research assessed how social media affects buying behavior, particularly in Iraq. Collective measures, such as sensible use and adequate media literacy, are needed to prevent such behaviors at least during public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Yasir Arafat
- Department of Psychiatry, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Araz Ramazan Ahmad
- Department of Administration, College of Humanities, University of Raparin, Ranya, Iraq,Department of International Relations & Diplomacy, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq,*Correspondence: Araz Ramazan Ahmad
| | - Hersh Rasool Murad
- Public Relations and Marketing Department, Technical College of Administration, Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
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9
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consistent with behaviour observed in prior crises, individuals are stockpiling supplies during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The goal of this study was to describe stockpiling behaviour in response to COVID-19 and investigate individual predictors of stockpiling. METHODS Workers (N = 363, 54.72% male, 44.65% female, 0.63% other; Mage = 38.41, SD = 12.48, range = 18-78) were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and completed a survey about their stockpiling of 13 items, as well as behaviours and opinions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and their political affiliation. RESULTS Participants stockpiled, on average, approximately 6 items, and toilet paper was the item most commonly procured. Approximately 25% of the sample acquired a gun or other weapon in response to the pandemic and approximately 20% of participants stockpiled gold or other precious metals. Stockpiling was more commonly observed among individuals who were more conservative, worried more about the pandemic, and social distanced less. CONCLUSIONS Individual, societal, and ideological implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Psychology Department, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Zambrotta
- Psychology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael H. Bernstein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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10
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Tse DCK, Lau VW, Hong YY, Bligh MC, Kakarika M. Prosociality and hoarding amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A tale of four countries. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2021; 32:507-520. [PMID: 34230794 PMCID: PMC8251234 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic is an unprecedented public health crisis that poses a challenge to humanity. Drawing on the stress and coping literature, we argue that people around the world alleviate their anxiety and stress induced by the pandemic through both prosocial and ‘self‐interested’ hoarding behaviours. This cross‐cultural survey study examined the pushing (threat perception) and pulling (moral identity) factors that predicted prosocial acts and hoarding, and subsequently psychological well‐being. Data were collected from 9 April to 14 May 2020 from 251 participants in the United Kingdom (UK), 268 in the United States (US), 197 in Germany (DE), and 200 in Hong Kong (HK). Whereas threat perception was associated positively with both prosocial acts and hoarding, benevolent moral identity was associated positively with the former but not the latter behaviour. We also observed cross‐cultural differences, such that both effects were stronger in more individualistic (UK, US) countries than less individualistic (HK, DE) ones. The findings shed light on the prosocial vs. self‐interested behavioural responses of people in different cultures towards the same pandemic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight C K Tse
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK.,Department of Psychology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Vienne W Lau
- Department of Management University of Central Oklahoma Edmond Oklahoma USA
| | - Ying-Yi Hong
- Department of Marketing The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Michelle C Bligh
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences Claremont Graduate University Claremont California USA
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11
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Dawoud D, Chalkidou K, Sullivan R, Ruiz FJ, Adler A. USA stockpiling of remdesivir: How should the world respond? J Comp Eff Res 2020; 9:1243-1246. [PMID: 33274643 PMCID: PMC7717394 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2020-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The race to find an effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still on, with only two treatment options currently authorized for emergency use and/or recommended for patients hospitalized with severe respiratory symptoms: low-dose dexamethasone and remdesivir. The USA decision to stockpile the latter has resulted in widespread condemnation and in similar action being taken by some other countries. In this commentary we discuss whether stockpiling remdesivir is justified in light of the currently available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Dawoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kalipso Chalkidou
- Global Health Policy & Center for Global Development, London, UK.,Practice in Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Francis J Ruiz
- Center for Global Development, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amanda Adler
- NICE Technology Appraisal Committee B, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Yiqun Chen, Abbas Rajabifard, Soheil Sabri, Katie Elisabeth Potts, Farhad Laylavi, Yuke Xie, Yibo Zhang. A discussion of irrational stockpiling behaviour during crisis. Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2020; 1. [ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the ubiquitous human behaviours observed in natural disasters and humanitarian crisis is irrational stockpiling (also known as hoarding or panic buying). Limited, distorted and exaggerated information during crisis disturbs people's judgement and results in aberrant actions which can be explained with economics and psychology theories. The objective of this paper is to examine the perplexing stockpiling phenomena during disasters like COVID-19 pandemic and discuss its immediate and long-term impact on economy, society and local communities.
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13
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Garel P. Brexit and shortages. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2019; 25:291. [PMID: 31157044 DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2018-001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Data on outpatients with relatively mild disease should not form the basis for policies on the management of more severe disease. A debate about the market-leading influenza antiviral medication, oseltamivir, which initially focused on treatment for generally mild illness, has been expanded to question the wisdom of stockpiling for use in future influenza pandemics. Although randomized controlled trial evidence confirms that oseltamivir will reduce symptom duration by 17–25 hours among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults with community-managed disease, no randomized controlled trials have examined the effectiveness of oseltamivir against more serious outcomes. Observational studies, although criticized on methodologic grounds, suggest that oseltamivir given early can reduce the risk for death by half among persons hospitalized with confirmed infection caused by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H5N1) viruses. However, available randomized controlled trial data may not be able to capture the effect of oseltamivir use among hospitalized patients with severe disease. We assert that data on outpatients with relatively mild disease should not form the basis for policies on the management of more severe disease.
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15
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Watson SI, Chen YF, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Myles PR, Venkatesan S, Zambon M, Uthman O, Chilton PJ, Lilford RJ. Evidence synthesis and decision modelling to support complex decisions: stockpiling neuraminidase inhibitors for pandemic influenza usage. F1000Res 2016; 5:2293. [PMID: 28413608 PMCID: PMC5365214 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9414.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antivirals as a defence against pandemic influenza is a significant public health policy decision that must be made despite a lack of conclusive evidence from randomised controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of NAIs on important clinical end points such as mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether NAIs should be stockpiled for treatment of pandemic influenza on the basis of current evidence. Methods: A decision model for stockpiling was designed. Data on previous pandemic influenza epidemiology was combined with data on the effectiveness of NAIs in reducing mortality obtained from a recent individual participant meta-analysis using observational data. Evidence synthesis techniques and a bias modelling method for observational data were used to incorporate the evidence into the model. The stockpiling decision was modelled for adults (≥16 years old) and the United Kingdom was used as an example. The main outcome was the expected net benefits of stockpiling in monetary terms. Health benefits were estimated from deaths averted through stockpiling. Results: After adjusting for biases in the estimated effectiveness of NAIs, the expected net benefit of stockpiling in the baseline analysis was £444 million, assuming a willingness to pay of £20,000/QALY ($31,000/QALY). The decision would therefore be to stockpile NAIs. There was a greater probability that the stockpile would not be utilised than utilised. However, the rare but catastrophic losses from a severe pandemic justified the decision to stockpile. Conclusions: Taking into account the available epidemiological data and evidence of effectiveness of NAIs in reducing mortality, including potential biases, a decision maker should stockpile anti-influenza medication in keeping with the postulated decision rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I. Watson
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yen-Fu Chen
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Puja R. Myles
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sudhir Venkatesan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Olalekan Uthman
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J. Chilton
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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Watson SI, Chen YF, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Myles PR, Venkatesan S, Zambon M, Uthman O, Chilton PJ, Lilford RJ. Evidence synthesis and decision modelling to support complex decisions: stockpiling neuraminidase inhibitors for pandemic influenza usage. F1000Res 2016; 5:2293. [PMID: 28413608 PMCID: PMC5365214 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9414.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antivirals as a defence against pandemic influenza is a significant public health policy decision that must be made despite a lack of conclusive evidence from randomised controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of NAIs on important clinical end points such as mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether NAIs should be stockpiled for treatment of pandemic influenza on the basis of current evidence. Methods: A decision model for stockpiling was designed. Data on previous pandemic influenza epidemiology was combined with data on the effectiveness of NAIs in reducing mortality obtained from a recent individual participant meta-analysis using observational data. Evidence synthesis techniques and a bias modelling method for observational data were used to incorporate the evidence into the model. The stockpiling decision was modelled for adults (≥16 years old) and the United Kingdom was used as an example. The main outcome was the expected net benefits of stockpiling in monetary terms. Health benefits were estimated from deaths averted through stockpiling. Results: After adjusting for biases in the estimated effectiveness of NAIs, the expected net benefit of stockpiling in the baseline analysis was £444 million, assuming a willingness to pay of £20,000/QALY ($31,000/QALY). The decision would therefore be to stockpile NAIs. There was a greater probability that the stockpile would not be utilised than utilised. However, the rare but catastrophic losses from a severe pandemic justified the decision to stockpile. Conclusions: Taking into account the available epidemiological data and evidence of effectiveness of NAIs in reducing mortality, including potential biases, a decision maker should stockpile anti-influenza medication in keeping with the postulated decision rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I. Watson
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yen-Fu Chen
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Puja R. Myles
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sudhir Venkatesan
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | - Olalekan Uthman
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter J. Chilton
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL, UK
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Abstract
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), a neuraminidase inhibitor, was approved for seasonal flu by US Food and Drug Administration in 1999. A number of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis emphasized a favorable efficacy and safety profile. Majority of them were funded by Roche, which also first marketed and promoted this drug. In 2005 and 2009, the looming fear of pandemic flu led to recommendation by prominent regulatory bodies such as World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Medicines Agency and others for its use in treatment and prophylaxis of influenza, and it's stockpiling as a measure to tide over the crisis. Serious Adverse Events, especially neuropsychiatric events associated with Tamiflu started getting reported leading to a cascade of questions on clinical utility of this drug. A recent Cochrane review and related articles have questioned the risk-benefit ratio of the drug, besides raising doubts about the regulatory decision of approving it. The recommendations for stockpiling the said drug as given by various international organizations viz WHO have also been put to scrutiny. Although many reviewers have labeled the Tamiflu saga as a “costly mistake,” the episode leaves us with some important lessons. This article takes a comprehensive relook on the subject, and we proceed to suggest some ways and means to avoid a similar situation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meenakshi Meenu
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Prafull Mohan
- Department of Pharmacology, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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