Transcriptional pathways of elevated fasting blood glucose associated with short-term exposure to ultrafine particles: A panel study in Beijing, China

Associations between long-term exposure to ultrafine particles and type 2 diabetes: A large-scale, multicenter study in China

Few studies have examined the associations between long-term exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to investigate the impact of long-term UFP exposure on diabetes prevalence and stages, as well as glycemic markers, using data from a large multi-center cohort collected from 2017 to 2021. The health outcomes assessed included diabetes prevalence and stages (normoglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes), as well as glycemic markers, i.e., fasting blood glucose (FPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The three-year average UFP concentration prior to baseline was used as the long-term UFP exposure level. This cross-sectional study included 93,990 participants, with a diabetes prevalence of 10.97 %. An interquartile range increase in UFP was significantly associated with diabetes prevalence and stages, with ORs of 1.20 (95 % CI: 1.14, 1.26) and 1.11 (95 % CI: 1.07, 1.44), respectively. Specifically, for comparison between normoglycemia and prediabetes, and between prediabetes and diabetes, the corresponding ORs were 1.01 (95 % CI: 0.96, 1.04) and 1.24 (95 % CI: 1.17, 1.31), respectively. UFP exposure was also significantly associated with elevated levels of FPG and HbA1c. These findings suggest that long-term UFP exposure may be a potential risk factor for diabetes with larger risks in the prediabetes population.

Mechanistic insights into cardiovascular effects of ultrafine particle exposure: A longitudinal panel study

BACKGROUND

Ultrafine particle (UFP) has been linked with higher risks of cardiovascular diseases; however, the biological mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the cardiovascular responses to short-term UFP exposure and the biological pathways involved.

METHODS

A longitudinal panel study was conducted among 32 healthy, non-smoking young adults in Shanghai, China, who were engaged in five rounds of follow-ups between December 2020 and November 2021. Individual exposures were calculated based on the indoor and outdoor real-time measurements. Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, targeted biomarkers, and untargeted proteomics and metabolomics were examined during each follow-up. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to analyze the exposure and health data. The differential proteins and metabolites were used for pathway enrichment analyses.

RESULTS

Short-term UFP exposure was associated with significant increases in blood pressure and arterial stiffness. For example, systolic blood pressure increased by 2.10 % (95 % confidence interval: 0.63 %, 3.59 %) corresponding to each interquartile increase in UFP concentrations at lag 0-3 h, while pulse wave velocity increased by 2.26 % (95 % confidence interval: 0.52 %, 4.04 %) at lag 7-12 h. In addition, dozens of molecular biomarkers altered significantly. These effects were generally present within 24 h after UFP exposure, and were robust to the adjustment of co-pollutants. Molecular changes detected in proteomics and metabolomics analyses were mainly involved in systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, coagulation, and disturbance in lipid transport and metabolism.

DISCUSSION

This study provides novel and compelling evidence on the detrimental subclinical cardiovascular effects in response to short-term UFP exposure. The multi-omics profiling further offers holistic insights into the underlying biological pathways.

Higher temperature and humidity exacerbate pollutant-associated lung dysfunction in the elderly

RATIONALE

Air pollution and extreme temperature and humidity are risk factors for lung dysfunction, but their interactions are not clearly understood.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the impact of exposure to air pollutants and meteorological factors on lung function, and the contribution of their interaction to the overall effect.

METHODS

The peak expiratory flow rates of 135 participants were repeatedly measured during up to four visits. Two weeks before each visit, the concentrations of gaseous pollutants and 19 fine particle components, and the temperature and relative humidity, were continuously monitored in the community where they lived. A Bayesian Kernel machine regression model was used to explore the non-linear exposure-response relationships of the peak expiratory flow rate with pollutant exposure and meteorological factors, and their interactions.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Increased temperature and relative humidity could exacerbate pollutant-associated decline in the peak expiratory flow rate, although their associations with lung dysfunction disappeared after adjustment for pollutant exposure. For example, declines of peak expiratory flow rate associated with interquartile range increase of 3-day cadmium exposure were -0.03 and -0.07 units, when temperature was at 0.1 and 19.5 °C, respectively. Decreased temperature were associated with declines of peak expiratory flow rate after adjustment for pollutant exposure, and had interaction with pollutant exposure on lung dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

High temperature, low temperature, and high humidity were all high-risk factors for lung dysfunction, and their interactions with pollutant levels contributed greatly to the overall effects.

KCNQ1 rs2237892 polymorphism modify the association between short-term ambient particulate matter exposure and fasting blood glucose: A family-based study

BACKGROUND

The association between particulate matter and fasting blood glucose (FBG) has shown conflicting results. Genome-wide association studies have shown that KCNQ1 rs2237892 polymorphism is associated with the risk of diabetes. Whether KCNQ1 rs2237892 polymorphism might modify the association between particulate matter and FBG is still uncertain.

METHODS

Data collected from a family-based cohort study in Northern China, were used to perform the analysis. A generalized additive Gaussian model was used to examine the short-term effects of air pollutants on FBG. We further conducted interaction analyses by including a cross-product term of air pollutants by rs2237892 within KCNQ1 gene.

RESULTS

A total of 4418 participants were included in the study. In the single pollutant model, the FBG level increased 0.0031 mmol/L with per 10 μg/m³ elevation in fine particular matter (PM_2.5) for lag 0 day. After additional adjustments for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂), similar results were observed for lag 0-2 days. As for particulate matter with particle size below 10 μm (PM₁₀), the significant association between the daily average concentration of the pollutant and FBG level was observed for lag 0-3 days. Additionally, rs2237892 in KCNQ1 gene modified the association between PM and FBG level. The higher risk of FBG levels associated with elevations in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were more evident as the number of risk allele C increased. Individuals with a CC genotype had the highest risk of elevation in FBG levels.

CONCLUSION

Short-term exposures to PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were associated with higher FBG levels. Additionally, rs2237892 in KCNQ1 gene might modify the association between the air pollutants and FBG levels.

A mobile platform for characterizing on-road tailpipe emissions and toxicity of ultrafine particles under real driving Conditions

Acute exposure to fresh traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) can be high for road users, including motorbike drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. However, evaluating the toxicity of fresh traffic emissions from on-road vehicles is challenging since pollution properties can change dynamically within a short distance and time. This study demonstrated a mobile platform equipped with an On-Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) system, a tailor-made portable emission measurement system, and an electrostatic air-liquid interface exposure system with human monocytic THP-1 cells to characterize on-road tailpipe emissions under real driving conditions. High number concentrations up to 10⁶-10⁷ # cm^-3 of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were observed for a gasoline engine at the cold-start stage and a diesel engine during particulate filter regeneration. In particular, a substantial fraction of freshly emitted UFPs within the size less than 23 nm were observed and should be cautioned. The potential toxicity of fresh TRAPs was quantified by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results show that the decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and high oxidative stress induced by the fresh TRAPs were potentially contributed by gaseous pollutants as well as particles, especially driving with the high idling frequency. Moreover, the dominant contributor to the toxicity is different for gasoline's and diesel's TRAPs. Characterizing on-road air pollutant toxicity as well as physicochemical properties using an innovative mobile platform can fill this knowledge gap.

Neuroendocrine stress hormones associated with short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter in individuals with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A panel study in Beijing, China

Air pollution is a major trigger of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dysregulation of the neuroendocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) axes is essential in progression of COPD. However, it is not clear whether air pollution exposure is associated with neuroendocrine responses in individuals with and without COPD. Based on a panel study of 51 stable COPD patients and 78 non-COPD participants with 384 clinical visits, we measured the morning serum levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine as indicators of stress hormones released from the HPA and SAM axes. Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and meteorological conditions were continuously monitored at the station from 2 weeks before the start of clinical visits. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate associations between differences in stress hormones following an average of 1-14-day exposures to NO₂ and PM_2.5. The average 1 day air pollutant levels prior to the clinical visits were 24.4 ± 14.0 ppb for NO₂ and 55.6 ± 41.5 μg/m³ for PM_2.5. We observed significant increases in CRH, ACTH, and norepinephrine, and decreases in cortisol and epinephrine with interquartile range increase in the average NO₂ and PM_2.5 concentrations in all participants. In the stratified analyses, we identified significant between-group difference in epinephrine following NO₂ exposure in individuals with and without COPD. These results may suggest the susceptibility of COPD patients to the neuroendocrine responses associated with short-term air pollution exposure.