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Madl AK, Donnell MT, Covell LT. Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs): adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and considerations for next generation new approach methods (NAMs). Crit Rev Toxicol 2024:1-51. [PMID: 39287182 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2390020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Fiber dimension, durability/dissolution, and biopersistence are critical factors for the risk of fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. In the modern era, to reduce, refine, and replace animals in toxicology research, the application of in vitro test methods is paramount for hazard evaluation and designing synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) for safe use. The objectives of this review are to: (1) summarize the international frameworks and acceptability criteria for implementation of new approach methods (NAMs), (2) evaluate the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), key events (KEs), and key event relationships (KERs) for fiber-induced fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in accordance with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, (3) consider existing and emerging technologies for in silico and in vitro toxicity testing for the respiratory system and the ability to predict effects in vivo, (4) outline a recommended testing strategy for evaluating the hazard and safety of novel SVFs, and (5) reflect on methods needs for in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) and predictive approaches for safety assessment of new SVFs. AOP frameworks following the conceptual model of the OECD were developed through an evaluation of available molecular and cellular initiating events, which lead to KEs and KERs in the development of fiber-induced fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. AOP framework development included consideration of fiber physicochemical properties, respiratory deposition and clearance patterns, biosolubility, and biopersistence, as well as cellular, organ, and organism responses. Available data support that fiber AOPs begin with fiber physicochemical characteristics which influence fiber exposure and biosolubility and subsequent key initiating events are dependent on fiber biopersistence and reactivity. Key cellular events of pathogenic fibers include oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and epithelial/fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, which ultimately lead to hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrosis/tumor formation. Available in vitro models (e.g. single-, multi-cellular, organ system) provide promising NAMs tools to evaluate these intermediate KEs. However, data on SVFs demonstrate that in vitro biosolubility is a reasonable predictor for downstream events of in vivo biopersistence and biological effects. In vitro SVF fiber dissolution rates >100 ng/cm2/hr (glass fibers in pH 7 and stone fibers in pH 4.5) and in vivo SVF fiber clearance half-life less than 40 or 50 days were not associated with fibrosis or tumors in animals. Long (fiber lengths >20 µm) biodurable and biopersistent fibers exceeding these fiber dissolution and clearance thresholds may pose a risk of fibrosis and cancer. In vitro fiber dissolution assays provide a promising avenue and potentially powerful tool to predict in vivo SVF fiber biopersistence, hazard, and health risk. NAMs for fibers (including SVFs) may involve a multi-factor in vitro approach leveraging in vitro dissolution data in complement with cellular- and tissue- based in vitro assays to predict health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Valeo Sciences LLC, Ladera Ranch, CA, USA
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2
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Almonti V, Vernazza S, Mirata S, Tirendi S, Passalacqua M, Gualtieri AF, Di Giuseppe D, Scarfì S, Bassi AM. Toxicity and inflammatory potential of mineral fibres: The contribute of released soluble metals versus cell contact direct effects. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:1166-1183. [PMID: 38605572 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Asbestos fibres have been considered an environmental hazard for decades. However, little is known about the attempts of circulating immune cells to counteract their toxicity. We addressed the early effects of fibre-released soluble factors (i.e. heavy metals) in naïve immune cells, circulating immediately below the alveolar/endothelial cell layer. By comparison, the direct fibre effects on endotheliocytes were also studied since these cells are known to sustain inflammatory processes. The three mineral fibres analysed showed that mainly chrysotile (CHR) and erionite (ERI) were able to release toxic metals in extracellular media respect to crocidolite (CRO), during the first 24 h. Nevertheless, all three fibres were able to induce oxidative stress and genotoxic damage in indirectly challenged naïve THP-1 monocytes (separated by a membrane). Conversely, only CHR-released metal ions induced apoptosis, NF-κB activation, cytokines and CD163 gene overexpression, indicating a differentiation towards the M0 macrophage phenotype. On the other hand, all three mineral fibres in direct contact with HECV endothelial cells showed cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects, cytokines and ICAM-I overexpression, indicating the ability of these cells to promote an inflammatory environment in the lung independently from the type of inhaled fibre. Our study highlights the different cellular responses to mineral fibres resulting from both the nature of the cells and their function, but also from the chemical-physical characteristics of the fibres. In conclusion, CHR represented the main pro-inflammatory trigger, able to recruit and activate circulating naïve monocytes, through its released metals, already in the first 24 h after inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Almonti
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Vernazza
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Mirata
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Tirendi
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Dario Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
- Department Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Pisa, Italy
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3
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Salucci S, Giordani M, Betti M, Valentini L, Gobbi P, Mattioli M. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of natural (fibrous epsomite crystals) and synthetic (Epsom salt) magnesium sulfate. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:685-694. [PMID: 37982323 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mineral fibers represents an occupational and environmental hazard since particulate inhalation leads to several health disorders. However, few data are available on the effect of fibers with high solubility like natural epsomite, a water-soluble fiber with an inhalable size that allows it to penetrate biological systems, with regard to the respiratory tract. This study evaluated the natural (fibrous epsomite) and synthetic (Epsom salt) magnesium sulfate pathogenicity. Investigations have been performed through morpho-functional and biochemical analyses, in an in vitro cell model that usually grows as monocytes, but that under appropriate conditions differentiates into macrophages. These latter, known as alveolar macrophages, if referred to lungs, represent the first line of defense against harmful inhaled stimuli. Morphological observations reveal that, if Epsom salt induces osmotic stress on cell culture, natural epsomite fibers lead to cellular alterations including thickening of the nuclear envelope and degenerated mitochondria. Moreover, the insoluble fraction (impurities) internalized by cells induces diffuse damage characterized at the highest dosage and exposure time by secondary necrosis or necrotic cell death features. Biochemical analyses confirm this mineral behavior that involves MAPK pathway activation, resulting in many different cellular responses ranging from proliferation control to cell death. Epsom salt leads to MAPK/ERK activation, a marker predictive of overall survival. Unlike, natural epsomite induces upregulation of MAPK/p38 protein involved in the phosphorylation of downstream targets driving necrotic cell death. These findings demonstrate natural epsomite toxicity on U937 cell culture, making the inhalation of these fibers potentially hazardous for human health. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Natural epsomite and synthetic Epsom salt effects have been evaluated in U937 cell model. Epsom salt induces an osmotic cellular stress. Natural epsomite fibers lead to cellular damage and can be considered potentially dangerous for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salucci
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Giordani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Betti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Valentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pietro Gobbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Mattioli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Fantone S, Tossetta G, Cianfruglia L, Frontini A, Armeni T, Procopio AD, Pugnaloni A, Gualtieri AF, Marzioni D. Mechanisms of action of mineral fibres in a placental syncytiotrophoblast model: An in vitro toxicology study. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 390:110895. [PMID: 38301883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Asbestos has been widely used due to its unique characteristics. It is known that exposure to asbestos causes serious damage to health but one species, chrysolite, is still used because it is considered less toxic and not biopersistent in some countries. The aim of our study was to investigate if cellular process underlying the proliferation, differentiation and cell death of placental tissues could be modify in presence of asbestos fibres (50 μg/ml final concentration), long chrysolite fibres (CHR-L) and short chrysolite fibres (CHR-S), using BeWo cell line, an in vitro model that mimics the syncytiotrophoblast (STB), the outer layer of placental villi. Our data demonstrated that none of the fibres analysed alter syncytiotrophoblast formation but all of them induce ROS formation and reduced cell proliferation. Moreover, we showed that only CHR-L fibre induced was able to induce irreversible DNA alterations that carried cells to apoptosis. In fact, BeWo cells exposed to CHR-L fibre showed a significant increase in cleaved CASP3 protein, a marker of apoptosis. These data suggest that CHR-L may induce death of the placental villi leading to impaired placental development. The impairment of placental development is the basis of many gestational pathologies such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. Since these pathologies are very dangerous for foetal and maternal life, we suggest to the gynaecologists to carefully evaluate the area of maternal residence, the working environment, the food used, and the materials used daily to avoid contact with these fibres as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio D Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Diagnostic, IRCCS INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Armanda Pugnaloni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro F Gualtieri
- Chemical and Earth Sciences Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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Kussainova A, Bulgakova O, Aripova A, Ibragimova M, Pulliero A, Begimbetova D, Bersimbaev R, Izzotti A. Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Action of Chrysotile Asbestos in MRC5 Cell Line. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1599. [PMID: 38003914 PMCID: PMC10672232 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Asbestos is a known carcinogen; however, the influence of chrysotile asbestos on the development of tumor-related diseases remains a subject of intense debate within the scientific community. To analyze the effect of asbestos, we conducted a study using the MRC5 cell line. We were able to demonstrate that chrysotile asbestos stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cell death and DNA damage in the MRC5 cell line, using various techniques such as ROS measurement, comet assay, MTT assay, and qPCR. In addition, we found that chrysotile asbestos treatment significantly increased extracellular mitochondrial DNA levels in the culture medium and induced significant changes in the expression profile of several miRNAs, which was the first of its kind. Thus, our research highlights the importance of studying the effects of chrysotile asbestos on human health and reveals multiple adverse effects of chrysotile asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assiya Kussainova
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.K.); (A.P.)
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (O.B.); (A.A.); (M.I.); (R.B.)
| | - Olga Bulgakova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (O.B.); (A.A.); (M.I.); (R.B.)
| | - Akmaral Aripova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (O.B.); (A.A.); (M.I.); (R.B.)
| | - Milana Ibragimova
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (O.B.); (A.A.); (M.I.); (R.B.)
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Alessandra Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Via Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Dinara Begimbetova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Rakhmetkazhi Bersimbaev
- Department of General Biology and Genomics, Institute of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (O.B.); (A.A.); (M.I.); (R.B.)
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Gualtieri AF, Malferrari D, Di Giuseppe D, Scognamiglio V, Sala O, Gualtieri ML, Bersani D, Fornasini L, Mugnaioli E. There is plenty of asbestos at the bottom. The case of magnesite raw material contaminated with asbestos fibres. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:166275. [PMID: 37582451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Although all six asbestos minerals (the layer silicate chrysotile and five chain silicate species actinolite asbestos, amosite, anthophyllite asbestos, crocidolite and tremolite asbestos) are classified as carcinogenic, chrysotile is still mined and used in many countries worldwide. Other countries, like Italy, impose zero tolerance for all asbestos species, but conflicting views repress the development of globally uniform treaties controlling international trade of asbestos-containing materials. Hence, countries with more severe legislations against the use of these hazardous materials lack of an international safety net against importation of non-compliant products. This research reports the first discovery of commercial magnesite raw materials contaminated with white asbestos (chrysotile). X-ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric/thermodifferential measurements showed the presence of serpentine group minerals in both the semi-processed (powder) and quarried material. The univocal identification of chrysotile in the powders was confirmed by its peculiar Raman bands of the OH stretching vibrations between 3500 and 3800 cm-1, with an intense peak at ∼3695 cm-1 and a weak contribution at ∼3647 cm-1. Transmission electron microscope showed that chrysotile forms fibres up to a few microns long and up to 80 nm thick with a nanotube structure characterized by inner channels as large as 30-40 nm. Fibres size analysis obtained by scanning electron microscopy indicates mean length and diameter of 5.95 and 0.109 μm with medians of 2.62 and 0.096 μm, respectively; some among the fibres analysed exhibit the so-called "Stanton size" (i.e., asbestos fibres longer than 8 μm and thinner than 0.25 μm that are strongly carcinogenic). Quantitative analysis showed a chrysotile content around 0.01 wt% not allowed by current regulations in Italy and many other countries. More generally, our findings demonstrate that without shared policies aimed at regulating asbestos circulation on the global market, "asbestos-free" national policies will inevitably fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F Gualtieri
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Inter-Departmental Research and Innovation Centre on Construction and Environmental Services of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniele Malferrari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Inter-Departmental Research and Innovation Centre on Construction and Environmental Services of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Dario Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Scognamiglio
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Orietta Sala
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Danilo Bersani
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Fornasini
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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7
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Graziosi F, Caffaro P, Bonetti M, Roccuzzo F, Rota S, Boffetta P, Caraballo-Arias YA, Zunarelli C, Danilevskaia N, Violante FS. Quantitative assessment of asbestos fibers in some normal and pathological extra-abdominal tissues-a scoping review. J Occup Med Toxicol 2023; 18:24. [PMID: 37946239 PMCID: PMC10634162 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-023-00392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asbestos is a mineral present in nature and it has been used for years in numerous settings. Asbestos enters the bloodstream and lymphatic system mainly through breathing. OBJECTIVES Studies with asbestos fiber's quantification in human tissues are scarce except for the lung. This article summarizes asbestos studies in some extra-abdominal tissues. METHODS A scoping review of articles that quantified asbestos fibers in extra-abdominal tissues (lymph nodes, pharynx, larynx, trachea, heart) by electron microscopy (Scanning-SEM or Transmission-TEM) was performed. RESULTS The 10 studies selected comprised 52 cases, out of whom 108 samples were analyzed. Mostly samples were lymph node tissues (102), followed by larynx (3) and myocardium (3). No studies were found that determined the presence of asbestos in the pharynx or trachea. The concentration of asbestos fibers detected in the lymph nodes was from 0.003 million fibers per gram of dry tissue (mfgdt) up to 7400 mfgdt, in the larynx the range was from 0.5 mfgdt up to 3.6 mfgdt, in myocardium no asbestos fibers were detected. DISCUSSION The studies included were heterogeneous in terms of case and sample characteristics and analytical techniques. As subjects exposed to asbestos are often positive for fibers in thoracic lymph nodes, we suggest that whenever a human tissue sample is analyzed for asbestos presence, the relevant draining lymph node should be concomitantly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Graziosi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Caffaro
- School of Occupational Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Bonetti
- School of Occupational Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Roccuzzo
- School of Occupational Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Samantha Rota
- School of Occupational Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Carlotta Zunarelli
- School of Occupational Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nataliia Danilevskaia
- School of Occupational Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saverio Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Leinardi R, Petriglieri JR, Pochet A, Yakoub Y, Lelong M, Lescoat A, Turci F, Lecureur V, Huaux F. Distinct Pro-Inflammatory Mechanisms Elicited by Short and Long Amosite Asbestos Fibers in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15145. [PMID: 37894824 PMCID: PMC10606797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While exposure to long amphibolic asbestos fibers (L > 10 µm) results in the development of severe diseases including inflammation, fibrosis, and mesothelioma, the pathogenic activity associated with short fibers (L < 5 µm) is less clear. By exposing murine macrophages to short (SFA) or long (LFA) fibers of amosite asbestos different in size and surface chemistry, we observed that SFA internalization resulted in pyroptotic-related immunogenic cell death (ICD) characterized by the release of the pro-inflammatory damage signal (DAMP) IL-1α after inflammasome activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-pore formation. In contrast, macrophage responses to non-internalizable LFA were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release, caspase-3 and -7 activation, and apoptosis. SFA effects exclusively resulted from Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) recognized for its ability to sense particles, while the response to LFA was elicited by a multifactorial ignition system involving the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (SR-A6 or MARCO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) cascade, and TLR4. Our findings indicate that asbestos fiber size and surface features play major roles in modulating ICD and inflammatory pathways. They also suggest that SFA are biologically reactive in vitro and, therefore, their inflammatory and toxic effects in vivo should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Leinardi
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (Y.Y.); (F.H.)
| | - Jasmine Rita Petriglieri
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (J.R.P.); (F.T.)
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Amandine Pochet
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (Y.Y.); (F.H.)
| | - Yousof Yakoub
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (Y.Y.); (F.H.)
| | - Marie Lelong
- Université de Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.L.); (A.L.); (V.L.)
| | - Alain Lescoat
- Université de Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.L.); (A.L.); (V.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Francesco Turci
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (J.R.P.); (F.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- Université de Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (M.L.); (A.L.); (V.L.)
| | - François Huaux
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institute de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (A.P.); (Y.Y.); (F.H.)
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Kasai T, Fukushima S. Exposure of Rats to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Correlation of Inhalation Exposure to Lung Burden, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Findings, and Lung Morphology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2598. [PMID: 37764628 PMCID: PMC10536709 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate lung toxicity due to inhalation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in rats, we developed a unique MWCNT aerosol generator based on dry aerosolization using the aerodynamic cyclone principle. Rats were exposed to MWNT-7 (also known as Mutsui-7 and MWCNT-7) aerosolized using this device. We report here an analysis of previously published data and additional unpublished data obtained in 1-day, 2-week, 13-week, and 2-year inhalation exposure studies. In one-day studies, it was found that approximately 50% of the deposited MWNT-7 fibers were cleared the day after the end of exposure, but that clearance of the remaining fibers was markedly reduced. This is in agreement with the premise that the rapidly cleared fibers were deposited in the ciliated airways while the slowly cleared fibers were deposited beyond the ciliated airways in the respiratory zone. Macrophage clearance of MWNT-7 fibers from the alveoli was limited. Instead of macrophage clearance from the alveoli, containment of MWNT-7 fibers within induced granulomatous lesions was observed. The earliest changes indicative of pulmonary toxicity were seen in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Macrophage-associated inflammation persisted from the one-day exposure to MWNT-7 to the end of the two-year exposure period. Correlation of lung tumor development with MWNT-7 lung burden required incorporating the concept of area under the curve for the duration of the study; the development of lung tumors induced by MWNT-7 correlated with lung burden and the duration of MWNT-7 residence in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kasai
- Japan Bioassay Research Center (JBRC), Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano 257-0015, Japan
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10
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Sahu RK, Ruhi S, Jeppu AK, Al-Goshae HA, Syed A, Nagdev S, Widyowati R, Ekasari W, Khan J, Bhattacharjee B, Goyal M, Bhattacharya S, Jangde RK. Malignant mesothelioma tumours: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapies accompanying clinical studies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1204722. [PMID: 37469419 PMCID: PMC10353315 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1204722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathetic malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a extremely uncommon and confrontational tumor that evolves in the mesothelium layer of the pleural cavities (inner lining- visceral pleura and outer lining- parietal pleura), peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis and is highly resistant to standard treatments. In mesothelioma, the predominant pattern of lesions is a loss of genes that limit tumour growth. Despite the worldwide ban on the manufacture and supply of asbestos, the prevalence of mesothelioma continues to increase. Mesothelioma presents and behaves in a variety of ways, making diagnosis challenging. Most treatments available today for MM are ineffective, and the median life expectancy is between 10 and 12 months. However, in recent years, considerable progress has already been made in understanding the genetics and molecular pathophysiology of mesothelioma by addressing hippo signaling pathway. The development and progression of MM are related to many important genetic alterations. This is related to NF2 and/or LATS2 mutations that activate the transcriptional coactivator YAP. The X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans are used to diagnose the MM. The MM are treated with surgery, chemotherapy, first-line combination chemotherapy, second-line treatment, radiation therapy, adoptive T-cell treatment, targeted therapy, and cancer vaccines. Recent clinical trials investigating the function of surgery have led to the development of innovative approaches to the treatment of associated pleural effusions as well as the introduction of targeted medications. An interdisciplinary collaborative approach is needed for the effective care of persons who have mesothelioma because of the rising intricacy of mesothelioma treatment. This article highlights the key findings in the molecular pathogenesis of mesothelioma, diagnosis with special emphasis on the management of mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sakina Ruhi
- Department of Biochemistry, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashok Kumar Jeppu
- Department of Biochemistry, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Husni Ahmed Al-Goshae
- Department of Anantomy, International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayesha Syed
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay Nagdev
- Department of Pharmacy, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wiwied Ekasari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Jiyauddin Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Manoj Goyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Chauras, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Shirpur, MH, India
| | - Rajendra K. Jangde
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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11
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Petriglieri JR, Pavan C, Holian A, Turci F. Editorial: Inorganic particles and fibres: integrating minero-chemistry and hazard assessment for eco-exposome development. Front Chem 2023; 11:1233846. [PMID: 37465360 PMCID: PMC10352076 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1233846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Rita Petriglieri
- “G Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Pavan
- “G Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Science, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Francesco Turci
- “G Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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12
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Petriglieri JR, Barale L, Viti C, Ballirano P, Belluso E, Bruno MR, Campopiano A, Cannizzaro A, Fantauzzi M, Gianchiglia F, Montereali MR, Nardi E, Olori A, Piana F, Tomatis M, Rossi A, Skogby H, Pacella A, Turci F. From field analysis to nanostructural investigation: A multidisciplinary approach to describe natural occurrence of asbestos in view of hazard assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131754. [PMID: 37276694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of natural occurrences of asbestos (NOA) and asbestos-like minerals is a growing concern for environmental protection agencies. The lack of shared sampling and analytical procedures hinders effectively addressing this issue. To investigate the hazard posed by NOA, a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses geology, mineralogy, chemistry, and toxicology is proposed and demonstrated here, on a natural occurrence of antigorite from a site in Varenna Valley, Italy. Antigorite is, together with chrysotile asbestos, one of the serpentine polymorphs and its toxicological profile is still under debate. We described field and petrographic analyses required to sample a vein and to evaluate the NOA-hazard. A combination of standardized mechanical stress and automated morphometrical analyses on milled samples allowed to quantify the asbestos-like morphology. The low congruent solubility in acidic simulated body fluid, together with the toxicity-relevant surface reactivity due to iron speciation, signalled a bio-activity similar or even greater to that of chrysotile. Structural information on the genetic mechanism of antigorite asbestos-like fibres in nature were provided. Overall, the NOA site was reported to contain veins of asbestos-like antigorite and should be regarded as source of potentially toxic fibres during hazard assessment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine R Petriglieri
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Barale
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Cecilia Viti
- University of Siena, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Via Laterina 8, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Ballirano
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy; Rectoral Laboratory Fibres and Inorganic Particulate, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Belluso
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria R Bruno
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Antonella Campopiano
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Annapaola Cannizzaro
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Fantauzzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, INSTM Research Unit, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Flaminia Gianchiglia
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Montereali
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, ENEA, Casaccia Research Centre, via Anguillarese 301, I-00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Roma, Italy
| | - Elisa Nardi
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA, via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Angelo Olori
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL), via Fontana Candida 1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piana
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Rossi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, INSTM Research Unit, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Henrik Skogby
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Geosciences, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Pacella
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Turci
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, I-10125 Torino, Italy; Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino, Italy.
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13
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Peña-Castro M, Montero-Acosta M, Saba M. A critical review of asbestos concentrations in water and air, according to exposure sources. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15730. [PMID: 37305461 PMCID: PMC10256854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asbestos, a group of minerals with unique physical and chemical properties, has been widely used in various industries. However, extensive exposure to asbestos fibers, present in the environment, has been linked to several types of cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. Despite worldwide regulations prohibiting or regulating the use of this material, the uncertainty surrounding the concentrations of asbestos fibers in the environment (air and water) from different sources of exposure persists. The objective of this review paper is to identify the levels of asbestos in air and water reported in the literature based on the source of exposure in diverse contexts to assess conformity with the reference limits for this mineral. Initially, the review delineates various forms of exposure and the origin of fiber generation in the environment, whether direct or indirect. Regarding the presence of asbestos in the environment, high concentrations were identified in natural water bodies known as Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA), and there is a risk in the process of distributing drinking water due to the presence of asbestos-cement pipes. In the air, studies to determine asbestos concentrations vary based on the sources of exposure in each region or city studied. The presence of asbestos mines around the city and the intensity of vehicular traffic are some of the most relevant sources found to be related to high concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air. The present review paper features a critical review section in each chapter to highlight critical points found in the literature and suggest new methodologies/ideas to standardize future research. It emphasizes the necessity to standardize methods for measuring asbestos concentrations in air and water arising from diverse sources of exposure to enable comparisons between different regions and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Saba
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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14
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Bloise A, Giorno E, Miriello D, Godbert N. Synthesis of Ni-Doped Tremolite Fibers to Help Clarify the Aetiology of the Cytotoxic Outcome of Asbestos. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1303. [PMID: 37110889 PMCID: PMC10142192 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Asbestos fibers act as complex crystal-chemical reservoirs susceptible of releasing potentially toxic elements (such as ions impurities) into the lung cellular environment during permanency and dissolution. To comprehend the exact pathological mechanisms that are triggered upon inhalation of asbestos fibers, in vitro studies on possible interactions between the mineral and the biological system have been carried out mostly by using natural asbestos. However, this latter comprises intrinsic impurities such as Fe2+/Fe3+ and Ni2+ ions, and other eventual traces of metallic pathogens. Furthermore, often, natural asbestos is characterized by the co-presence of several mineral phases, fiber dimensions of which are randomly distributed in width and in length. For these reasons, it is albeit challenging to precisely identify toxicity factors and to define the accurate role of each factor in the overall pathogenesis of asbestos. In this regard, the availability of synthetic asbestos fibers with accurate chemical composition and specific dimensions for in vitro screening tests would represent the perfect tool to correlate asbestos toxicity to its chemico-physical features. Herein, to palliate such drawbacks of natural asbestos, well-defined Ni-doped tremolite fibers were chemically synthesized in order to offer biologists adequate samples for testing the specific role of Ni2+ in asbestos toxicity. The experimental conditions (temperature, pressure, reaction time and water amount) were optimized to produce batches of asbestos fibers of the tremolite phase, with uniformly distributed shape and dimensions and a controlled content of Ni2+ metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bloise
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- University Museum System—SiMU, Section of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Eugenia Giorno
- MAT-INLab Laboratory of Inorganic Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Domenico Miriello
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nicolas Godbert
- MAT-INLab Laboratory of Inorganic Molecular Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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