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Xu FQ, Meng LL, Kuča K, Wu QS. The mechanism of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-alleviated manganese toxicity in plants: A review. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108808. [PMID: 38865805 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The development of the mining industry and the overuse of inorganic fertilizers have led to an excess of manganese (Mn) in the soil, thereby, contaminating the soil environment and people's health. On heavy metal-contaminated soils, the combined arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-phytoremediation technique becomes a hotspot because of its environmentally friendly, in situ remediation. AMF inoculation often leads to a decrease in host Mn acquisition, which provides a basis for its application in phytoremediation of contaminated soils. Moreover, the utilization value of native AMF is greater than that of exotic AMF, because native AMF can adapt better to Mn-contaminated soils. In addition to the fact that AMF enhance plant Mn tolerance responses such as regionalization, organic matter chelation, limiting uptake and efflux, and so on, AMF also develop plant-independent fungal pathways such as direct biosorption of Mn by mycorrhizal hyphae, fungal Mn transporter genes, and sequestration of Mn by mycorrhizal hyphae, glomalin, and arbuscule-containing root cortical cells, which together mitigate excessive Mn toxicity to plants. Clarifying AMF-plant interactions under Mn stress will provide support for utilizing AMF as a phytoremediation in Mn-contaminated soils. The review reveals in detail how AMF develop its own mechanisms for responding to excess Mn and how AMF enhance plant Mn tolerance, accompanied by perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qi Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Spices & Horticultural Plant Germplasm Innovation & Utilization, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Lu-Lu Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Spices & Horticultural Plant Germplasm Innovation & Utilization, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Spices & Horticultural Plant Germplasm Innovation & Utilization, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
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2
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Pan Y, Shi J, Li J, Zhang R, Xue Y, Liu Y. Regulatory Mechanism through Which Old Soybean Leaves Respond to Mn Toxicity Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5341. [PMID: 38791379 PMCID: PMC11120821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is a heavy metal that can cause excessive Mn poisoning in plants, disrupting microstructural homeostasis and impairing growth and development. However, the specific response mechanisms of leaves to Mn poisoning have not been fully elucidated. This study revealed that Mn poisoning of soybean plants resulted in yellowing of old leaves. Physiological assessments of these old leaves revealed significant increases in the antioxidant enzymes activities (peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT)) and elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, indoleacetic acid (IAA), and salicylic acid (SA), under 100 μM Mn toxicity. Conversely, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin 3 (GA3), and jasmonic acid (JA) significantly decreased. The Mn content in the affected leaves significantly increased, while the levels of Ca, Na, K, and Cu decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed 2258 differentially expressed genes in the Mn-stressed leaves, 744 of which were upregulated and 1514 were downregulated; these genes included genes associated with ion transporters, hormone synthesis, and various enzymes. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) verification of fifteen genes confirmed altered gene expression in the Mn-stressed leaves. These findings suggest a complex gene regulatory mechanism under Mn toxicity and stress, providing a foundation for further exploration of Mn tolerance-related gene regulatory mechanisms in soybean leaves. Using the methods described above, this study will investigate the molecular mechanism of old soybean leaves' response to Mn poisoning, identify key genes that play regulatory roles in Mn toxicity stress, and lay the groundwork for cultivating high-quality soybean varieties with Mn toxicity tolerance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhu Pan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jianning Shi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yingbin Xue
- Department of Agronomy, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Yan W, Sharif R, Sohail H, Zhu Y, Chen X, Xu X. Surviving a Double-Edged Sword: Response of Horticultural Crops to Multiple Abiotic Stressors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5199. [PMID: 38791235 PMCID: PMC11121501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced weather events, such as extreme temperatures, prolonged drought spells, or flooding, pose an enormous risk to crop productivity. Studies on the implications of multiple stresses may vary from those on a single stress. Usually, these stresses coincide, amplifying the extent of collateral damage and contributing to significant financial losses. The breadth of investigations focusing on the response of horticultural crops to a single abiotic stress is immense. However, the tolerance mechanisms of horticultural crops to multiple abiotic stresses remain poorly understood. In this review, we described the most prevalent types of abiotic stresses that occur simultaneously and discussed them in in-depth detail regarding the physiological and molecular responses of horticultural crops. In particular, we discussed the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic responses of horticultural crops to multiple abiotic stresses. Strategies to breed multi-stress-resilient lines have been presented. Our manuscript presents an interesting amount of proposed knowledge that could be valuable in generating resilient genotypes for multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Yan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Y.); (R.S.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Rahat Sharif
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Y.); (R.S.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Hamza Sohail
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Y.); (R.S.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Yu Zhu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Y.); (R.S.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Y.); (R.S.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (W.Y.); (R.S.); (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Zheng ZC, Chen HH, Yang H, Shen Q, Chen XF, Huang WL, Yang LT, Guo J, Chen LS. Citrus sinensis manganese tolerance: Insight from manganese-stimulated secretion of root exudates and rhizosphere alkalization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108318. [PMID: 38159548 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We used manganese (Mn)-tolerant 'Xuegan' (Citrus sinensis) seedlings as materials and examined the characterization of Mn uptake and Mn-activated-release of root exudates under hydroponic conditions. We observed that root and shoot Mn bioaccumulation factor (BCF) reduced with the increase of Mn supply, and that Mn transfer factor (Tf) reduced greatly as Mn supply increased from 0 to 500 μM, beyond which Tf slightly increased with increasing Mn supply, suggesting that Mn supply reduced the ability to absorb and accumulate Mn in roots and shoots, as well as root-to-shoot Mn translocation. Without Mn, roots alkalized the solution pH from 5.0 to above 6.2, while Mn supply reduced root-induced alkalization. As Mn supply increased from 0 to 2000 μM, the secretion of root total phenolics (TPs) increased, while the solution pH decreased. Mn supply did not alter the secretion of root total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, malate, and citrate. Mn-activated-release of TPs was inhibited by low temperature and anion channel inhibitors, but not by protein biosynthesis inhibitor. Using widely targeted metabolome, we detected 48 upregulated [35 upregulated phenolic compounds + 13 other secondary metabolites (SMs)] and three downregulated SMs, and 39 upregulated and eight downregulated primary metabolites (PMs). These findings suggested that reduced ability to absorb and accumulate Mn in roots and shoots and less root-to-shoot Mn translocation in Mn-toxic seedlings, rhizosphere alkalization, and Mn-activated-release of root exudates (especially phenolic compounds) contributed to the high Mn tolerance of C. sinensis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Qian Shen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xu-Feng Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Lin-Tong Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Jiuxin Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Li-Song Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Jiang W, Chen R, Lyu J, Qin L, Wang G, Chen X, Wang Y, Yin C, Mao Z. Remediation of the microecological environment of heavy metal-contaminated soil with fulvic acid, improves the quality and yield of apple. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132399. [PMID: 37647659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in apple orchards is responsible for high levels of manganese and copper in soil, and this poses a serious threat to soil health. We conducted a three-year field experiment to study the remediation effect and mechanism of fulvic acid on soil with excess manganese and copper. The exogenous application of fulvic acid significantly reduced the content of manganese and copper in soil and plants; increased the content of calcium; promoted the growth of apple plants; improved the fruit quality and yield of apple; increased the content of chlorophyll; increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase; and reduced the content of malondialdehyde. The number of soil culturable microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil microbial community diversity, and relative abundance of functional bacteria were increased, and the detoxification of the glutathione metabolism function was enhanced. The results of this study provide new insights that will aid the remediation of soil with excess manganese and copper using fulvic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Jiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Ran Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jinhui Lyu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Gongshuai Wang
- College of Forestry Engineering Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250000, PR China
| | - Xuesen Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Chengmiao Yin
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Apple Technology Innovation Center of Shandong Province, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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6
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Liu Y, Pan Y, Li J, Chen J, Yang S, Zhao M, Xue Y. Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Root in Soybean Responding to Mn Poisoning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12727. [PMID: 37628908 PMCID: PMC10454639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is among one of the essential trace elements for normal plant development; however, excessive Mn can cause plant growth and development to be hindered. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of plant root response to Mn poisoning remain unclear. In the present study, results revealed that the root growth was inhibited when exposed to Mn poisoning. Physiological results showed that the antioxidase enzyme activities (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase) and the proline, malondialdehyde, and soluble sugar contents increased significantly under Mn toxicity stress (100 μM Mn), whereas the soluble protein and four hormones' (indolebutyric acid, abscisic acid, indoleacetic acid, and gibberellic acid 3) contents decreased significantly. In addition, the Mn, Fe, Na, Al, and Se contents in the roots increased significantly, whereas those of Mg, Zn, and K decreased significantly. Furthermore, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was used to test the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of soybean root under Mn poisoning. The results found 45,274 genes in soybean root and 1430 DEGs under Mn concentrations of 5 (normal) and 100 (toxicity) μM. Among these DEGs, 572 were upregulated and 858 were downregulated, indicating that soybean roots may initiate complex molecular regulatory mechanisms on Mn poisoning stress. The results of quantitative RT-PCR indicated that many DEGs were upregulated or downregulated markedly in the roots, suggesting that the regulation of DEGs may be complex. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism of soybean root on Mn toxicity stress is complicated. Present results lay the foundation for further study on the molecular regulation mechanism of function genes involved in regulating Mn tolerance traits in soybean roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yuhu Pan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jingye Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shaoxia Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yingbin Xue
- Department of Agronomy, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Li RT, Yang YJ, Liu WJ, Liang WW, Zhang M, Dong SC, Shu YJ, Guo DL, Guo CH, Bi YD. MsNRAMP2 Enhances Tolerance to Iron Excess Stress in Nicotiana tabacum and MsMYB Binds to Its Promoter. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11278. [PMID: 37511038 PMCID: PMC10379929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron(Fe) is a trace metal element necessary for plant growth, but excess iron is harmful to plants. Natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMPs) are important for divalent metal transport in plants. In this study, we isolated the MsNRAMP2 (MN_547960) gene from alfalfa, the perennial legume forage. The expression of MsNRAMP2 is specifically induced by iron excess. Overexpression of MsNRAMP2 conferred transgenic tobacco tolerance to iron excess, while it conferred yeast sensitivity to excess iron. Together with the MsNRAMP2 gene, MsMYB (MN_547959) expression is induced by excess iron. Y1H indicated that the MsMYB protein could bind to the "CTGTTG" cis element of the MsNRAMP2 promoter. The results indicated that MsNRAMP2 has a function in iron transport and its expression might be regulated by MsMYB. The excess iron tolerance ability enhancement of MsNRAMP2 may be involved in iron transport, sequestration, or redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Tian Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yun-Jiao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Wen-Wei Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Shi-Chen Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yong-Jun Shu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Dong-Lin Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Chang-Hong Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Ying-Dong Bi
- Institute of Crops Tillage and Cultivation, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
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Ma X, Yang H, Bu Y, Zhang Y, Sun N, Wu X, Jing Y. Genome-wide identification of the NRAMP gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their function as heavy metal transporters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 261:115110. [PMID: 37300917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) gene family plays a key role in essential mineral nutrient homeostasis, as well as toxic metal accumulation, translocation, and detoxification. Although the NRAMP family genes have been widely identified in various species, they still require to be analyzed comprehensively in tree species. In this study, a total of 11 NRAMP members (PtNRAMP1-11) were identified in Populus trichocarpa, a woody model plant, and further subdivided into three groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Chromosomal location analysis indicated that the PtNRAMP genes were unevenly distributed on six of the 19 Populus chromosomes. Gene expression analysis indicated that the PtNRAMP genes were differentially responsive to metal stress, including iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) deficiency, as well as Fe, Mn, zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) toxicity. Furthermore, the PtNRAMP gene functions were characterized using a heterologous yeast expression system. The results showed that PtNRAMP1, PtNRAMP2, PtNRAMP4, PtNRAMP9, PtNRAMP10, and PtNRAMP11 displayed the ability to transport Cd into yeast cells. In addition, PtNRAMP1, PtNRAMP6, and PtNRAMP7 complemented the Mn uptake mutant, while PtNRAMP1, PtNRAMP6, PtNRAMP7, and PtNRAMP9 complemented the Fe uptake mutant. In conclusion, our findings revealed the respective functions of PtNRAMPs during metal transport as well as their potential role in micronutrient biofortification and phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Haobo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Yufen Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Na Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Yanping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China.
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