A soft pillow for hard times? Economic insecurity, food intake and body weight in Russia

Food Insecurity and Transmission Risks Among People with HIV Who Use Substances

Food insecurity (FI) impacts people with HIV (PWH) and those who use substances (i.e. drugs and alcohol). We evaluated the longitudinal association between FI and HIV transmission risks (unprotected sexual contacts and shared needles/syringes). Among 351 PWH who use substances in Russia, 51.6% reported FI and 37.0% past month injection drug use. The mean number of unprotected sexual contacts in the past 90 days was 13.4 (SD 30.1); 9.7% reported sharing needles/syringes in the past month. We did not find a significant association between mild/moderate FI (adjusted IRR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.47, 1.61) or severe FI (aIRR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.46, 1.54; global p = 0.85) and unprotected sexual contacts. We observed a significant association between severe FI and sharing needles/syringes in the past month (adjusted OR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.45, 7.39; p = 0.004), but not between mild/moderate FI and sharing needles/syringes in the past month (aOR = 1.40,95% CI 0.58, 3.38; p = 0.45). These findings suggest that severe FI could be a potential target for interventions to lower HIV transmission.

Public health shocks, learning and diet improvement

Many governments aim to mitigate health risks by attacking nutritional failures. In this article, we exploit a unique natural experiment, the COVID-19 pandemic as an exogenous public health shock, to estimate the learning effects of intensive health information campaigns on nutrient intake during the pandemic. Using data from nearly-one million food purchases in China, our empirical findings strongly support the learning effect in explaining improvements in nutrient intake in the post-COVID-19 period. We conclude that when public health shocks occur, policy makers can boost relevant learning mechanisms by promoting information and education to improve individuals' awareness of preventive health behaviors of a more permanent nature, which can lead to health improvements in a society.

The association between fast-food consumption and job-related factors among Russian adults

Time constraints contribute to individuals' dietary choices along with incomes, prices, and preferences. As fast food is prepared and served quickly, it is often preferred to other food options, especially when individuals are under time pressure. This paper focuses on a set of job-related characteristics that could potentially contribute to fast-food consumption choice, and controls for standard socio-demographic, economic, and lifestyle factors. This study uses data from a quantitative household survey on health behavior and medicine of Russian adults conducted in 2017 (n = 4006). The study applies simple probit, ordered probit, and zero-inflated ordered probit models to examine how job-related characteristics are connected to the probability and frequency of fast-food consumption among Russian adults. The results shows that employment is positively associated with both probability and frequency of fast-food consumption. However, for working adults, the decisions to eat fast food, and how frequently it is eaten, are affected by different factors. For example, working part time decreases the probability of fast-food consumption; having more than one job increases the frequency of its intake for fast-food consumers; having canteens with hot meals at work decreases the frequency of fast-food intake. Although job-related factors are significant in all models, marginal effects show that living in large cities, especially Moscow and Saint Petersburg, plays a larger role in the probability and frequency of fast-food consumption because access to various fast-food outlets increases in relation to the size of the settlement.

Parental economic insecurity and child health

We explore the effects of parental economic insecurity on their children's hyperactivity and anxiety. Our central argument is that even after controlling for current family income and employment status, parents may have legitimate feelings of economic insecurity, and these may be detrimental for their children. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth indicate that the health of 2- to 5-year-old children is worse when parents report themselves to be "worried about having enough money to support the family." In particular, boys are more hyperactive and girls are more anxious when parents feel less economically secure. Changes in parenting styles appear to be channels through which parental economic insecurity affects their children.

Financial health and obesity

We use individual-level panel data from the English Longitudinal Survey of Ageing over the period 2004-2013 to investigate the links between financial health and obesity. We find that having no debt (high savings) is associated with a 3.6 (1.6) percentage point lower probability of having a Body Mass Index in excess of 30. Our results are robust to using different estimation methods, to measuring financial health with a subjective indicator, and adiposity with waist circumference. A lower rate of time preference and lower stress levels may be mechanisms which help to explain the association between good financial health and obesity.

Protecting energy intakes against income shocks

Whether and how changes in economic circumstances or household income affect individuals' diet and nutritional intakes is of substantial interest for policy purposes. This paper exploits a period of substantial income volatility in Russia to examine the extent to which, as well as how individuals protect their energy intakes in the face of unanticipated shocks to household income. Using rich data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, our results suggest that households use substitution, disproportionally cutting back spending on non-foods to protect spending on foods, change the composition of the consumption basket, and increase the consumption of 'cheaper' calories. Taken together, however, we find that total energy intakes as well as the nutritional composition of the diet are almost fully protected against income shocks. Specifically, we find that 12-16% of the effect of permanent income shocks on food expenditures is transmitted to energy intakes, with 84-88% protected through insurance mechanisms.

Non-separable time preferences, novelty consumption and body weight: Theory and evidence from the East German transition to capitalism

This paper develops a dynamic model to illustrate how diet and body weight change when novel food products become available to consumers. We propose a microfounded test to empirically discriminate between habit and taste formation in intertemporal preferences. Moreover, we show that 'novelty consumption' and endogenous preferences can explain the persistent correlation between economic development and obesity. By empirically studying the German reunification, we find that East Germans consumed more novel Western food and gained more weight than West Germans when a larger variety of food products became readily accessible after the fall of the Wall. The observed consumption patterns suggest that food consumption features habit formation.