1
|
Gaggero A, Ajnakina O, Zucchelli E, Hackett RA. The effect of heavy smoking on retirement risk: A mendelian randomisation analysis. Addict Behav 2024; 157:108078. [PMID: 38889551 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The extent to which heavy smoking and retirement risk are causally related remains to be determined. To overcome the endogeneity of heavy smoking behaviour, we employed a novel approach by exploiting the genetic predisposition to heavy smoking, as measured with a polygenic risk score (PGS), in a Mendelian Randomisation approach. METHODS 8164 participants (mean age 68.86 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing had complete data on smoking behaviour, employment and a heavy smoking PGS. Heavy smoking was indexed as smoking at least 20 cigarettes a day. A time-to-event Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, using a complementary log-log (cloglog) link function, was employed to model the retirement risk. RESULTS Our results show that being a heavy smoker significantly increases the risk of retirement (β = 1.324, standard error = 0.622, p < 0.05). Results were robust to a battery of checks and a placebo analysis considering the never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings support a causal pathway from heavy smoking to earlier retirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Gaggero
- Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Spain.
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Eugenio Zucchelli
- Department of Economic Analysis: Economic Theory and Economic History, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain; Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ruth A Hackett
- Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan B. How the interplay of late retirement, health care, economic insecurity, and electronic social contact affects the mental health amongst older workers? Stress Health 2024; 40:e3309. [PMID: 37621258 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The delayed retirement initiative has become increasingly emphasised to cope with the population ageing. Based on the social-ecological model, this study explores the interplay of late retirement, health care, economic insecurity, and electronic social contact on mental health of older workers. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (wave 8), results show that the late retirement, health care quality, and electronic social contact are all negatively associated with the mental health problems among older workers. Besides, the influence of health care quality and electronic social contact on mental health problems are buffered by the economic insecurity respectively. It is concluded that more targeted policy response is in need to achieve better health outcomes among older workers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Yuan B, Li K, He L. Policy interplay among social health insurance system, pension system, delayed retirement initiative and implications for the self-rated health status of older workers. Int J Health Plann Manage 2024; 39:571-582. [PMID: 37957707 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed retirement initiative proposed in China attaches greater importance to the sustainability of pension systems and the labour shortage, but less to the health status of older people. The existing social health insurance and pension system are not well established to match this initiative. This study investigates the policy mix of delayed retirement, employment-based social health insurance, social pension participation for health status of older people. Results of the data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS-2018) show that late retirement could benefit health status among older adults. Moreover, such effect of late retirement appears more salient for those uninsured by employment-based social health insurance and those still in the pension contribution phase upon reaching the statutory retirement age. Hence, in countries with inadequate health insurance and pension systems, such as China, delayed retirement may serve as an important alternative to social security for the health of older people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | | | - Kunmei Li
- HKU Business School, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Longtao He
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
- Department of Sociology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ye X, Li W, Wang Y, Hu M, Zhu D, Shi X, He P. Effects of retirement on inpatient healthcare utilisation: an observational study in China. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e077969. [PMID: 38262650 PMCID: PMC10806695 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have presented mixed evidence on retirement and inpatient healthcare utilisation. We aimed to examine the causal effect of retirement on inpatient healthcare utilisation in China and explore the heterogenous effects of sex, disease types and ways of hospital admission. DESIGN This was a retrospective observational study from the electronic medical record at 376 tertiary hospitals in China between 2013 and 2018. SETTING Nationwide data from China. PARTICIPANTS We included the male sample aged between 50 and 70, and the female sample aged between 40 and 60 and with basic medical insurance system or public medical insurance. Observations with total expenditures per visit at the top or bottom 1% were excluded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Inpatient expenditures per visit and inpatient days per visit. METHODOLOGY We examined the effects by a non-parametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design, exploiting the mandatory retirement age as a source of exogenous variation in retirement status. RESULTS Retirement reduced drug expenditures (β=-467.46, p<0.05) and inpatient days per visit (β=-0.99, p<0.05). The mitigation effect was concentrated on people admitted into hospital due to chronic diseases (β=-551.28, p<0.05 for drug expenditures; β=-1.08, p<0.05 for inpatient days per visit) and people admitted into hospital through outpatient services (β=-353.75, p<0.001 for drug expenditures). For males, retirement significantly reduced diagnostic tests expenditures (β=-302.38, p<0.05) and drug expenditures (β=-728.31, p<0.05). Retirement significantly reduced inpatient days per visit (β=-1.13, p<0.05) for females. CONCLUSION The empirical findings suggested that retirement may lead to a reduction in inpatient healthcare utilisation, which underlined the importance for policy-makers to consider the externalities of retirement policies on inpatient healthcare utilisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Institute for Global Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- LSE-Fudan Research Centre for Global Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Li
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanshang Wang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzheng Hu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serrano-Alarcón M, Ardito C, Leombruni R, Kentikelenis A, d'Errico A, Odone A, Costa G, Stuckler D. Health and labor market effects of an unanticipated rise in retirement age. Evidence from the 2012 Italian pension reform. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 32:2745-2767. [PMID: 37667427 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
As retirement ages increase around the world, not all workers may be equally able to extend their working lives. In this article, we examine the health and labor market effects of an Italian pension reform that suddenly increased the normal retirement age up to 7 years for women and up to 2 years for men. To do this, we use linked labor and healthcare administrative data, jointly with survey data and difference-in-difference methods. Our results show that the reform was effective in postponing retirement among both genders, as pension claiming dropped substantially for older workers. However, there were also side effects as the reform significantly pushed previously employed men and women into unemployment and disability pension. Among women only, the reform also increased sick leave and hospitalizations related to mental health and injuries. These effects were driven by women with previously low health status, suggesting that undifferentiated and abrupt increases in pension age might harm more vulnerable workers. Coherently with the milder tightening of retirement age experienced by men, labor market responses were smaller in size, and they did not suffer any significant health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Serrano-Alarcón
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- DONDENA Research Centre, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Ardito
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Roberto Leombruni
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Angelo d'Errico
- Epidemiology Unit of Piedmont Region, ASL TO3, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Odone
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Epidemiology Unit of Piedmont Region, ASL TO3, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David Stuckler
- DONDENA Research Centre, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Gao Y, Jia Z, Zhao L. Association of Public Sports Space Perception with Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older Adults-Evidence from a Survey in Shandong, China. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:736. [PMID: 37754014 PMCID: PMC10525232 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Creating a healthy living environment for middle-aged and older adults is a key strategy for countries to address the aging challenge, but the effects of such an environment on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of middle-aged and older adults remain underexplored. This study aimed to examine the link between public sports facilities and the HRQoL of middle-aged and older adult residents in communities. A total of 1169 respondents (average age: 66.84; male: 46.19%) were selected from the Shandong, China. This study measured respondents 'physical activity (PA) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the HRQoL of respondents using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, and the Public Sports Space Perception Scale for respondents' public sports space perception. Correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were employed to test the relationship among public sports space perception, physical activity (PA), and HRQoL. The mediating role of PA was conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The results revealed that public sports space perception only influenced the HRQoL of middle-aged and older adults through light-intensity PA (PCS: B = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01, 0.03; MCS: B = 0.02, 95% CI 0.01, 0.05) among light-intensity PA, moderate-intensity PA, vigorous-intensity PA., and this mediation model varied across different age groups of middle-aged and older adults. Moreover, digital inclusion only moderated the psychological aspect of HRQoL of middle-aged and older adults (p < 0.05). This study provided empirical evidence for enhancing the HRQoL of middle-aged and older adults and offered useful insights for the planning and design of public sports facilities and the formulation of health management policies for middle-aged and older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Liu
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China;
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhihao Jia
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; (Z.J.); (L.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yuan B, Liu W, Cui Y. The impact of retirement on body mass index in China: An empirical study based on regression discontinuity design. SSM Popul Health 2023; 23:101434. [PMID: 37691976 PMCID: PMC10492159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An aging population is an important trend of social development, and it will be China's basic national condition for a long time. However, the pressure on domestic pension payments and economic operations will increase daily. The delayed retirement policy is gradually implemented as a critical initiative to improve capital and labor force allocation. The impact of retirement on residents' Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight has become a focus issue. This paper investigates the mechanism of the impact of retirement on residents' BMI using microdata from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2018, combined with a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to measure the potential health impact of China's current retirement policy on residents. The study finds that: (1) Retirement has a significant negative effect on BMI for women, with retirement leading to a significantly increased risk of deviation from normal BMI levels and significantly increasing the weight of retired women. However, retirement does not have a significant effect on men. (2) Retirement policies affect residents' BMI to different degrees depending on their family size, with the negative effect on women being more pronounced in smaller family sizes. (3) Female residents who retire to help their children with intergenerational care are more likely to maintain normal BMI levels, significantly positively affecting their potential health. (4) Retirement negatively affects BMI through channels such as significantly reducing exercise frequency among female residents. The study demonstrates that retirement policy impacts the BMI and weight of female residents, so the formulation and implementation of delayed retirement policy should be flexible, and family factors such as family sizes and intergenerational care should be considered appropriately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- College of Management, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Management, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuhu Cui
- Research Team of High-Quality Development of Resource Environment and Marine Economy, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Okamoto S, Kobayashi E, Komamura K. The Retirement-Health Puzzle: A Sigh of Relief at Retirement? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:167-178. [PMID: 36044284 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While the health effects of retirement have been well studied, existing findings remain inconclusive, and the mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health are unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of retirement on health and its potential mediators. METHODS Using a national household survey conducted annually from 2004 to 2019 in Japan (the Japan Household Panel Survey), we evaluated the effects of retirement among Japanese men aged 50 or older on their health, in addition to other outcomes that could be attributed to health changes associated with retirement (i.e., health behaviors, psychological well-being, time use for unpaid activities, and leisure activities). As outcomes are not measured every year, we analyzed 5,794-10,682 person-year observations for 975-1,469 unique individuals. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we adopted an instrumental variable fixed-effects approach based on policy changes in eligibility ages for employee pensions. RESULTS We found that retirement improved psychological well-being, exercise habits, and time spent on unpaid work. The psychological benefits of retirement were no longer observed for longer durations after retirement, whereas healthy habits and unpaid activities continued. Moreover, health-related improvements after retirement occurred mostly in the higher-income group. DISCUSSION Enhancement in personal quality of life owing to increased leisure time and stress reduction from work in addition to lifestyle changes may be key to understanding the health benefits of retirement. Considering the mechanisms behind retirement-health relationships and potential heterogeneous effects is essential for healthy postretirement lives when increasing the retirement age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Okamoto
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Kobayashi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Komamura
- Research Center for Financial Gerontology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Economics, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yu W, Yang Y, Liu X, Gao X, Lv Y, Zhou L, Shi J, Huang J, Chu Q, Wang Z, Jiang L, Cheng M. Heterogeneous effects of retirement on the biomedical risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: New evidence based on the physical examination database in Shanghai, China. SSM Popul Health 2022; 21:101333. [PMID: 36691488 PMCID: PMC9860358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retirement has a heterogeneous impact depending on gender and occupation. This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the heterogeneity and potential mechanism of retirement on the biomedical risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Physical examination data from 2017 to 2020 were extracted from a hospital database in Shanghai. The fluctuation tendency of biomedical risk factor indicators for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases was evaluated by gender and occupation shortly after retirement using fuzzy regression discontinuity design and was analyzed for internal mechanism. Retirement had a significantly negative influence on body weight (β = -3.943), body mass index (β = -2.152), and diastolic blood pressure (β = -5.180) in women working in public institutions or state-owned enterprises, but a positive influence on their blood glucose level (β = 0.696). Retirement had a significantly positive effect on high-density lipoprotein in men (β = 0.138), particularly those employed in private enterprises (β = 0.339). The internal influencing mechanism of retirement showed that the health attention effect after retirement among women in government or public institutions on diastolic blood pressure reduction was better than that before retirement. The body weight, body mass index, and diastolic blood pressure of women in public institutions or state-owned enterprises were reduced at retirement; however, they were exposed to higher risks of elevated blood glucose level. Conversely, high-density lipoprotein level, which is protective against cardiovascular disease, was increased in men at retirement. Retirement has a heterogeneous effect on cardiovascular and metabolic health among people of different genders or occupational experiences. Retirees with low health awareness should be targeted for behavioral interventions and monitored conscientiously by health providers during retirement adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Yu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Economics & Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Disease, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yipeng Lv
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianwei Shi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiao Chu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China,Corresponding author. School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Rd, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Lin Jiang
- Health Management Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China,Corresponding author. Health Management Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Rd, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Mingwang Cheng
- School of Economics & Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China,Corresponding author. 1239 School of Economics & Management, Tongji University, Siping Rd, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leimer B, van Ewijk R. No "honeymoon phase": whose health benefits from retirement and when. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022; 47:101171. [PMID: 36030711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Does retirement lead to a short, transitory health boost, followed by a stable longer-run effect? The short-run effect has been hypothesized to be a kind of honeymoon effect, that is followed by a longer-run effect that may be either positive or negative. We examine the time path of the health effect of retirement and study effect heterogeneities between individuals along several dimensions. Moreover, we study a broad range of health outcomes, all in order to come to an understanding of the effect patterns that lie behind the diverse findings reported in previous research. For identification we use a fixed effects instrumental variable approach in which the normal and early retirement age thresholds serve as instruments. Using data for 10 countries from the Survey of Health, Retirement and Ageing in Europe (SHARE), we find that retiring both at the normal and early retirement eligibility ages significantly improves all the health aspects we consider. Other than hypothesized, results do not show a honeymoon phase-like transitory health boost. Instead, especially blue-collar workers go through an adjustment period after retiring, in which their health worsens. Afterwards, health stabilizes and improves, so that retirement has a health preserving effect in the longer run. This beneficial health effect of retirement occurs across all occupational groups, across a range of health outcomes, and for both sexes, though there are a number of heterogeneities between groups regarding which health outcomes are particularly affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Leimer
- Faculty of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Reyn van Ewijk
- Faculty of Law and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ci Z. Does raising retirement age lead to a healthier transition to retirement? Evidence from the U.S. Social Security Amendments of 1983. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 31:2229-2243. [PMID: 35851514 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Governments are under pressure to raise the retirement age in response to an aging population and low fertility rates. However, the literature has not reached a consistent conclusion on the health effects of extending working lives. Furthermore, while most studies have concentrated on post-retirement health consequences, the health outcomes during the transition from work to retirement have been overlooked. Therefore, this article focuses on the transition period - the time between the early benefit age and full retirement age. Exploiting the increase in retirement age introduced by the U.S. Social Security Amendments of 1983, the difference-in-difference estimation finds that the reform successfully encouraged more people to work longer and claim benefits later, whilst having no adverse influence on health during the transition period. This paper infers that the desirable impacts of the 1983 amendments could be partly attributed to the adequate preparation time the reform left to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxue Ci
- Wenlan School of Business, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Analysis of Balance of Income and Expenditure and Optimal Retirement Age of Pension Insurance Co-Ordination Account Based on Improved Machine Learning Algorithm. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:5870893. [PMID: 36093478 PMCID: PMC9452002 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5870893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the turn of the twenty-first century, the issue of aging has gained international attention. Both developed and developing nations are currently dealing with this issue. To ensure the sustained and healthy growth of the economy and society in the face of an aging society, it is especially important to establish a scientific old-age insurance system and a reasonable retirement system. We are all aware that the key indicators for the state to control the old-age insurance system in the old-age insurance system are the income and expenditure balance of the old-age insurance pooling account and the analysis of the ideal retirement age. In this paper, a better machine algorithm is used. By independently learning the rules present in a large amount of data and gaining new experience and knowledge, machine learning (ML) can increase computer intelligence and give computers decision-making abilities comparable to those of humans. In general, a machine learning algorithm uses the laws it derives from data to predict unknown data after automatically analysing the data. This study's findings suggest that the ideal retirement age and life expectancy are positively correlated, with the ideal retirement age's growth rate 12.57 percent higher than that of life expectancy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Late-Life Working Participation and Mental Health Risk of Retirement-Aged Workers: How Much Impact Will There Be From Social Security System? J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:e409-e416. [PMID: 35673247 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing retirement-aged workers are encouraged to stay in the labor market, as delayed retirement initiative is proposed. This study investigates the interplay of late-life working participation and social security on the mental health risk of retirement-aged workers. METHOD We applied data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS-2018), and the instrumental variables regression was conducted. RESULTS Late-life working could alleviate depression, as did the beneficiary status of employment-based social health insurance and the pensionable phase of social pension participation. Besides, the role of late-life working in alleviating depression became more salient when late retirees were not insured by the employment-based social health insurance and still in the pension contribution phase. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the current social security system in China has not been sufficiently well designed to protect the mental health of retirement-aged workers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Marsh ATM, Jahja NA, Gleed F, Peacock O, Coley D, Codinhoto R. Developing non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) through building design. FACILITIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/f-01-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Physical inactivity has a considerable negative impact on health. Physical activity has reduced partly due to workplace and lifestyle changes, causing people to spend more time in buildings and increasing sedentary behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to address a largely untapped opportunity for designers and managers to improve building users’ health by designing buildings that raise users’ Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) levels. In this research a conceptual model was developed to assess buildings’ performance in providing NEAT-promoting opportunities through building design features and management, in relation to building users’ propensity for NEAT behaviours.
Design/methodology/approach
The conceptual model was developed by a multi-disciplinary team of researchers and data to populate the model was obtained through a survey of 75 buildings in Jakarta (Indonesia).
Findings
The presented proof-of-concept shows that the model’s “meso-scale” approach to study physical activity and building design can lead to potential improvements of NEAT levels and physical activity in buildings.
Originality/value
The review of precedent models shows that this subject has been researched at micro-scale (i.e. detailed monitoring of individuals’ movement) and macro-scale (i.e. epidemiological studies of populations’ health). The presented model is original, as it explores a “meso-scale”(i.e. building scale) that is unique.
Collapse
|
15
|
Atalay K, Staneva A. Waiting to get a pension: The impact of pension eligibility on psychological distress. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2022; 31:940-955. [PMID: 35229405 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we examine how pension eligibility affects the psychological distress levels of older women in Australia by exploiting the exogenous changes in the eligibility ages of the old Age Pension (AP). The unique features of the Australian AP allow us to study the impact of the reform on the non-working, as well as on the working population. The empirical results show that pension eligibility has a modest but consistently beneficial effect on psychological stress levels. Reaching pension eligibility significantly reduces the stress levels of women who were out of the labor force, indicating the positive role of the AP for disadvantaged groups. At the same time, women with strenuous jobs experience a significant improvement in their stress levels when they transit into retirement. We show that an improvement in stress levels accompanies an increase in financial security and improvements in social participation and health behaviors. Our results highlight the potentially overlooked consequences of pension reforms for the well-being of vulnerable populations and for health inequalities across socio-economic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Atalay
- School of Economics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anita Staneva
- Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Griffith Business School, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Carrino L, Glaser K, Avendano M. Later retirement, job strain, and health: Evidence from the new State Pension age in the United Kingdom. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2020; 29:891-912. [PMID: 32396995 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of raising the State Pension age on women's health. Exploiting a UK pension reform that increased women's State Pension age for up to 6 years since 2010, we show that raising the State Pension age leads to an increase of up to 12 percentage points in the probability of depressive symptoms, alongside an increase in self-reported medically diagnosed depression among women in a lower occupational grade. Our results suggest that these effects are driven by prolonged exposure to high-strain jobs characterised by high demands and low control. Effects are consistent across multiple subcomponents of the General Health Question and Short-Form-12 (SF-12) scores, and robust to alternative empirical specifications, including "placebo" analyses for women who never worked and for men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Carrino
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Economics, University of Venice Ca' Foscari, Venice, Italy
| | - Karen Glaser
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mauricio Avendano
- Department of Global Health & Social Medicine, King's College, London, UK
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pilipiec P, Groot W, Pavlova M. The Effect of an Increase of the Retirement Age on the Health, Well-Being, and Labor Force Participation of Older Workers: a Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF POPULATION AGEING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12062-020-09280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo sustain a viable public pension system, many governments have increased the statutory retirement age and delayed the age of entitlement to public pension benefits. This systematic literature review investigates the empirical evidence on the effects of increasing the retirement age on the health, well-being, and labor force participation of older workers. Optimized and broad search queries were used to search for empirical evidence in four databases: EconLit, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SocINDEX. The systematic literature search was conducted in May 2019. Snowballing was performed on the reference lists of the publications to find additional studies. The quality of the included studies was also examined. The PRISMA guidelines were used to guide this systematic literature review. Nineteen studies were included in this review. Twelve studies estimated the effect of an increase in the statutory retirement age, and seven studies examined working beyond the retirement age. The reported findings were classified into health-related outcomes, well-being, and the effects on labor force participation and the perception of the retirement age. The reported findings regarding health-related outcomes and well-being were not comparable. The increase of the retirement age has increased labor force participation among older workers and has increased the preferred and expected retirement age in the direction of the public pension reform. However, evidence on the effects of an increase of the retirement age on the health and well-being of older workers remains scarce and inconclusive.
Collapse
|
18
|
Albarrán P, Hidalgo-Hidalgo M, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I. Education and adult health: Is there a causal effect? Soc Sci Med 2020; 249:112830. [PMID: 32087484 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies find a strong positive correlation between education and adult health. A subtler question is whether this correlation can be interpreted as a causal relationship. We combine multi-country data from two cross-sections of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey and use exogenous variation in compulsory years of schooling across countries and cohorts induced by compulsory schooling laws. We find no causal effect of education on any of our several health measures. This finding is extremely robust to different changes in our main specification and holds using other databases. We discuss different explanations for our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Albarrán
- Fundamentos del Análisis Económico (FAE), Universidad de Alicante, Spain
| | - Marisa Hidalgo-Hidalgo
- Dpto. Economía, Métodos Cuantitativos e Historia Económica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Salm M, van Soest A. The effect of retirement on healthcare utilization: Evidence from China. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2018; 62:165-177. [PMID: 30390499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of retirement on healthcare utilization in China using longitudinal data. We use a nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design, exploiting the statutory retirement age in urban China as a source of exogenous variation in retirement. In contrast to previous results for developed countries, we find that in China retirement increases healthcare utilization. This increase can be attributed to deteriorating health and in particular to the reduced opportunity cost of time after retirement. For the sample as a whole, income is not a dominating mechanism. People with low education, however, are more likely to forego recommended inpatient care after retirement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- CentER, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
| | - Martin Salm
- CentER, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|