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Kaffe E, Roulis M, Zhao J, Qu R, Sefik E, Mirza H, Zhou J, Zheng Y, Charkoftaki G, Vasiliou V, Vatner DF, Mehal WZ, Yuval Kluger, Flavell RA. Humanized mouse liver reveals endothelial control of essential hepatic metabolic functions. Cell 2023; 186:3793-3809.e26. [PMID: 37562401 PMCID: PMC10544749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the major metabolic hub of the body, execute functions that are human-specific, altered in human disease, and currently thought to be regulated through endocrine and cell-autonomous mechanisms. Here, we show that key metabolic functions of human hepatocytes are controlled by non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) in their microenvironment. We developed mice bearing human hepatic tissue composed of human hepatocytes and NPCs, including human immune, endothelial, and stellate cells. Humanized livers reproduce human liver architecture, perform vital human-specific metabolic/homeostatic processes, and model human pathologies, including fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Leveraging species mismatch and lipidomics, we demonstrate that human NPCs control metabolic functions of human hepatocytes in a paracrine manner. Mechanistically, we uncover a species-specific interaction whereby WNT2 secreted by sinusoidal endothelial cells controls cholesterol uptake and bile acid conjugation in hepatocytes through receptor FZD5. These results reveal the essential microenvironmental regulation of hepatic metabolism and its human-specific aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kaffe
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Manolis Roulis
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yunjiang Zheng
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wajahat Z Mehal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Xu YN, Xu W, Zhang X, Wang DY, Zheng XR, Liu W, Chen JM, Chen GF, Liu CH, Liu P, Mu YP. BM-MSCs overexpressing the Numb enhance the therapeutic effect on cholestatic liver fibrosis by inhibiting the ductular reaction. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:45. [PMID: 36941658 PMCID: PMC10029310 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic liver fibrosis (CLF) is caused by inflammatory destruction of the intrahepatic bile duct and abnormal proliferation of the small bile duct after cholestasis. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway is required for hepatic stem cells to differentiate into cholangiocytes during the pathogenesis of CLF. Our previous research found that the expression of the Numb protein, a negative regulator of Notch signaling, was significantly reduced in the livers of patients with primary biliary cholangitis and CLF rats. However, the relationship between the Numb gene and CLF is largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the Numb gene in the treatment of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced CLF. METHODS In vivo, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with Numb gene overexpression or knockdown obtained using lentivirus transfection were transplanted into the livers of rats with BDL-induced CLF. The effects of the Numb gene on stem cell differentiation and CLF were evaluated by performing histology, tests of liver function, and measurements of liver hydroxyproline, cytokine gene and protein levels. In vitro, the Numb gene was overexpressed or knocked down in the WB-F344 cell line by lentivirus transfection, Then, cells were subjected immunofluorescence staining and the detection of mRNA levels of related factors, which provided further evidence supporting the results from in vivo experiments. RESULTS BM-MSCs overexpressing the Numb gene differentiated into hepatocytes, thereby inhibiting CLF progression. Conversely, BM-MSCs with Numb knockdown differentiated into biliary epithelial cells (BECs), thereby promoting the ductular reaction (DR) and the progression of CLF. In addition, we confirmed that knockdown of Numb in sodium butyrate-treated WB-F344 cells aggravated WB-F344 cell differentiation into BECs, while overexpression of Numb inhibited this process. CONCLUSIONS The transplantation of BM-MSCs overexpressing Numb may be a useful new treatment strategy for CLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Nan Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dan-Yang Wang
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin-Rui Zheng
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Gao-Feng Chen
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng-Hai Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Mu
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of TCM, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Disease of the Ministry of Education, Clinical Key Laboratory of TCM of Shanghai, 528, Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Hou X, Yang Y, Li P, Zeng Z, Hu W, Zhe R, Liu X, Tang D, Ou M, Dai Y. Integrating Spatial Transcriptomics and Single-Cell RNA-seq Reveals the Gene Expression Profling of the Human Embryonic Liver. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652408. [PMID: 34095116 PMCID: PMC8173368 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of vital organs of the human body, and it plays an important role in the metabolism and detoxification. Moreover, fetal liver is one of the hematopoietic places during ontogeny. Understanding how this complex organ develops during embryogenesis will yield insights into how functional liver replacement tissue can be engineered and how liver regeneration can be promoted. Here, we combine the advantages of single-cell RNA sequencing and Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) technology for unbiased analysis of fetal livers over developmental time from 8 post-conception weeks (PCW) and 17 PCW in humans. We systematically identified nine cell types, and defined the developmental pathways of the major cell types. The results showed that human fetal livers experienced blood rapid growth and immigration during the period studied in our experiments, and identified the differentially expressed genes, and metabolic changes in the developmental process of erythroid cells. In addition, we focus on the expression of liver disease related genes, and found that 17 genes published and linked to liver disease mainly expressed in megakaryocyte and endothelial, hardly expressed in any other cell types. Together, our findings provide a comprehensive and clear understanding of the differentiation processes of all main cell types in the human fetal livers, which may provide reference data and information for liver disease treatment and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Hou
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yane Yang
- Shenzhen Far-East Women & Children Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shenzhen Far-East Women & Children Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenlong Hu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruilian Zhe
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinqiong Liu
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Minglin Ou
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Central Laboratory, Nephrology Department of Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guilin, China
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Sufleţel RT, Melincovici CS, Gheban BA, Toader Z, Mihu CM. Hepatic stellate cells - from past till present: morphology, human markers, human cell lines, behavior in normal and liver pathology. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:615-642. [PMID: 33817704 PMCID: PMC8112759 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC), initially analyzed by von Kupffer, in 1876, revealed to be an extraordinary mesenchymal cell, essential for both hepatocellular function and lesions, being the hallmark of hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. Apart from their implications in hepatic injury, HSCs play a vital role in liver development and regeneration, xenobiotic response, intermediate metabolism, and regulation of immune response. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding HSCs morphology, human HSCs markers and human HSC cell lines. We also summarize the latest findings concerning their roles in normal and liver pathology, focusing on their impact in fibrogenesis, chronic viral hepatitis and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Teodora Sufleţel
- Discipline of Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Kostallari E, Shah VH. Pericytes in the Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:153-167. [PMID: 30937868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver pericytes, commonly named hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), reside in the space between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatocytes. They display important roles in health and disease. HSCs ensure the storage of the majority of vitamin A in a healthy body, and they represent the major source of fibrotic tissue in liver disease. Surrounding cells, such as LSECs, hepatocytes, and Kupffer cells, present a significant role in modulating HSC behavior. Therapeutic strategies against liver disease are being currently developed, where HSCs represent an ideal target. In this chapter, we will discuss HSC quiescence and activation in the context of healthy liver and diseases, such as fibrosis, steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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High Proliferative Placenta-Derived Multipotent Cells Express Cytokeratin 7 at Low Level. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2098749. [PMID: 31392209 PMCID: PMC6662495 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2098749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunophenotypes and gene expression profile of high proliferative placenta-derived multipotent cells (PDMCs) population at different stages of culture. We demonstrated that the colonies resulting from single cells were either positive or negative for CK7, whereas only PDMC clones with weak CK7 expression (CK7low-clones) were highly proliferative. Interestingly, vimentin positive (Vim+) placental stromal mesenchymal cells did not express CK7 in situ, but double CK7+Vim+ cells detection in tissue explants and explants outgrowth indicated CK7 inducible expression in vitro. PCNA presence in CK7+Vim+ cells during placental explants culturing confirmed belonging of these cells to proliferative subpopulation. Transcription factors CDX2 and EOMES were expressed in both CK7low-clones and subset of stromal mesenchymal cells of first-trimester placental tissue in situ. Meanwhile, CK7low -clones and stromal mesenchymal cells of full-term placental tissue in situ expressed ERG heterogeneously. SPP1, COL2A1, and PPARG2 mesodermal-related genes expression by CK7low-clones additionally confirms their mesenchymal origin. Inherent stem cell-related gene expression (IFTM3, POU5F1, and VASA) in CK7low-clones might indicate their enrichment for progenitors. Finally, in CK7low-clones we observed expression of such trophoblast-associated genes as CGB types I and II, fusogenic ERVW-1, GCM1, and GATA3. Thus, our results indicate that PDMCs acquired the representative immunophenotype signature under culture conditions.
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Retinoids in Stellate Cells: Development, Repair, and Regeneration. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7020010. [PMID: 31137700 PMCID: PMC6630434 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stellate cells, either hepatic (HSCs) or pancreatic (PSCs), are a type of interstitial cells characterized by their ability to store retinoids in lipid vesicles. In pathological conditions both HSCs and PSCs lose their retinoid content and transform into fibroblast-like cells, contributing to the fibrogenic response. HSCs also participate in other functions including vasoregulation, drug detoxification, immunotolerance, and maintenance of the hepatocyte population. PSCs maintain pancreatic tissue architecture and regulate pancreatic exocrine function. Recently, PSCs have attracted the attention of researchers due to their interactions with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. PSCs promote tumour growth and angiogenesis, and their fibrotic activity increases the resistance of pancreatic cancer to chemotherapy and radiation. We are reviewing the current literature concerning the role played by retinoids in the physiology and pathophysiology of the stellate cells, paying attention to their developmental aspects as well as the function of stellate cells in tissue repair and organ regeneration.
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Induction of Expression of CD271 and CD34 in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Cultured as Spheroids. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7357213. [PMID: 30154865 PMCID: PMC6091361 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7357213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are cells that can be used for tissue engineering or cell therapies owing to their multipotency and ability to secrete immunomodulatory and trophic molecules. Several studies suggest that MSCs can become pericytes when cocultured with endothelial cells (ECs) but failed to use pericyte markers not already expressed by MSCs. We hypothesized ECs could instruct MSCs to express the molecules CD271 or CD34, which are expressed by pericytes in situ but not by MSCs. CD271 is a marker of especial interest because it is associated with multipotency, a characteristic that wanes in MSCs as they are culture expanded. Consequently, surface expression of CD271 and CD34 was detected in roughly half of the MSCs cocultured with ECs as spheroids in the presence of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Conversely, expression of CD271 and CD34 was detected in a similar proportion of MSCs cultured under these conditions without ECs, and expression of these markers was low or absent when no IGF-1 was added. These findings indicate that specific culture conditions including IGF-1 can endow cultured MSCs with expression of CD271 and CD34, which may enhance the multipotency of these cells when they are used for therapeutic purposes.
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Utility of post-liver transplantation MELD and delta MELD in predicting early and late mortality. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:1424-1427. [PMID: 28957872 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The performance of early post-liver transplantation (post-LT) model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) or even its dynamic changes over time (ΔMELD) in predicting the mortality after LT is still controversial. AIM The aim of this study was to assess the ability of absolute and ΔMELD calculated at days 7 and 30 after LT to predict 1- and 5-year mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data of 209 consecutive patients who underwent LT in two centers were reviewed. Patients who received LT for hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded, as well as those who did not survive for at least 1 month. MELD and [INCREMENT]MELD were calculated for each patient at 7 and 30 days after LT. RESULTS One hundred fifty-six patients were included, mostly male [104 (66.7%)] with a mean age of 51.9±8.8 years. The main indications for transplantation were decompensated hepatitis C virus-related liver cirrhosis [138 (88.5%)] and hepatitis C and B virus co-infection [10 (6.4%)]. Grafts were obtained from 104 living donors and 52 deceased donors. Survival at 1 and 5 years was 89.7 and 85.9%, respectively, with a mean survival of 52.3±1.5 months. In univariate analysis, both absolute and ΔMELD at postoperative days 7 and 30 significantly predicted 1- and 5-year post-LT mortality. In multivariate analysis, MELD at postoperative day 30 was significantly associated with 1- (odds ratio: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.35, P<0.0001) and 5-year mortality (odds ratio: 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.33, P<0.0001). The area under the curve for MELD at 30 days post-LT in the prediction of mortality was 0.823 (P=0.01) at 1 year and 0.812 (P<0.001) at 5 years. A cutoff of post-LT day 30 MELD less than 10 could predict mortality with a sensitivity and specificity of 90 and 68.1% at 1 year and 81.3 and 69.7% at 5 years, respectively. CONCLUSION Failure of the MELD score to decline over the first postoperative month to less than 10 is a significant predictor of both early and late post-LT mortality.
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Helal TESA, Ehsan NA, Radwan NA, Abdelsameea E. Relationship between hepatic progenitor cells and stellate cells in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4. APMIS 2017; 126:14-20. [PMID: 29155473 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health problem in many areas of the world, especially Egypt. Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been implicated in fibrosis progression in chronic HCV. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HPCs and HSCs in chronic HCV infection and the relationship between both cell types. This retrospective study was conducted on 100 chronic HCV patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed on liver tissue sections for cytokeratin 19 (progenitor cell markers), smooth muscle actin (stellate cell markers), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß). The necroinflammatory activity was significantly related to the number of isolated HPCs and TGF-ß expression (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001 respectively). Advanced stages of fibrosis showed significantly increase number of HPCs (p = 0.001), higher ratio of HSCs (p = 0.004), more expression of TGF-ß (p = 0.001) and MMP-9 (p = 0.001). There was a significant direct correlation between immunoexpression of HPCs and HSCs for isolated cells (r = 0.569, p = 0.001) and ductular reaction (r = 0.519, p = 0.001). Hepatic progenitor cells and stellate cells play a significant role in the development and progression of fibrosis in chronic HCV. More interestingly, the significant direct correlation between HPCs and HSCs suggests a synergistic interrelation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nermine Ahmed Ehsan
- Department of Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nehal Ahmed Radwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdelsameea
- Department of Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
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Liang Z, Li T, Jiang S, Xu J, Di W, Yang Z, Hu W, Yang Y. AMPK: a novel target for treating hepatic fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62780-62792. [PMID: 28977988 PMCID: PMC5617548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common process of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation following inflammatory injury. Fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis of almost all liver diseases for which there is no effective treatment. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that can ameliorate the process of hepatic fibrogenesis. Given the existing evidence, we first introduce the basic background of AMPK and hepatic fibrosis and the actions of AMPK in hepatic fibrosis. Second, we discuss the three phases of hepatic fibrosis and potential drugs that target AMPK. Third, we analyze possible anti-fibrosis mechanisms and other benefits of AMPK on the liver. Finally, we summarize and briefly explain the current objections to targeting AMPK. This review may aid clinical and basic research on AMPK, which may be a novel drug candidate for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wencheng Di
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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12
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The stellate cell system (vitamin A-storing cell system). Anat Sci Int 2017; 92:387-455. [PMID: 28299597 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-017-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Past, present, and future research into hepatic stellate cells (HSCs, also called vitamin A-storing cells, lipocytes, interstitial cells, fat-storing cells, or Ito cells) are summarized and discussed in this review. Kupffer discovered black-stained cells in the liver using the gold chloride method and named them stellate cells (Sternzellen in German) in 1876. Wake rediscovered the cells in 1971 using the same gold chloride method and various modern histological techniques including electron microscopy. Between their discovery and rediscovery, HSCs disappeared from the research history. Their identification, the establishment of cell isolation and culture methods, and the development of cellular and molecular biological techniques promoted HSC research after their rediscovery. In mammals, HSCs exist in the space between liver parenchymal cells (PCs) or hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) of the hepatic lobule, and store 50-80% of all vitamin A in the body as retinyl ester in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. SCs also exist in extrahepatic organs such as pancreas, lung, and kidney. Hepatic (HSCs) and extrahepatic stellate cells (EHSCs) form the stellate cell (SC) system or SC family; the main storage site of vitamin A in the body is HSCs in the liver. In pathological conditions such as liver fibrosis, HSCs lose vitamin A, and synthesize a large amount of extracellular matrix (ECM) components including collagen, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycan, and adhesive glycoproteins. The morphology of these cells also changes from the star-shaped HSCs to that of fibroblasts or myofibroblasts.
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Wang F, Song Y, Bei Y, Zhao Y, Xiao J, Yang C. Telocytes in liver regeneration: possible roles. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1720-6. [PMID: 25130653 PMCID: PMC4196648 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a novel type of interstitial cells which are potentially involved in tissue regeneration and repair (http://www.telocytes.com). Previously, we documented the presence of TCs in liver. However, the possible roles of TCs in liver regeneration remain unknown. In this study, a murine model of partial hepatectomy (PH) was used to induce liver regeneration. The number of TCs detected by double labelling immunofluorescence methods (CD34/PDGFR-α, CD34/PDGFR-ß and CD34/Vimentin) was significantly increased when a high level of hepatic cell proliferation rate (almost doubled) as shown by 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) immunostaining and Western Blot of Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was found at 48 and 72 hrs post-PH. Meanwhile, the number of CK-19 positive-hepatic stem cells peaked at 72 hrs post-PH, co-ordinating with the same time-point, when the number of TCs was most significantly increased. Taken together, the results indicate a close relationship between TCs and the cells essentially involved in liver regeneration: hepatocytes and stem cells. It remains to be determined how TCs affect hepatocytes proliferation and/or hepatic stem cell differentiation in liver regeneration. Besides intercellular junctions, we may speculate a paracrine effect via ectovesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yin C, Evason KJ, Asahina K, Stainier DYR. Hepatic stellate cells in liver development, regeneration, and cancer. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1902-10. [PMID: 23635788 DOI: 10.1172/jci66369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells are liver-specific mesenchymal cells that play vital roles in liver physiology and fibrogenesis. They are located in the space of Disse and maintain close interactions with sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic epithelial cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that hepatic stellate cells have a profound impact on the differentiation, proliferation, and morphogenesis of other hepatic cell types during liver development and regeneration. In this Review, we summarize and evaluate the recent advances in our understanding of the formation and characteristics of hepatic stellate cells, as well as their function in liver development, regeneration, and cancer. We also discuss how improved knowledge of these processes offers new perspectives for the treatment of patients with liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, Liver Center and Diabetes Center, Institute for Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are recognized as a major player in liver fibrogenesis. Upon liver injury, HSCs differentiate into myofibroblasts and participate in progression of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Additional cell types such as resident liver fibroblasts/myofibroblasts or bone marrow cells are also known to generate myofibroblasts. One of the major obstacles to understanding the mechanism of liver fibrogenesis is the lack of knowledge regarding the developmental origin of HSCs and other liver mesenchymal cells. Recent cell lineage analyses demonstrate that HSCs are derived from mesoderm during liver development. MesP1-expressing mesoderm gives rise to the septum transversum mesenchyme before liver formation and then to the liver mesothelium and mesenchymal cells, including HSCs and perivascular mesenchymal cells around the veins during liver development. During the growth of embryonic liver, the mesothelium, consisting of mesothelial cells and submesothelial cells, migrates inward from the liver surface and gives rise to HSCs and perivascular mesenchymal cells, including portal fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells around the portal vein, and fibroblasts around the central vein. Cell lineage analyses indicate that mesothelial cells are HSC progenitor cells capable of differentiating into HSCs and other liver mesenchymal cells during liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Asahina
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
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16
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Sauvant P, Cansell M, Atgié C. Vitamin A and lipid metabolism: relationship between hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and adipocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:487-96. [PMID: 21626400 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A or retinol plays a major role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Retinyl palmitate remains the main chemical form of vitamin A storage and is mainly located in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in lipid droplets resembling those found in adipose cells. White adipose tissue (WAT), is essentially involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, through its role in lipid storage, and might also be considered as a vitamin A storage and metabolism site. WAT contains all the intracellular equipment for vitamin A metabolism and signaling pathways which allows retinol to be metabolized into retinoic acid, known to control genomic expression in WAT. The description of molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of HSCs and the differentiation of preadipocytes reveal similar cellular and molecular mechanisms. Indeed HSCs and adipocytes share a common expression of key transcription factors like PPAR-γ and RXR known to influence perilipin expression, which play fundamental roles in lipid droplet metabolism. Both cells are also sources of important endocrine signaling secretions influencing the expression of these transcription factors. The morphological and functional characteristics of HSCs and adipocytes, including the metabolism of vitamin A and other lipids and their related signaling pathways, are summarized and compared in this review. We highlight the complexity of the interrelationship between lipids and vitamin A metabolism and the role of the complex communication existing between HSCs and WAT in diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease which is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sauvant
- UMR 5248 CBMN Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy de St Hilaire, Pessac, Bordeaux, France.
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17
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Sheng Y, Han GQ. Possibility of differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into liver cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:925-929. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i9.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells have the potential to undergo multilineage differentiation. Recent studies have shown that, in a given microenvironment, hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into liver cells. However, some researchers hold a dissenting view. This review discusses the possibility of differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into liver cells.
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Hepatic stellate cell (vitamin A-storing cell) and its relative--past, present and future. Cell Biol Int 2011; 34:1247-72. [PMID: 21067523 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HSCs (hepatic stellate cells) (also called vitamin A-storing cells, lipocytes, interstitial cells, fat-storing cells or Ito cells) exist in the space between parenchymal cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of the hepatic lobule and store 50-80% of vitamin A in the whole body as retinyl palmitate in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. In physiological conditions, these cells play pivotal roles in the regulation of vitamin A homoeostasis. In pathological conditions, such as hepatic fibrosis or liver cirrhosis, HSCs lose vitamin A and synthesize a large amount of extracellular matrix components including collagen, proteoglycan, glycosaminoglycan and adhesive glycoproteins. Morphology of these cells also changes from the star-shaped SCs (stellate cells) to that of fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. The hepatic SCs are now considered to be targets of therapy of hepatic fibrosis or liver cirrhosis. HSCs are activated by adhering to the parenchymal cells and lose stored vitamin A during hepatic regeneration. Vitamin A-storing cells exist in extrahepatic organs such as the pancreas, lungs, kidneys and intestines. Vitamin A-storing cells in the liver and extrahepatic organs form a cellular system. The research of the vitamin A-storing cells has developed and expanded vigorously. The past, present and future of the research of the vitamin A-storing cells (SCs) will be summarized and discussed in this review.
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Sun YL, Yin SY, Zhou L, Xie HY, Zhang F, Wu LM, Zheng SS. Hepatocyte differentiation of human fibroblasts from cirrhotic liver in vitro and in vivo. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:55-63. [PMID: 21269936 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fibroblasts have intimate relationships, and the phenotypic homology between fibroblasts and MSCs has been recently described. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatic differentiating potential of human fibroblasts in cirrhotic liver. METHODS The phenotypes of fibroblasts in cirrhotic liver were labeled by biological methods. After that, the differentiation potential of these fibroblasts in vitro was characterized in terms of liver-specific gene and protein expression. Finally, an animal model of hepatocyte regeneration in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice was created by retrorsine injection and partial hepatectomy, and the expression of human hepatocyte proteins in SCID mouse livers was checked by immunohistochemical analysis after fibroblast administration. RESULTS Surface immunophenotyping revealed that a minority of fibroblasts expressed markers of MSCs and hepatic epithelial cytokeratins as well as alpha-smooth muscle actin, but homogeneously expressed vimentin, desmin, prolyl 4-hydroxylase and fibronectin. These fibroblasts presented the characteristics of hepatocytes in vitro and differentiated directly into functional hepatocytes in the liver of hepatectomized SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that fibroblasts in cirrhotic liver have the potential to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Our findings infer that hepatic differentiation of fibroblasts may serve as a new target for reversion of liver fibrosis and a cell source for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Fomin ME, Tai LK, Bárcena A, Muench MO. Coexpression of CD14 and CD326 discriminate hepatic precursors in the human fetal liver. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:1247-57. [PMID: 20964518 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular and cellular profile of liver cells during early human development is incomplete, complicating the isolation and study of hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and hepatic stem cells from the complex amalgam of hepatic and hematopoietic cells, that is, the fetal liver. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, CD326, has emerged as a marker of hepatic stem cells, and lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 is known to be expressed on adult hepatocytes. Using flow cytometry, we studied the breadth of CD326 and CD14 expression in midgestation liver. Both CD45(+) hematopoietic and CD45(-) nonhematopoietic cells expressed CD326. Moreover, diverse cell types expressing CD326 were revealed among CD45(-) cells by costaining for CD14. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to isolate nonhematopoietic cells distinguished by expression of high levels of CD326 and low CD14 (CD326(++)CD14(lo)), which were characterized for gene expression associated with liver development. CD326(++)CD14(lo) cells expressed the genes albumin, α-fetoprotein, hepatic nuclear factor 3α, prospero-related homeobox 1, cytochrome P450 3A7, α(1)-antitrypsin, and transferrin. Proteins expressed included cell-surface CD24, CD26, CD29, CD34, CD49f, CD243, and CD324 and, in the cytoplasm, cytokeratins-7/8 (CAM 5.2 antigen) and some cytokeratin-19. Cultured CD326(++)CD14(lo) cells yielded albumin(+) hepatocytes, cytokeratin-19(+) cholangiocytes, and hepatoblasts expressing both markers. Using epifluorescence microscopy we observed CD326 and CD14 expression on fetal hepatocytes comprising the liver parenchyma, as well as on cells associated with ductal plates and surrounding large vessels. These findings indicate that expression of CD14 and CD326 can be used to identify functionally distinct subsets of fetal liver cells, including CD326(++)CD14(lo) cells, representing a mixture of parenchymal cells, cholangiocytes, and hepatoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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21
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Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is the most common cholestatic liver disorder requiring liver transplantation in children. Hepatic fibrosis is not only a universal and prominent feature of BA, it is also the most important predictor of outcome following portoenterostomy (PE). Without PE, the progression of hepatic fibrosis is quite dramatic, such that liver cirrhosis is established within a few weeks after birth. Etiologies and molecular networks underpinning such an expeditious fibrogenic process have not been well established. However, immune and nonimmune factors implicated in the pathogenesis of BA, and the resultant cholestasis and oxidative stress, appear to be the main triggers of hepatic fibrosis in BA. Owing to a lack of validated noninvasive tools to monitor liver fibrosis, current prognostic models of BA entail clinical and biochemical variables reflecting liver dysfunction rather than hepatic fibrogenesis. Further work is necessary to validate the results of preliminary studies indicating a good relationship between liver fibrosis determined by transient elastography and other clinical and routinely performed biochemical parameters in pediatric patients. Although a prime candidate for a number of antifibrotic therapies on the horizon, owing to poor understanding of molecular mechanisms, a clear framework of antifibrotic targets has not been outlined in BA. Similarly, specific antifibrotic therapies have not yet been incorporated in clinical practice, limiting these measures to prompt diagnosis and PE operation, prevention and treatment of cholangitis and optimal nutritional support including the administration of fat-soluble vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah B Haafiz
- University of Florida College of Medicine Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100296, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Kobayashi N. Hepatic stem cells and liver development. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 640:181-236. [PMID: 20645053 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver consists of many cell types with specialized functions. Hepatocytes are one of the main players in the organ and therefore are the most vulnerable cells to damage. Since they are not everlasting cells, they need to be replenished throughout life. Although the capacity of hepatocytes to contribute to their own maintenance has long been recognized, recent studies have indicated the presence of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic stem/progenitor cell populations that serve to maintain the normal organ and to regenerate damaged parenchyma in response to a variety of insults.The intrahepatic compartment most likely derives primarily from the biliary tree, particularly the most proximal branches, i.e. the canals of Hering and smallest ductules. The extrahepatic compartment is at least in part derived from diverse populations of cells from the bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells (ES's) are considered as a part of the extrahepatic compartment. Due to their pluripotent capabilities, ES cell-derived cells form a potential future source of hepatocytes, to replace or restore hepatic tissues that have been damaged by disease or injury. Progressing knowledge about stem cells in the liver would allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of hepatic homeostasis and regeneration. Although a human stem cell-derived cell type equivalent to primary hepatocytes does not yet exist, the promising results obtained with extrahepatic stem cells would open the way to cell-based therapy for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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23
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The role of stem cells in liver repair and fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 43:222-9. [PMID: 19914396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In response to liver injury or loss of liver mass, proliferation of mature liver cells is the first-line defense to restore liver homeostasis. In the setting of chronic liver disease, however, the ability of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to proliferate is blocked and small bipotential progenitor cells are activated. Recent studies have established the role of these facultative progenitor cells in injury repair and fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease and in experimental models. Several signaling pathways linking progenitor cell activation and fibrosis have been identified, and there is increasing evidence that cross-talk (both physical and via soluble factors) between progenitor cells and myofibroblasts is essential for both fibrosis and parenchymal regeneration. Even more exciting are new data examining the cellular components of the progenitor cell niche, demonstrating that both resident liver cells and circulating cells from the bone marrow can function as stem cells, suggesting that there is a surprising degree of phenotypic plasticity such that progenitor cells can contribute to the myofibroblast population and vice versa. We highlight here recent findings from the literature demonstrating the cellular and functional complexity of the progenitor cell niche, and emphasize some of the important questions that remain to drive future research.
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Atzori L, Poli G, Perra A. Hepatic stellate cell: a star cell in the liver. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1639-42. [PMID: 19433304 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells represent a highly versatile cytotype that plays a significant role in liver development and differentiation, regeneration, xenobiotic response, immunoregulation, control of hepatic blood flow and inflammatory reactions. Because of the wide panel of molecular intermediates they may produce and secrete, particularly after their sustained activation in a disease state, hepatic stellate cells are definitely involved in the pathogenesis of various liver pathologies, besides the well know key role in fibrosis and extracellular matrix remodelling. In particular, they can actively contribute to the progression of hepatitis and steatohepatitis of different aetiology, and of liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Atzori
- Department of Toxicology, Oncology Molecular Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Sung HJ, Ann BC, Lee JT, Kum YS, Park JB, Park KK. Immunohistochemical Study about the Origin of Bile Ductules Proliferation in Obstructive Liver Disease. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Sung
- Department of Pathology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Ann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Tae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seup Kum
- Department of Pathology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Bok Park
- Department of Pathology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Yang L, Jung Y, Omenetti A, Witek RP, Choi S, Vandongen HM, Huang J, Alpini GD, Diehl AM. Fate-mapping evidence that hepatic stellate cells are epithelial progenitors in adult mouse livers. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2104-13. [PMID: 18511600 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury activates quiescent hepatic stellate cells (Q-HSC) to proliferative myofibroblasts. Accumulation of myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells (MF-HSC) sometimes causes cirrhosis and liver failure. However, MF-HSC also promote liver regeneration by producing growth factors for oval cells, bipotent progenitors of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Genes that are expressed by primary hepatic stellate cell (HSC) isolates overlap those expressed by oval cells, and hepatocytic and ductular cells emerge when HSC are cultured under certain conditions. We evaluated the hypothesis that HSC are a type of oval cell and, thus, capable of generating hepatocytes to regenerate injured livers. Because Q-HSC express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), we crossed mice in which GFAP promoter elements regulated Cre-recombinase with ROSA-loxP-stop-loxP-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice to generate GFAP-Cre/GFP double-transgenic mice. These mice were fed methionine choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diets to activate and expand HSC and oval cell populations. GFP(+) progeny of GFAP-expressing precursors were characterized by immunohistochemistry. Basal expression of mesenchymal markers was negligible in GFAP(+)Q-HSC. When activated by liver injury or culture, HSC downregulated expression of GFAP but remained GFP(+); they became highly proliferative and began to coexpress markers of mesenchyme and oval cells. These transitional cells disappeared as GFP-expressing hepatocytes emerged, began to express albumin, and eventually repopulated large areas of the hepatic parenchyma. Ductular cells also expressed GFAP and GFP, but their proliferative activity did not increase in this model. These findings suggest that HSC are a type of oval cell that transitions through a mesenchymal phase before differentiating into hepatocytes during liver regeneration. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Snyderman Building (GSRB-1), Suite 1073, 595 LaSalle Street, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Wauthier E, Schmelzer E, Turner W, Zhang L, LeCluyse E, Ruiz J, Turner R, Furth M, Kubota H, Lozoya O, Barbier C, McClelland R, Yao H, Moss N, Bruce A, Ludlow J, Reid L. Hepatic Stem Cells and Hepatoblasts: Identification, Isolation, and Ex Vivo Maintenance. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 86:137-225. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The hepatic stellate cell has surprised and engaged physiologists, pathologists, and hepatologists for over 130 years, yet clear evidence of its role in hepatic injury and fibrosis only emerged following the refinement of methods for its isolation and characterization. The paradigm in liver injury of activation of quiescent vitamin A-rich stellate cells into proliferative, contractile, and fibrogenic myofibroblasts has launched an era of astonishing progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of hepatic fibrosis progression and regression. But this simple paradigm has now yielded to a remarkably broad appreciation of the cell's functions not only in liver injury, but also in hepatic development, regeneration, xenobiotic responses, intermediary metabolism, and immunoregulation. Among the most exciting prospects is that stellate cells are essential for hepatic progenitor cell amplification and differentiation. Equally intriguing is the remarkable plasticity of stellate cells, not only in their variable intermediate filament phenotype, but also in their functions. Stellate cells can be viewed as the nexus in a complex sinusoidal milieu that requires tightly regulated autocrine and paracrine cross-talk, rapid responses to evolving extracellular matrix content, and exquisite responsiveness to the metabolic needs imposed by liver growth and repair. Moreover, roles vital to systemic homeostasis include their storage and mobilization of retinoids, their emerging capacity for antigen presentation and induction of tolerance, as well as their emerging relationship to bone marrow-derived cells. As interest in this cell type intensifies, more surprises and mysteries are sure to unfold that will ultimately benefit our understanding of liver physiology and the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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Töro K, Hubay M, Keller E. Extramedullary haematopoiesis in liver of sudden infant death cases. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 170:15-9. [PMID: 17008039 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the frequency of extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) in sudden infant death and control cases, and to provide descriptive data on extramedullary haematopoietic islands and diffuse cells. METHODS The study was carried out in 51 SIDS and 102 non-SIDS cases. Liver-tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemistry was done with streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complexes by Polyclonal Haemoglobin "A" antibody. The prevalence of data was estimated statistically by Pearson chi-square test, descriptive statistics, and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS The Pearson chi-square values (CI: 95%; OR: 0.071-0.49; p: 0.0474) show higher frequency of EMH islands in SIDS than in controls. The number of diffuse extramedullary haematopoetic cells was higher in SIDS cases compared to non-SIDS (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS EMH is a frequent finding in SIDS cases, and this may be a consequence of anaemia associated with intrauterine hypoxia, or infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Töro
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi út 93, Budapest 1091, Hungary.
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30
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Kiyasov AP, Gumerova AA, Titova MA. Mesenchymal-epithelial transformation of ito cells in vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 142:133-6. [PMID: 17369923 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cultured pure population of Ito cells isolated from adult rat liver expressed epithelial markers cytokeratin-8, alpha-fetoprotein, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase after forming a dense monolayer. Mesenchymal-epithelial transformation of these cells is possible, which suggests them as candidates of hepatic stem cells.
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31
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Kordes C, Sawitza I, Müller-Marbach A, Ale-Agha N, Keitel V, Klonowski-Stumpe H, Häussinger D. CD133+ hepatic stellate cells are progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 352:410-7. [PMID: 17118341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis. Here, we report that HSC express the stem/progenitor cell marker CD133 and exhibit properties of progenitor cells. CD133+ HSC of rats were selected by specific antibodies and magnetic cell sorting. Selected cells displayed typical markers of HSC, endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), and monocytes. In cell culture, CD133+ HSC transformed into alpha-smooth muscle actin positive myofibroblast-like cells, whereas application of cytokines known to facilitate EPC differentiation into endothelial cells led to the formation of branched tube-like structures and induced expression of the endothelial cell markers endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular-endothelial cadherin. Moreover, cytokines that guide stem cells to develop hepatocytes led to the appearance of rotund cells and expression of the hepatocyte markers alpha-fetoprotein and albumin. It is concluded that CD133+ HSC are a not yet recognized progenitor cell compartment with characteristics of early EPC. Their potential to differentiate into endothelial or hepatocyte lineages suggests important functions of CD133+ HSC during liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kordes
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Tsukamoto H, She H, Hazra S, Cheng J, Miyahara T. Anti-adipogenic regulation underlies hepatic stellate cell transdifferentiation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21 Suppl 3:S102-5. [PMID: 16958658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the most important consequence of alcoholic liver disease for which liver transplantation is the only treatment option available. Transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to myofibroblastic cells (MF) is a central event in liver fibrogenesis, and understanding molecular mechanisms that underlie this cellular event provides pivotal insights into development of new therapeutic modalities for cirrhosis. To this end, the authors proposed several years ago that transdifferentiation of quiescent HSC to MF may be causally associated with transcriptional regulation known for adipocyte-preadipocytic fibroblast dedifferentiation. In support of this notion, the authors showed that adipogenic transcription factors and their downstream adipocyte specific genes are expressed abundantly in quiescent HSC and that this expression profile is lost in HM. Further, gain-of-function manipulations for adipogenic transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c have been shown to reverse culture-induced MF to quiescent HSC. The authors also demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha and Wnt, known mediators of anti-adipogenesis, also suppress the activity of PPAR-gamma and contribute to HSC-MF transdifferentiation. These results reinforce the concept of adipogenic regulation essential to the quiescent phenotype and the loss of such regulation underlying HSC-HM transdifferentiation. They also provide insights into the molecular basis for the use of PPAR-gamma agonists, which has been advocated for treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, California, USA.
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Lim YS, Lee HC, Lee HS. Switch of cadherin expression from E- to N-type during the activation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 127:149-60. [PMID: 16955247 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is a common pathway leading to hepatic fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HSC activation remain obscure. To elucidate the nature of the HSC activation, we investigated the expression of E-cadherin and its switch to N-cadherin during rat HSC activation, in vivo and in vitro. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical staining were performed to identify the expressions of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and beta-catenin in rat HSCs, in vivo and in vitro. Serial changes in the expressions of these adhesion molecules during the spontaneous activation of cultured rat HSCs were also demonstrated by RT-PCR and by immunoblotting. E-cadherin and beta-catenin were expressed on opposing cell membranes of GFAP-positive rat HSCs and adjacent hepatocytes in vivo, and between desmin-positive rat HSCs in vitro. With the progression of rat HSC activation in tissue and in culture, E-cadherin disappeared gradually, whereas N-cadherin appeared at the cell periphery. The results of RT-PCR and immunoblotting were concordant with immunocytochemistry findings. In conclusion, resting rat HSCs express E-cadherin and beta-catenin both in vivo and in vitro, and E-cadherin switches to N-cadherin during HSC activation. These results suggest that HSC activation represents transdifferentiation from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Suk Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 388-1 Pungnap-2dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
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Abstract
The question of whether hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from the differentiation block of stem cells or dedifferentiation of mature cells remains controversial. Recently, researchers suggested that HCC may originate from the transdifferentiation of bone marrow cells. Interestingly, there are four levels of cells in the hepatic stem cell lineage: bone marrow cells, hepato-pancreas stem cells, oval cells and hepatocytes. Hematopoietic stem cells and the liver are known to have a close relationship in early development. Bone marrow stem cells could differentiate into oval cells, which could differentiate into hepatocytes and duct cells. The development of pancreatic and liver buds in embryogenesis suggests the existence of a common progenitor cell to both the pancreas and liver. Cellular events during hepatocarcinogenesis illustrate that HCC may arise from cells at various stages of differentiation in the hepatic stem cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Zhi Wu
- Cancer Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Cholongitas E, Marelli L, Shusang V, Senzolo M, Rolles K, Patch D, Burroughs AK. A systematic review of the performance of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) in the setting of liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:1049-61. [PMID: 16799946 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score is now used for allocation in liver transplantation (LT) waiting lists, replacing the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score. However, there is debate as whether it is superior to CTP score to predict mortality in patients with cirrhosis on the LT waiting list and after LT. We reviewed studies comparing the accuracy of MELD vs. CTP score in transplantation settings. We found that in studies of the LT waiting list (12,532 patients with cirrhosis), only 4 of 11 showed MELD to be superior to CTP in predicting short-term (3-month) mortality. In addition, 2 of 3 studies (n = 1,679) evaluating the changes in MELD score (DeltaMELD) showed that DeltaMELD had better prediction for mortality than the baseline MELD score. The impact of MELD on post-LT mortality was assessed in 15 studies (20,456 patients); only 6 (9,522 patients) evaluated the discriminative ability of MELD score using the concordance (c) statistic (the MELD score had always a c-statistic < 0.70). In 11 studies (19,311 patients), high MELD score indicated poor post-LT mortality for cutoff values of 24-40 points. In re-LT patients, 2 of 4 studies evaluated the discriminative ability of MELD score on post-LT mortality. Finally, several studies have shown that the predictive ability of MELD score increases by adding clinical variables (hepatic encephalopathy, ascites) or laboratory (sodium) parameters. On the basis of the current literature, MELD score does not perform better than the CTP score for patients with cirrhosis on the waiting list and cannot predict post-LT mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Cholongitas
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Medicine Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
The authors reviewed 77 published reports available before August 1, 2005 that examined the ability of hematopoietic cells to generate hepatocytes in the liver. A list of these publications and a synopsis of each are available on-line. We interpret the evidence provided by this data set to suggest that one or more types of hematopoietic cells may rarely acquire the hepatocyte phenotype in the liver (frequency < or =10(-4)), although the nature of the hematopoietic cells involved and the mechanisms responsible for acquisition of a hepatocyte phenotype are still controversial. Hematopoietic stem cells do not appear to be direct precursors of hepatocytes, which, instead, can be generated from cells of the macrophage-monocyte lineage. Fusion between hepatocytes and transplanted hematopoietic cells has been substantiated as a mechanism by which hepatocytes that carry a bone marrow tag are generated, but direct transdifferentiation of hematopoietic cells has not been demonstrated. In conclusion, hematopoietic cells contribute little to hepatocyte formation under either physiological or pathological conditions, although they may provide cytokines and growth factors that promote hepatocyte functions by paracrine mechanisms. Cells of the endodermal hepatocyte lineage are far more potent generators of hepatocytes than are hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorri S Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4262, USA.
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Kaiserling E, Müller H. Neoplasm of hepatic stellate cells (spongiotic pericytoma): a new tumor entity in human liver. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:733-43. [PMID: 16325516 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to classify a previously unknown tumor entity in human liver observed in a 35-year-old woman. It was characterized by an unusual accumulation of fusiform CD34-positive cells and was initially misconceived as a tumor of the liver sinusoids. The tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy and by immunocytochemical techniques with a broad spectrum of antibodies. The polycyclic tumor contained multiple nodular cell aggregates. The tumor cells possessed extensive cytoplasmic processes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a prominent Golgi complex, and, in isolated cases, fat droplets. They expressed vimentin, CD34, CD105, CD99, CD56, and sm-actin. The matrix surrounding these cells was reactive for collagen types I, III and V, and fibronectin. The unusual aspect of this tumor is that it contained collections of cells that appeared to be hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells). It also contained hepatic cells arranged in plates, lobules, and capillarized sinuses. These findings suggest that the tumorous proliferation of hepatic stellate cells is functionally linked to the hepatocytes. It is unclear whether there is a link between the tumor and the patient's use of oral contraceptives. Referring to animal studies, different hepatocarcinogens may cause neoplastic Ito cell proliferation. The patient has remained recurrence-free during the 12 months since operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kaiserling
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver. These cells are activated by fibrogenic cytokines such as TGF-beta1, angiotensin II, and leptin. Reversibility of advanced liver fibrosis in patients has been recently documented, which has stimulated researchers to develop antifibrotic drugs. Emerging antifibrotic therapies are aimed at inhibiting the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or preventing the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans is unknown. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of liver fibrosis and discusses current antifibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS),Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver. These cells are activated by fibrogenic cytokines such as TGF-beta1, angiotensin II, and leptin. Reversibility of advanced liver fibrosis in patients has been recently documented, which has stimulated researchers to develop antifibrotic drugs. Emerging antifibrotic therapies are aimed at inhibiting the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or preventing the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans is unknown. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of liver fibrosis and discusses current antifibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS),Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver. These cells are activated by fibrogenic cytokines such as TGF-beta1, angiotensin II, and leptin. Reversibility of advanced liver fibrosis in patients has been recently documented, which has stimulated researchers to develop antifibrotic drugs. Emerging antifibrotic therapies are aimed at inhibiting the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or preventing the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans is unknown. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of liver fibrosis and discusses current antifibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS),Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Mao HZ, Chen YK, Wang YM, Zhang L, Liu GD. Isolation, culture and identification of human fetal liver stem cells in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:452-455. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i4.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To isolate, culture and identify human fetal liver stem cells in vitro to lay a foundation for the application of these cells in bioartificial liver support system and hepatocyte transplantation.
METHODS: The fetal liver stem cells were isolated from the liver of dead human fetus. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 50 g. The sediment was resuspended with F12 solution, followed by Percoll gradient centrifugation. The cell layer between 50% and 70% of Percoll was collected, washed, centrifuged, resuspended in DMEM (2:1), and incubated. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the phenotypes of the cultured cells.
RESULTS: The primary cells were round or oval, much smaller than hepatocytes with larger nucleus and less plasma. These cells grew prosperously in culture medium. The plasma of the cultured cells was positive for CK19, OV6 and albumin staining. Double staining showed that some cells were positive for both albumin and CK19.
CONCLUSION: The liver stem cells exist in the human fetal liver and display various differentiation status.
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver. These cells are activated by fibrogenic cytokines such as TGF-beta1, angiotensin II, and leptin. Reversibility of advanced liver fibrosis in patients has been recently documented, which has stimulated researchers to develop antifibrotic drugs. Emerging antifibrotic therapies are aimed at inhibiting the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or preventing the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans is unknown. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of liver fibrosis and discusses current antifibrotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives i Metabòliques, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS),Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Shackel N, Rockey D. In pursuit of the "Holy Grail"--stem cells, hepatic injury, fibrogenesis and repair. Hepatology 2005; 41:16-8. [PMID: 15690475 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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She H, Xiong S, Hazra S, Tsukamoto H. Adipogenic transcriptional regulation of hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:4959-67. [PMID: 15537655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) undergo transdifferentiation (activation) from lipid-storing pericytes to myofibroblastic cells to participate in liver fibrogenesis. Our recent work demonstrates that depletion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) constitutes one of the key molecular events for HSC activation and that ectopic expression of this nuclear receptor achieves the phenotypic reversal of activated HSC to the quiescent cells. The present study extends these findings to test a novel hypothesis that adipogenic transcriptional regulation is required for the maintenance of HSC quiescence. Comparative analysis of quiescent and activated HSC in culture reveals higher expression of putative adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) alpha, C/EBPbeta, C/EBPdelta, PPARgamma, liver X receptor alpha, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and of adipocyte-specific genes in the quiescent cells. Conversely, activated HSC have increased expression of PPARbeta, a transcription factor known to promote fatty acid oxidation. A treatment of activated HSC with the adipocyte differentiation mixture (isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin) or ectopic expression of PPARgamma or SREBP-1c in these cells, induces a panel of adipogenic transcription factors, reduces PPARbeta, and causes the phenotypic reversal to quiescent HSC. These results support the importance of adipogenic transcriptional regulation in HSC quiescence and provide a new framework for identifying novel molecular targets for the treatment of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun She
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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