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McMillin M, DeMorrow S, Glaser S, Venter J, Kyritsi K, Zhou T, Grant S, Giang T, Greene JF, Wu N, Jefferson B, Meng F, Alpini G. Melatonin inhibits hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release and reduces biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis in cholestatic rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G410-G418. [PMID: 28751425 PMCID: PMC5792219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00421.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland with increased circulating levels shown to inhibit biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis during cholestatic liver injury. Melatonin also has the capability to suppress the release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hormone that promotes cholangiocyte proliferation when serum levels are elevated. However, the interplay and contribution of neural melatonin and GnRH to cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats have not been investigated. To test this, cranial levels of melatonin were increased by implanting osmotic minipumps that performed an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of melatonin or saline for 7 days starting at the time of BDL. Hypothalamic GnRH mRNA and cholangiocyte secretion of GnRH and melatonin were assessed. Cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis were measured. Primary human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were treated with cholangiocyte supernatants, GnRH, or the GnRH receptor antagonist cetrorelix acetate, and cell proliferation and fibrosis gene expression were assessed. Melatonin infusion reduced hypothalamic GnRH mRNA expression and led to decreased GnRH and increased melatonin secretion from cholangiocytes. Infusion of melatonin was found to reduce hepatic injury, cholangiocyte proliferation, and fibrosis during BDL-induced liver injury. HSCs supplemented with BDL cholangiocyte supernatant had increased proliferation, and this increase was reversed when HSCs were supplemented with supernatants from melatonin-infused rats. GnRH stimulated fibrosis gene expression in HSCs, and this was reversed by cetrorelix acetate cotreatment. Increasing bioavailability of melatonin in the brain may improve outcomes during cholestatic liver disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have previously demonstrated that GnRH is expressed in cholangiocytes and promotes their proliferation during cholestasis. In addition, dark therapy, which increases melatonin, reduced cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis during cholestasis. This study expands these findings by investigating neural GnRH regulation by melatonin during BDL-induced cholestasis by infusing melatonin into the brain. Melatonin infusion reduced cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrosis, and these effects are due to GNRH receptor 1-dependent paracrine signaling between cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Thao Giang
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - John F Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Nan Wu
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Brandi Jefferson
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Research Foundation, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas;
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center and Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
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Glaser S, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Ueno Y, Gaudio E, Vaculin S, Venter J, Franchitto A, Onori P, Vaculin B, Marzioni M, Wise C, Pilanthananond M, Savage J, Pierce L, Mancinelli R, Alpini G. Progesterone stimulates the proliferation of female and male cholangiocytes via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G124-G136. [PMID: 18511743 PMCID: PMC2494724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00536.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During cholestatic liver diseases, cholangiocytes express neuroendocrine phenotypes and respond to a number of hormones and neuropeptides by paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. We examined whether the neuroendocrine hormone progesterone is produced by and targeted to cholangiocytes, thereby regulating biliary proliferation during cholestasis. Nuclear (PR-A and PR-B) and membrane (PRGMC1, PRGMC2, and mPRalpha) progesterone receptor expression was evaluated in liver sections and cholangiocytes from normal and bile duct ligation (BDL) rats, and NRC cells (normal rat cholangiocyte line). In vivo, normal rats were chronically treated with progesterone for 1 wk, or immediately after BDL, rats were treated with a neutralizing progesterone antibody for 1 wk. Cholangiocyte growth was measured by evaluating the number of bile ducts in liver sections. The expression of the progesterone synthesis pathway was evaluated in liver sections, cholangiocytes and NRC. Progesterone secretion was evaluated in supernatants from normal and BDL cholangiocytes and NRC. In vitro, NRC were stimulated with progesterone and cholangiocyte supernatants in the presence or absence of antiprogesterone antibody. Aminoglutethimide was used to block progesterone synthesis. Cholangiocytes and NRC express the PR-B nuclear receptor and PRGMC1, PRGMC2, and mPRalpha. In vivo, progesterone increased the number of bile ducts of normal rats, whereas antiprogesterone antibody inhibited cholangiocyte growth stimulated by BDL. Normal and BDL cholangiocytes expressed the biosynthetic pathway for and secrete progesterone. In vitro, 1) progesterone increased NRC proliferation; 2) cholangiocyte supernatants increased NRC proliferation, which was partially inhibited by preincubation with antiprogesterone; and 3) inhibition of progesterone steroidogenesis prevented NRC proliferation. In conclusion, progesterone may be an important autocrine/paracrine regulator of cholangiocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA.
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Shelley Vaculin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Bradley Vaculin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Candace Wise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Metaneeya Pilanthananond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jennifer Savage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lisa Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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