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Cardinale V, Paradiso S, Alvaro D. Biliary stem cells in health and cholangiopathies and cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2024; 40:92-98. [PMID: 38320197 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses evidence regarding progenitor populations of the biliary tree in the tissue regeneration and homeostasis, and the pathobiology of cholangiopathies and malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS In embryogenesis biliary multipotent progenitor subpopulation contributes cells not only to the pancreas and gall bladder but also to the liver. Cells equipped with a constellation of markers suggestive of the primitive endodermal phenotype exist in the peribiliary glands, the bile duct glands, of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. These cells are able to be isolated and cultured easily, which demonstrates the persistence of a stable phenotype during in vitro expansion, the ability to self-renew in vitro, and the ability to differentiate between hepatocyte and biliary and pancreatic islet fates. SUMMARY In normal human livers, stem/progenitors cells are mostly restricted in two distinct niches, which are the bile ductules/canals of Hering and the peribiliary glands (PBGs) present inside the wall of large intrahepatic bile ducts. The existence of a network of stem/progenitor cell niches within the liver and along the entire biliary tree inform a patho-biological-based translational approach to biliary diseases and cholangiocarcinoma since it poses the basis to understand biliary regeneration after extensive or chronic injuries and progression to fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Savino Paradiso
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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2
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Cardinale V, Lanthier N, Baptista PM, Carpino G, Carnevale G, Orlando G, Angelico R, Manzia TM, Schuppan D, Pinzani M, Alvaro D, Ciccocioppo R, Uygun BE. Cell transplantation-based regenerative medicine in liver diseases. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1555-1572. [PMID: 37557073 PMCID: PMC10444572 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to evaluate the current preclinical state of liver bioengineering, the clinical context for liver cell therapies, the cell sources, the delivery routes, and the results of clinical trials for end-stage liver disease. Different clinical settings, such as inborn errors of metabolism, acute liver failure, chronic liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and acute-on-chronic liver failure, as well as multiple cellular sources were analyzed; namely, hepatocytes, hepatic progenitor cells, biliary tree stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and macrophages. The highly heterogeneous clinical scenario of liver disease and the availability of multiple cellular sources endowed with different biological properties make this a multidisciplinary translational research challenge. Data on each individual liver disease and more accurate endpoints are urgently needed, together with a characterization of the regenerative pathways leading to potential therapeutic benefit. Here, we critically review these topics and identify related research needs and perspectives in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Service d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro M Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry, and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roberta Angelico
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Maria Manzia
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplant Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G.B. Rossi & University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Basak E Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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3
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Cardinale V, Carpino G, Overi D, Safarikia S, Zhang W, Kanke M, Franchitto A, Costantini D, Riccioni O, Nevi L, Chiappetta M, Onori P, Franchitto M, Bini S, Hung YH, Lai Q, Zizzari I, Nuti M, Nicoletti C, Checquolo S, Di Magno L, Giuli MV, Rossi M, Sethupathy P, Reid LM, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Human duodenal submucosal glands contain a defined stem/progenitor subpopulation with liver-specific regenerative potential. J Hepatol 2023; 78:165-179. [PMID: 36089156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Common precursors for the liver, biliary tree, and pancreas exist at an early stage of development in the definitive endoderm forming the foregut. We have identified and characterised endodermal stem/progenitor cells with regenerative potential persisting in the adult human duodenum. METHODS Human duodena were obtained from organ donors, and duodenal submucosal gland cells were isolated after removal of the mucosa layer. Cells were cultured on plastic or as organoids and were transplanted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse livers. RESULTS In situ studies of submucosal glands in the human duodenum revealed cells expressing stem/progenitor cell markers that had unique phenotypic traits distinguishable from intestinal crypt cells. Genetic signature studies indicated that the cells are closer to biliary tree stem cells and to definitive endodermal cells than to adult hepatocytes, supporting the interpretation that they are endodermal stem/progenitor cells. In vitro, human duodenal submucosal gland cells demonstrated clonal growth, capability to form organoids, and ability to acquire functional hepatocyte traits. In vivo, transplanted cells engrafted into the livers of immunocompromised mice and differentiated to mature liver cells. In an experimental model of fatty liver, human duodenal submucosal gland cells were able to rescue hosts from liver damage by supporting repopulation and regeneration of the liver. CONCLUSIONS A cell population with clonal growth and organoid formation capability, which has liver differentiation potency in vitro and in vivo in murine experimental models, is present within adult duodenal submucosal glands. These cells can be isolated, do not require reprogramming, and thus could potentially represent a novel cell source for regenerative medicine of the liver. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Cell therapies for liver disease could represent an option to support liver function, but the identification of sustainable and viable cell sources is critical. Here, we describe a cell population with organoid formation capability and liver-specific regenerative potential in submucosal glands of the human duodenum. Duodenal submucosal gland cells are isolated from adult organs, do not require reprogramming, and could rescue hepatocellular damage in preclinical models of chronic, but not acute, liver injury. Duodenal submucosal gland cells could represent a potential candidate cell source for regenerative medicine of the liver, but the determination of cell dose and toxicity is needed before clinical testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy.
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Samira Safarikia
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Costantini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Riccioni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Chiappetta
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Franchitto
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Bini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Quirino Lai
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zizzari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Saula Checquolo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Laura Di Magno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Giancotti A, D'Ambrosio V, Corno S, Pajno C, Carpino G, Amato G, Vena F, Mondo A, Spiniello L, Monti M, Muzii L, Bosco D, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Cardinale V. Current protocols and clinical efficacy of human fetal liver cell therapy in patients with liver disease: A literature review. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:376-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang X, Zhang W, Yang Y, Wang J, Qiu H, Liao L, Oikawa T, Wauthier E, Sethupathy P, Reid LM, Liu Z, He Z. A MicroRNA-Based Network Provides Potential Predictive Signatures and Reveals the Crucial Role of PI3K/AKT Signaling for Hepatic Lineage Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:670059. [PMID: 34141708 PMCID: PMC8204022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.670059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functions of miRNAs involved in tumorigenesis are well reported, yet, their roles in normal cell lineage commitment remain ambiguous. Here, we investigated a specific "transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-Target" regulatory network during the lineage maturation of biliary tree stem cells (BTSCs) into adult hepatocytes (hAHeps). Method Bioinformatic analysis was conducted based on our RNA-seq and microRNA-seq datasets with four human hepatic-lineage cell lines, including hBTSCs, hepatic stem cells (hHpSCs), hepatoblasts (hHBs), and hAHeps. Short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis was performed to reveal the time-dependent dynamically changed miRNAs and mRNAs. GO and KEGG analyses were applied to reveal the potential function of key miRNAs and mRNAs. Then, the miRDB, miRTarBase, TargetScan, miRWalk, and DIANA-microT-CDS databases were adopted to predict the potential targets of miRNAs while the TransmiR v2.0 database was used to obtain the experimentally supported TFs that regulate miRNAs. The TCGA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, and human protein atlas (HPA) databases and more than 10 sequencing data, including bulk RNA-seq, microRNA-seq, and scRNA-seq data related to hepatic development or lineage reprogramming, were obtained from both our or other published studies for validation. Results STEM analysis showed that during the maturation from hBTSCs to hAHeps, 52 miRNAs were downwardly expressed and 928 mRNA were upwardly expressed. Enrichment analyses revealed that those 52 miRNAs acted as pluripotency regulators for stem cells and participated in various novel signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and etc., while 928 mRNAs played important roles in liver-functional metabolism. With an extensive sorting of those key miRNAs and mRNAs based on the target prediction results, 23 genes were obtained which not only functioned as the targets of 17 miRNAs but were considered critical for the hepatic lineage commitment. A "TF-miRNA-Target" regulatory network for hepatic lineage commitment was therefore established and had been well validated by various datasets. The network revealed that the PI3K/AKT pathway was gradually suppressed during the hepatic commitment. Conclusion A total of 17 miRNAs act as suppressors during hepatic maturation mainly by regulating 23 targets and modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The regulatory network uncovers possible signatures and guidelines enabling us to identify or obtain the functional hepatocytes for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiansong Wang
- Department of Traumatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijun Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eliane Wauthier
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
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Safarikia S, Carpino G, Overi D, Cardinale V, Venere R, Franchitto A, Onori P, Alvaro D, Gaudio E. Distinct EpCAM-Positive Stem Cell Niches Are Engaged in Chronic and Neoplastic Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:479. [PMID: 32984373 PMCID: PMC7492539 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal human livers, EpCAMpos cells are mostly restricted in two distinct niches, which are (i) the bile ductules and (ii) the mucous glands present inside the wall of large intrahepatic bile ducts (the so-called peribiliary glands). These EpCAMpos cell niches have been proven to harbor stem/progenitor cells with great importance in liver and biliary tree regeneration and in the pathophysiology of human diseases. The EpCAMpos progenitor cells within bile ductules are engaged in driving regenerative processes in chronic diseases affecting hepatocytes or interlobular bile ducts. The EpCAMpos population within peribiliary glands is activated when regenerative needs are finalized to repair large intra- or extra-hepatic bile ducts affected by chronic pathologies, including primary sclerosing cholangitis and ischemia-induced cholangiopathies after orthotopic liver transplantation. Finally, the presence of distinct EpCAMpos cell populations may explain the histological and molecular heterogeneity characterizing cholangiocarcinoma, based on the concept of multiple candidate cells of origin. This review aimed to describe the precise anatomical distribution of EpCAMpos populations within the liver and the biliary tree and to discuss their contribution in the pathophysiology of human liver diseases, as well as their potential role in regenerative medicine of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Safarikia
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Venere
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Villasenor A, Gauvrit S, Collins MM, Maischein HM, Stainier DYR. Hhex regulates the specification and growth of the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Dev Biol 2019; 458:228-236. [PMID: 31697936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have advanced our understanding of foregut-derived organ development; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of the hepatopancreatic ductal (HPD) system. Here, we report a role for the homeodomain transcription factor Hhex in directing HPD progenitor specification in zebrafish. Loss of Hhex function results in impaired HPD system formation. We found that Hhex specifies a distinct population of HPD progenitors that gives rise to the cystic duct, common bile duct, and extra-pancreatic duct. Since hhex is not uniquely expressed in the HPD region but is also expressed in endothelial cells and the yolk syncytial layer (YSL), we tested the role of blood vessels as well as the YSL in HPD formation. We found that blood vessels are required for HPD patterning, but not for HPD progenitor specification. In addition, we found that Hhex is required in both the endoderm and the YSL for HPD development. Our results shed light on the mechanisms directing endodermal progenitors towards the HPD fate and emphasize the tissue specific requirement of Hhex during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia Villasenor
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Sébastien Gauvrit
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michelle M Collins
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Maischein
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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Functions and the Emerging Role of the Foetal Liver into Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080914. [PMID: 31426422 PMCID: PMC6721721 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During foetal life, the liver plays the important roles of connection and transient hematopoietic function. Foetal liver cells develop in an environment called a hematopoietic stem cell niche composed of several cell types, where stem cells can proliferate and give rise to mature blood cells. Embryologically, at about the third week of gestation, the liver appears, and it grows rapidly from the fifth to 10th week under WNT/β-Catenin signaling pathway stimulation, which induces hepatic progenitor cells proliferation and differentiation into hepatocytes. Development of new strategies and identification of new cell sources should represent the main aim in liver regenerative medicine and cell therapy. Cells isolated from organs with endodermal origin, like the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas, could be preferable cell sources. Furthermore, stem cells isolated from these organs could be more susceptible to differentiate into mature liver cells after transplantation with respect to stem cells isolated from organs or tissues with a different embryological origin. The foetal liver possesses unique features given the co-existence of cells having endodermal and mesenchymal origin, and it could be highly available source candidate for regenerative medicine in both the liver and pancreas. Taking into account these advantages, the foetal liver can be the highest potential and available cell source for cell therapy regarding liver diseases and diabetes.
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Yovchev MI, Lee EJ, Rodriguez‐Silva W, Locker J, Oertel M. Biliary Obstruction Promotes Multilineage Differentiation of Hepatic Stem Cells. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1137-1150. [PMID: 31388633 PMCID: PMC6672331 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their high regenerative potential, stem cells are an ideal resource for development of therapies that replace injured tissue mass and restore function in patients with end-stage liver diseases. Using a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL) and biliary fibrosis, we investigated cell engraftment, liver repopulation, and ectopic tissue formation after intrasplenic transplantation of epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Fetal liver cells were infused into the spleens of Fisher 344 rats with progressing biliary fibrosis induced by common BDL or rats without BDL. Cell delivery was well tolerated. After migration to the liver, donor-derived stem/progenitor cells engrafted, differentiated into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and formed large cell clusters at 2 months in BDL rats but not controls. Substantial numbers of donor cells were also detected at the splenic injection site where they generated hepatic and nonhepatic tissue. Transplanted cells differentiated into phenotypes other than hepato/cholangiocytic cells only in rats that underwent BDL. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated marked up-regulation of tissue-specific genes of nonhepatic endodermal lineages (e.g., caudal type homeobox 2 [Cdx2], pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 [Pdx1], keratin 13 [CK-13]), confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Conclusion: BDL and its induced fibrosis promote liver repopulation by ectopically transplanted fetal liver-derived cells. These cell fractions contain multipotent stem cells that colonize the spleen of BDL rats and differentiate into multiple gastrointestinal tissues, including liver, pancreas, intestine, and esophagus. The splenic microenvironment, therefore, represents an ideal niche to assess the differentiation of these stem cells, while BDL provides a stimulus that induces their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen I. Yovchev
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Edward J. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | | | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Department of Pathology, Division of Experimental PathologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
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10
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Sánchez-Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pla-Palacín I, Dachary PR, Almeida H, Pastor C, Soto DR, Rodriguez MC, Arbizu EO, Martinez LB, Serrano-Aulló T, Baptista PM. The role of extracellular matrix on liver stem cell fate: A dynamic relationship in health and disease. Differentiation 2019; 106:49-56. [PMID: 30878881 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver stem cell niche is a specialized and dynamic microenvironment with biomechanical and biochemical characteristics that regulate stem cell behavior. This is feasible due to the coordination of a complex network of secreted factors, small molecules, neural, blood inputs and extracellular matrix (ECM) components involved in the regulation of stem cell fate (self-renewal, survival, and differentiation into more mature phenotypes like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes). In this review, we describe and summarize all the major components that play essential roles in the liver stem cell niche, in particular, growth factor signaling and the biomechanical properties of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pla-Palacín
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Helen Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Pastor
- Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniela Rubio Soto
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Carbone M, Nardi A, Flack S, Carpino G, Varvaropoulou N, Gavrila C, Spicer A, Badrock J, Bernuzzi F, Cardinale V, Ainsworth HF, Heneghan MA, Thorburn D, Bathgate A, Jones R, Neuberger JM, Battezzati PM, Zuin M, Taylor-Robinson S, Donato MF, Kirby J, Mitchell-Thain R, Floreani A, Sampaziotis F, Muratori L, Alvaro D, Marzioni M, Miele L, Marra F, Giannini E, Gaudio E, Ronca V, Bonato G, Cristoferi L, Malinverno F, Gerussi A, Stocken DD, Cordell HJ, Hirschfield GM, Alexander GJ, Sandford RN, Jones DE, Invernizzi P, Mells GF. Pretreatment prediction of response to ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis: development and validation of the UDCA Response Score. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:626-634. [PMID: 30017646 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(18)30163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to primary biliary cholangitis: all patients begin treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) monotherapy and those with an inadequate biochemical response after 12 months are subsequently considered for second-line therapies. However, as a result, patients at the highest risk can wait the longest for effective treatment. We determined whether UDCA response can be accurately predicted using pretreatment clinical parameters. METHODS We did logistic regression analysis of pretreatment variables in a discovery cohort of patients in the UK with primary biliary cholangitis to derive the best-fitting model of UDCA response, defined as alkaline phosphatase less than 1·67 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), measured after 12 months of treatment with UDCA. We validated the model in an external cohort of patients with primary biliary cholangitis and treated with UDCA in Italy. Additionally, we assessed correlations between model predictions and key histological features, such as biliary injury and fibrosis, on liver biopsy samples. FINDINGS 2703 participants diagnosed with primary biliary cholangitis between Jan 1, 1998, and May 31, 2015, were included in the UK-PBC cohort for derivation of the model. The following pretreatment parameters were associated with lower probability of UDCA response: higher alkaline phosphatase concentration (p<0·0001), higher total bilirubin concentration (p=0·0003), lower aminotransferase concentration (p=0·0012), younger age (p<0·0001), longer interval from diagnosis to the start of UDCA treatment (treatment time lag, p<0·0001), and worsening of alkaline phosphatase concentration from diagnosis (p<0·0001). Based on these variables, we derived a predictive score of UDCA response. In the external validation cohort, 460 patients diagnosed with primary biliary cholangitis were treated with UDCA, with follow-up data until May 31, 2016. In this validation cohort, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the score was 0·83 (95% CI 0·79-0·87). In 20 liver biopsy samples from patients with primary biliary cholangitis, the UDCA response score was associated with ductular reaction (r=-0·556, p=0·0130) and intermediate hepatocytes (probability of response was 0·90 if intermediate hepatocytes were absent vs 0·51 if present). INTERPRETATION We have derived and externally validated a model based on pretreatment variables that accurately predicts UDCA response. Association with histological features provides face validity. This model provides a basis to explore alternative approaches to treatment stratification in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council and University of Milan-Bicocca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carbone
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Nardi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Steve Flack
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ann Spicer
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Badrock
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Holly F Ainsworth
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Douglas Thorburn
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, The Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bathgate
- Scottish Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Liver Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | - Massimo Zuin
- Division of Internal Medicine and Liver Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Simon Taylor-Robinson
- Liver Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria F Donato
- CRC "AM e A Migliavacca" Center for the Study of Liver Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - John Kirby
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Fotios Sampaziotis
- Department of Surgery, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luigi Muratori
- Liver Unit, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ospedali Riuniti University Hospital, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Miele
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Gemelli University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giannini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Legal Medicine, and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- Division of Internal Medicine and Liver Unit, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Bonato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cristoferi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Malinverno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah D Stocken
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Richard N Sandford
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Jones
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - George F Mells
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organ donation in the United States registered 9079 deceased organ donors in 2015. This high percentage of donations allowed organ transplantation in 29 851 recipients. Despite increasing numbers of transplants performed in comparison with previous years, the numbers of patients that are in need for a transplant increase every year at a higher rate. This reveals that the discrepancy between the demand and availability of organs remains fundamental problem in organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Development of bioengineered organs represents a promising approach to increase the pool of organs for transplantation. The technology involves obtaining complex three-dimensional scaffolds that support cellular activity and functional remodeling though tissue recellularization protocols using progenitor cells. This innovative approach integrates cross-thematic approaches from specific areas of transplant immunology, tissue engineering and stem cell biology, to potentially manufacture an unlimited source of donor organs for transplantation. SUMMARY Although bioengineered organs are thought to escape immune recognition, the potential immune reactivity toward each of its components has not been studied in detail. Here, we summarize the host immune response toward different progenitor cells and discuss the potential implications of using nonself biological scaffolds to develop bioengineered organs.
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13
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Irudayaswamy A, Muthiah M, Zhou L, Hung H, Jumat NHB, Haque J, Teoh N, Farrell G, Riehle KJ, Lin JS, Su LL, Chan JK, Choolani M, Wong PC, Wee A, Lim SG, Campbell J, Fausto N, Dan YY. Long-Term Fate of Human Fetal Liver Progenitor Cells Transplanted in Injured Mouse Livers. Stem Cells 2017; 36:103-113. [PMID: 28960647 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells have the potential to repair and regenerate a diseased liver. The success of any translational efforts, however, hinges on thorough understanding of the fate of these cells after transplant, especially in terms of long-term safety and efficacy. Here, we report transplantation of a liver progenitor population isolated from human fetal livers into immune-permissive mice with follow-up up to 36 weeks after transplant. We found that human progenitor cells engraft and differentiate into functional human hepatocytes in the mouse, producing albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and glycogen. They create tight junctions with mouse hepatocytes, with no evidence of cell fusion. Interestingly, they also differentiate into functional endothelial cell and bile duct cells. Transplantation of progenitor cells abrogated carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis in recipient mice, with downregulation of procollagen and anti-smooth muscle actin. Paradoxically, the degree of engraftment of human hepatocytes correlated negatively with the anti-fibrotic effect. Progenitor cell expansion was most prominent in cirrhotic animals, and correlated with transcript levels of pro-fibrotic genes. Animals that had resolution of fibrosis had quiescent native progenitor cells in their livers. No evidence of neoplasia was observed, even up to 9 months after transplantation. Human fetal liver progenitor cells successfully attenuate liver fibrosis in mice. They are activated in the setting of liver injury, but become quiescent when injury resolves, mimicking the behavior of de novo progenitor cells. Our data suggest that liver progenitor cells transplanted into injured livers maintain a functional role in the repair and regeneration of the liver. Stem Cells 2018;36:103-113.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital. National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hau Hung
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jamil Haque
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Narcissus Teoh
- Department of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Farrell
- Department of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaymie Siqi Lin
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Lin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Ky Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Cheang Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aileen Wee
- Department of Pathology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital. National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jean Campbell
- Clinical Research Divison, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nelson Fausto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital. National University Health System, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore
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14
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Nevi L, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Costantini D, Di Matteo S, Cantafora A, Melandro F, Brunelli R, Bastianelli C, Aliberti C, Monti M, Bosco D, Berloco PB, Panici PB, Reid L, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Cryopreservation protocol for human biliary tree stem/progenitors, hepatic and pancreatic precursors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6080. [PMID: 28729654 PMCID: PMC5519713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSCs) are being used for cell therapies of patients with liver cirrhosis. A cryopreservation method was established to optimize sourcing of hBTSCs for these clinical programs and that comprises serum-free Kubota’s Medium (KM) supplemented with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 15% human serum albumin (HSA) and 0.1% hyaluronans. Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated hBTSCs were similar in vitro with respect to self-replication, stemness traits, and multipotency. They were able to differentiate to functional hepatocytes,cholangiocytes or pancreatic islets, yielding similar levels of secretion of albumin or of glucose-inducible levels of insulin. Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated hBTSCs were equally able to engraft into immunocompromised mice yielding cells with human-specific gene expression and human albumin levels in murine serum that were higher for cryopreserved than for freshly isolated hBTSCs. The successful cryopreservation of hBTSCs facilitates establishment of hBTSCs cell banking offering logistical advantages for clinical programs for treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Costantini
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Di Matteo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cantafora
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Melandro
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bastianelli
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Aliberti
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Monti
- Department of Gynaecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bosco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Lola Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Ridola L, Bragazzi MC, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Cholangiocytes: Cell transplantation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1516-1523. [PMID: 28735098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to significant limitations to the access to orthotropic liver transplantation, cell therapies for liver diseases have gained large interest worldwide. SCOPE OF REVIEW To revise current literature dealing with cell therapy for liver diseases. We discussed the advantages and pitfalls of the different cell sources tested so far in clinical trials and the rationale underlying the potential benefits of transplantation of human biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs). MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of adult hepatocytes showed transient benefits but requires immune-suppression that is a major pitfall in patients with advanced liver diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells transplanted into patients with liver diseases are not able to replace resident hepatocytes but rather they target autoimmune or inflammatory processes into the liver. Stem cells isolated from fetal or adult liver have been recently proposed as alternative cell sources for advanced liver cirrhosis and metabolic liver disease. We demonstrated the presence of multipotent cells expressing a variety of endodermal stem cell markers in (peri)-biliary glands of bile ducts in fetal or adult human tissues, and in crypts of gallbladder epithelium. In the first cirrhotic patients treated in our center with biliary tree stem cell therapy, we registered no adverse event but significant benefits. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The biliary tree stem cell could represent the ideal cell source for the cell therapy of liver diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ridola
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Consiglia Bragazzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Division of Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Silver nanoparticle treatment ameliorates biliary atresia syndrome in rhesus rotavirus inoculated mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1041-1050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Maraldi T, Guida M, Beretti F, Resca E, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Gentile R, Ardizzoni A, Murgia A, Alvaro D, Gaudio E, De Pol A. Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells immunomodulation: Role of hepatocyte growth factor. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:465-479. [PMID: 27381820 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSC) are multipotent epithelial stem cells with the potential for allogenic transplant in liver, biliary tree, and pancreatic diseases. Human mesenchymal stem cells, but also epithelial stem cells, are able to modulate immune responses with different types of secretion molecules. METHODS The initial aim of the present study was to develop for the first time a culture protocol in order to expand hBTSC in vitro through passages, allowing to maintain a similar stem cell and secretome profile. Furthermore, we investigated the secretome profile of the hBTSC to assess the production of molecules capable of affecting immune feedback. RESULTS We found that hepatocyte growth factor produced by hBTSC exerts its cytoprotective role inducing apoptosis in human immune cells, such as lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS The present study, therefore, supports the hypothesis that hBTSC can be useful for the purpose of regenerative medicine, as they can be banked and expanded, and they can secrete immunoregulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,EURAC Research, Center for Biomedicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Resca
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Gentile
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alba Murgia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anto De Pol
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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18
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Peribiliary Gland Dilatation in Cirrhosis: Relationship with Liver Failure and Stem Cell/Proliferation Markers. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:699-707. [PMID: 28035548 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dilated peribiliary glands (PBG) in patients with cirrhosis are often an incidental finding although their significance and physiopathology remain unclear. We aimed to identify clinical factors associated with dilated PBG and to perform a detailed morphometric assessment of dilated PBG in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). METHODS All consecutive cirrhotic patients undergoing LT at our institution between October 2006 and October 2011 were assessed for inclusion. Ten non-cirrhotic patients were included as controls. We performed morphometrical assessment of PBG, assessed baseline clinical factors associated with dilated PBG, immunohistochemistry staining with CK-19, MiB-1 and EpCAM, and radiological assessment of all available cases. RESULTS Seventy-one patients met the inclusion criteria, 24% had PBG dilatation of >1000 µm. On multivariable analysis, MELD (OR 1.11 per unit increase in MELD, p = 0.004) was the only significant factor associated with dilated PBG. Compared to PBG < 1000 µm, large PBG had a higher proportion of EpCAM-positive (69 vs. 28%, p < 0.001) and MiB-1-positive lining cells (2.8 vs. 0.55%, p = 0.036). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging had high specificity but low sensitivity for the diagnosis of dilated PBG > 1000 µm (specificity 90-100%, sensitivity 25-29%). CONCLUSIONS Dilated PBGs are a common finding in explants of cirrhotic subjects undergoing LT and are associated with liver failure although diagnostic performance of cross-sectional imaging is inconstant. The high number of proliferative and EpCAM-positive cells lining the PBG may suggest a role of PBG in organ repair during liver failure.
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19
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Villasenor A, Stainier DYR. On the development of the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:69-80. [PMID: 28214561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hepatopancreatic ductal system is the collection of ducts that connect the liver and pancreas to the digestive tract. The formation of this system is necessary for the transport of exocrine secretions, for the correct assembly of the pancreatobiliary ductal system, and for the overall function of the digestive system. Studies on endoderm organ formation have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern organ induction, organ specification and morphogenesis of the major foregut-derived organs. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control the development of the hepatopancreatic ductal system. Here, we provide a description of the different components of the system, summarize its development from the endoderm to a complex system of tubes, list the pathologies produced by anomalies in its development, as well as the molecules and signaling pathways that are known to be involved in its formation. Finally, we discuss its proposed potential as a multipotent cell reservoir and the unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alethia Villasenor
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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20
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Lanzoni G, Cardinale V, Carpino G. The hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic network of stem/progenitor cell niches in humans: A new reference frame for disease and regeneration. Hepatology 2016; 64:277-86. [PMID: 26524612 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem/progenitors for liver, biliary tree, and pancreas exist at early stages of development in the definitive ventral endoderm forming the foregut. In humans, they persist postnatally as part of a network, with evidence supporting their contributions to hepatic and pancreatic organogenesis throughout life. Multiple stem cell niches persist in specific anatomical locations within the human biliary tree and pancreatic ducts. In liver and pancreas, replication of mature parenchymal cells ensures the physiological turnover and the restoration of parenchyma after minor injuries. Although actively debated, multiple observations indicate that stem/progenitor cells contribute to repair pervasive, chronic injuries. The most primitive of the stem/progenitor cells, biliary tree stem cells, are found in peribiliary glands within extrahepatic and large intrahepatic bile ducts. Biliary tree stem cells are comprised of multiple subpopulations with traits suggestive of maturational lineage stages and yet capable of self-replication and multipotent differentiation, being able to differentiate to mature liver cells (hepatocytes, cholangiocytes) and mature pancreatic cells (including functional islet endocrine cells). Hepatic stem cells are located within canals of Hering and bile ductules and are capable of differentiating to hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages. The existence, phenotype, and anatomical location of stem/progenitors in the adult pancreas are actively debated. Ongoing studies suggest that pancreatic stem cells reside within the biliary tree, primarily the hepatopancreatic common duct, and are rare in the pancreas proper. Pancreatic ducts and pancreatic duct glands harbor committed pancreatic progenitors. CONCLUSION The hepatic, biliary, and pancreatic network of stem/progenitor cell niches should be considered as a framework for understanding liver and pancreatic regeneration after extensive or chronic injuries and for the study of human chronic diseases affecting these organs. (Hepatology 2016;64:277-286).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
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Carpino G, Puca R, Cardinale V, Renzi A, Scafetta G, Nevi L, Rossi M, Berloco PB, Ginanni Corradini S, Reid LM, Maroder M, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Peribiliary Glands as a Niche of Extrapancreatic Precursors Yielding Insulin-Producing Cells in Experimental and Human Diabetes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1332-42. [PMID: 26850087 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peribiliary glands (PBGs) are niches in the biliary tree and containing heterogeneous endodermal stem/progenitors cells that can differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, toward pancreatic islets. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in experimental and human diabetes, proliferation of cells in PBGs and differentiation of the biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (BTSCs) toward insulin-producing cells. Diabetes was generated in mice by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 200 mg/kg (N = 12) or 120 mg/kg (N = 12) of streptozotocin. Liver, pancreas, and extrahepatic biliary trees were en bloc dissected and examined. Cells in PBGs proliferated in experimental diabetes, and their proliferation was greatest in the PBGs of the hepatopancreatic ampulla, and inversely correlated with the pancreatic islet area. In rodents, the cell proliferation in PBGs was characterized by the expansion of Sox9-positive stem/progenitor cells that gave rise to insulin-producing cells. Insulin-producing cells were located mostly in PBGs in the portion of the biliary tree closest to the duodenum, and their appearance was associated with upregulation of MafA and Gli1 gene expression. In patients with type 2 diabetes, PBGs at the level of the hepatopancreatic ampulla contained cells showing signs of proliferation and pancreatic fate commitment. In vitro, high glucose concentrations induced the differentiation of human BTSCs cultures toward pancreatic beta cell fates. The cells in PBGs respond to diabetes with proliferation and differentiation towards insulin-producing cells indicating that PBG niches may rescue pancreatic islet impairment in diabetes. These findings offer important implications for the pathophysiology and complications of this disease. Stem Cells 2016;34:1332-1342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale B Berloco
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ginanni Corradini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marella Maroder
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Carpino G, Renzi A, Cardinale V, Franchitto A, Onori P, Overi D, Rossi M, Berloco PB, Alvaro D, Reid LM, Gaudio E. Progenitor cell niches in the human pancreatic duct system and associated pancreatic duct glands: an anatomical and immunophenotyping study. J Anat 2015; 228:474-86. [PMID: 26610370 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic duct glands (PDGs) are tubule-alveolar glands associated with the pancreatic duct system and can be considered the anatomical counterpart of peribiliary glands (PBGs) found within the biliary tree. Recently, we demonstrated that endodermal precursor niches exist fetally and postnatally and are composed functionally of stem cells and progenitors within PBGs and of committed progenitors within PDGs. Here we have characterized more extensively the anatomy of human PDGs as novel niches containing cells with multiple phenotypes of committed progenitors. Human pancreata (n = 15) were obtained from cadaveric adult donors. Specimens were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. PDGs were found in the walls of larger pancreatic ducts (diameters > 300 μm) and constituted nearly 4% of the duct wall area. All of the cells identified were negative for nuclear expression of Oct4, a pluripotency gene, and so are presumably committed progenitors and not stem cells. In the main pancreatic duct and in large interlobular ducts, Sox9(+) cells represented 5-30% of the cells within PDGs and were located primarily at the bottom of PDGs, whereas rare and scattered Sox9(+) cells were present within the surface epithelium. The expression of PCNA, a marker of cell proliferation, paralleled the distribution of Sox9 expression. Sox9(+) PDG cells proved to be Pdx1(+) /Ngn3(+/-) /Oct4A(-) . Nearly 10% of PDG cells were positive for insulin or glucagon. Intercalated ducts contained Sox9(+) /Pdx1(+) /Ngn3(+) cells, a phenotype that is presumptive of committed endocrine progenitors. Some intercalated ducts appeared in continuity with clusters of insulin-positive cells organized in small pancreatic islet-like structures. In summary, PDGs represent niches of a population of Sox9(+) cells exhibiting a pattern of phenotypic traits implicating a radial axis of maturation from the bottoms of the PDGs to the surface of pancreatic ducts. Our results complete the anatomical background that links biliary and pancreatic tracts and could have important implications for the common patho-physiology of biliary tract and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Overi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Model of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas reveals striking enrichment in cancer stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8070. [PMID: 26437858 PMCID: PMC4600730 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of human fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas (hFL-HCCs), cancers occurring increasingly in children to young adults, is poorly understood. We present a transplantable tumour line, maintained in immune-compromised mice, and validate it as a bona fide model of hFL-HCCs by multiple methods. RNA-seq analysis confirms the presence of a fusion transcript (DNAJB1-PRKACA) characteristic of hFL-HCC tumours. The hFL-HCC tumour line is highly enriched for cancer stem cells as indicated by limited dilution tumourigenicity assays, spheroid formation and flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry on the hFL-HCC model, with parallel studies on 27 primary hFL-HCC tumours, provides robust evidence for expression of endodermal stem cell traits. Transcriptomic analyses of the tumour line and of multiple, normal hepatic lineage stages reveal a gene signature for hFL-HCCs closely resembling that of biliary tree stem cells—newly discovered precursors for liver and pancreas. This model offers unprecedented opportunities to investigate mechanisms underlying hFL-HCCs pathogenesis and potential therapies. With no cell lines available, investigating the aetiology of human fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas (hFL-HCCs) has proved problematic. Here, Oikawa et al. establish a model of hFL-HCCs as a transplantable tumour line maintained in immune-compromised mice, which proves rich in cancer stem cells.
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Cardinale V, Puca R, Carpino G, Scafetta G, Renzi A, De Canio M, Sicilia F, Nevi L, Casa D, Panetta R, Berloco PB, Reid LM, Federici G, Gaudio E, Maroder M, Alvaro D. Adult Human Biliary Tree Stem Cells Differentiate to β-Pancreatic Islet Cells by Treatment with a Recombinant Human Pdx1 Peptide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134677. [PMID: 26252949 PMCID: PMC4529196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of β-pancreatic cells represents a major goal in research. The aim of this study was to explore a protein-based strategy to induce differentiation of human biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs) towards β-pancreatic cells. A plasmid containing the sequence of the human pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) has been expressed in E. coli. Epithelial-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule positive hBTSCs or mature human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, were grown in medium to which Pdx1 peptide was added. Differentiation toward pancreatic islet cells were evaluated by the expression of the β-cell transcription factors, Pdx1 and musculoapo-neurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A, and of the pancreatic hormones, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, investigated by real time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, light microscopy and immunofluorescence. C-peptide secretion in response to high glucose was also measured. Results indicated how purified Pdx1 protein corresponding to the primary structure of the human Pdx1 by mass spectroscopy was efficiently produced in bacteria, and transduced into hBTSCs. Pdx1 exposure triggered the expression of both intermediate and mature stage β-cell differentiation markers only in hBTSCs but not in HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, hBTSCs exposed to Pdx1 showed up-regulation of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin genes and formation of 3-dimensional islet-like structures intensely positive for insulin and glucagon. Finally, Pdx1-induced islet-like structures exhibited glucose-regulated C-peptide secretion. In conclusion, the human Pdx1 is highly effective in triggering hBTSC differentiation toward functional β-pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele De Canio
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Casa
- Italian Federation of Juvenile Diabetes (FDG), Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Panetta
- Italian Federation of Juvenile Diabetes (FDG), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lola M. Reid
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Federici
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marella Maroder
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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25
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Weeder PD, van Rijn R, Porte RJ. Machine perfusion in liver transplantation as a tool to prevent non-anastomotic biliary strictures: Rationale, current evidence and future directions. J Hepatol 2015; 63:265-75. [PMID: 25770660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence of non-anastomotic biliary strictures (NAS) after transplantation of livers from extended criteria donors is currently a major barrier to widespread use of these organs. This review provides an update on the most recent advances in the understanding of the etiology of NAS. These new insights give reason to believe that machine perfusion can reduce the incidence of NAS after transplantation by providing more protective effects on the biliary tree during preservation of the donor liver. An overview is presented regarding the different endpoints that have been used for assessment of biliary injury and function before and after transplantation, emphasizing on methods used during machine perfusion. The wide spectrum of different approaches to machine perfusion is discussed, including the many different combinations of techniques, temperatures and perfusates at varying time points. In addition, the current understanding of the effect of machine perfusion in relation to biliary injury is reviewed. Finally, we explore directions for future research such as the application of (pharmacological) strategies during machine perfusion to further improve preservation. We stress the great potential of machine perfusion to possibly expand the donor pool by reducing the incidence of NAS in extended criteria organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepijn D Weeder
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van Rijn
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Porte
- Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Cardinale V, Carpino G, Gentile R, Napoletano C, Rahimi H, Franchitto A, Semeraro R, Nuti M, Onori P, Berloco PB, Rossi M, Bosco D, Brunelli R, Fraveto A, Napoli C, Torrice A, Gatto M, Venere R, Bastianelli C, Aliberti C, Salvatori FM, Bresadola L, Bezzi M, Attili AF, Reid L, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Transplantation of human fetal biliary tree stem/progenitor cells into two patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:204. [PMID: 25471120 PMCID: PMC4267130 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-014-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to identify cell sources and approaches for cell therapy of liver diseases are ongoing, taking into consideration the limits recognized for adult liver tissue and for other forms of stem cells. In the present study, we described the first procedure of via hepatic artery transplantation of human fetal biliary tree stem cells in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Methods The cells were immune-sorted from human fetal biliary tree by protocols in accordance with current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) and extensively characterized. Two patients with advanced liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh C) have been submitted to the procedure and observed through a 12 months follow-up. Results The resulting procedure was found absolutely safe. Immuno-suppressants were not required, and the patients did not display any adverse effects correlated with cell transplantation or suggestive of immunological complications. From a clinical point of view, both patients showed biochemical and clinical improvement during the 6 month follow-up and the second patient maintained a stable improvement for 12 months. Conclusion This report represents proof of the concept that the human fetal biliary tree stem cells are a suitable and large source for cell therapy of liver cirrhosis. The isolation procedure can be carried out under cGMP conditions and, finally, the infusion procedure is easy and safe for the patients. This represents the basis for forthcoming controlled clinical trials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12876-014-0204-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, 00151, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Gentile
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Hassan Rahimi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, Rome, 00185, Italy. .,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, 00100, Italy.
| | - Rossella Semeraro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | | | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Daniela Bosco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- Department of Gynecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Alice Fraveto
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Cristina Napoli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Alessia Torrice
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Manuela Gatto
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Venere
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bastianelli
- Department of Gynecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Camilla Aliberti
- Department of Gynecologic-Obstetric and Urologic Sciences, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | | | - Luciano Bresadola
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | - Mario Bezzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| | | | - Lola Reid
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina, 04100, Italy. .,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, 00100, Italy.
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The Fas/Fas ligand apoptosis pathway underlies immunomodulatory properties of human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1097-105. [PMID: 24953023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSCs) are multipotent epithelial stem cells, easily obtained from the biliary tree, with the potential for regenerative medicine in liver, biliary tree, and pancreas diseases. Recent reports indicate that human mesenchymal stem cells are able to modulate the T cell immune response. However, no information exists on the capabilities of hBTSCs to control the allogeneic response. The aims of this study were to evaluate FasL expression in hBTSCs, to study the in vitro interaction between hBTSCs and human lymphocytes, and the role of Fas/FasL modulation in inducing T cell apoptosis in hBTSCs/T cell co-cultures. METHODS Fas and FasL expression were evaluated in situ and in vitro by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Co-cultures of hBTSCs with human leukocytes were used to analyze the influence of hBTSCs on lymphocytes activation and apoptosis. RESULTS hBTSCs expressed HLA antigens and FasL in situ and in vitro. Western blot data demonstrated that hBTSCs constitutively expressed high levels of FasL that increased after co-culture with T cells. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that FasL expression was restricted to EpCAM(+)/LGR5(+) cells. FACS analysis of T cells co-cultured with hBTSCs indicated that hBTSCs were able to induce apoptosis in activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell populations. Moreover, the Fas receptor appears to be more expressed in T cells co-cultured with hBTSCs than in resting T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that hBTSCs could modulate the T cell response through the production of FasL, which influences the lymphocyte Fas/FasL pathway by inducing "premature" apoptosis in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
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28
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Semeraro R, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Gentile R, Napoli C, Venere R, Gatto M, Brunelli R, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. The fetal liver as cell source for the regenerative medicine of liver and pancreas. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:13. [PMID: 25332958 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients affected by liver diseases and diabetes mellitus are in need for sources of new cells to enable a better transition into clinic programs of cell therapy and regenerative medicine. In this setting, fetal liver is becoming the most promising and available source of cells. Fetal liver displays unique characteristics given the possibility to isolate cell populations with a wide spectrum of endodermal differentiation and, the co-existence of endodermal and mesenchymal-derived cells. Thus, the fetal liver is a unique and highly available cell source contemporarily candidate for the regenerative medicine of both liver and pancreas. The purpose of this review is to revise the recent literature on the different stem cells populations isolable from fetal liver and candidate to cell therapy of liver diseases and diabetes and to discuss advantages and limitation with respect to other cell sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Semeraro
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Gentile
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Napoli
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Venere
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Gatto
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Brunelli
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- 1 Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Polo Pontino, 2 Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 4 Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy ; 5 Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Kruitwagen HS, Spee B, Schotanus BA. Hepatic progenitor cells in canine and feline medicine: potential for regenerative strategies. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:137. [PMID: 24946932 PMCID: PMC4089933 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New curative therapies for severe liver disease are urgently needed in both the human and veterinary clinic. It is important to find new treatment modalities which aim to compensate for the loss of parenchymal tissue and to repopulate the liver with healthy hepatocytes. A prime focus in regenerative medicine of the liver is the use of adult liver stem cells, or hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), for functional recovery of liver disease. This review describes recent developments in HPC research in dog and cat and compares these findings to experimental rodent studies and human pathology. Specifically, the role of HPCs in liver regeneration, key components of the HPC niche, and HPC activation in specific types of canine and feline liver disease will be reviewed. Finally, the potential applications of HPCs in regenerative medicine of the liver are discussed and a potential role is suggested for dogs as first target species for HPC-based trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig S Kruitwagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Liver transplantation remains the only definitive treatment for liver failure and is available to only a tiny fraction of patients with end-stage liver diseases. Major limitations for the procedure include donor organ shortage, high cost, high level of required expertise, and long-term consequences of immune suppression. Alternative cell-based liver therapies could potentially greatly expand the number of patients provided with effective treatment. Investigative research into augmenting or replacing liver function extends into three general strategies. Bioartificial livers (BALs) are extracorporeal devices that utilize cartridges of primary hepatocytes or cell lines to process patient plasma. Injection of liver cell suspensions aims to foster organ regeneration or provide a missing metabolic function arising from a genetic defect. Tissue engineering recreates the organ in vitro for subsequent implantation to augment or replace patient liver function. Translational models and clinical trials have highlighted both the immense challenges involved and some striking examples of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Vacanti
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, WRN 1151, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Pediatric Surgery, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Katherine M Kulig
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, WRN 1151, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Department of Pediatric Surgery, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Marongiu F, Serra MP, Sini M, Marongiu M, Contini A, Laconi E. Cell turnover in the repopulated rat liver: distinct lineages for hepatocytes and the biliary epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:333-40. [PMID: 24687306 PMCID: PMC4015059 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of cell renewal in the normal adult liver remains an unresolved issue. We investigate the possible contribution of a common biliary precursor cell pool to hepatocyte turnover in the chimeric long-term repopulated rat liver. The retrorsine (RS)-based model of massive liver repopulation was used. Animals not expressing the CD26 marker (CD26-) were injected with RS, followed by transplantation of 2 million syngeneic hepatocytes isolated from a normal CD26-expressing donor. Extensive (80-90 %) replacement of resident parenchymal cells was observed at 1 year post-transplantation and persisted at 2 years, as expected. A panel of specific markers, including cytokeratin 7, OV6, EpCAM, claudin 7 and α-fetoprotein, was employed to locate the in situ putative progenitor and/or biliary epithelial cells in the stably repopulated liver. No overlap was observed between any of these markers and the CD26 tag identifying transplanted cells. Exposure to RS was not inhibitory to the putative progenitor and/or biliary epithelial cells, nor did we observe any evidence of cell fusion between these cells and the transplanted cell population. Given the long-term (>2 years) stability of the donor cell phenotype in this model of liver repopulation, the present findings suggest that hepatocyte turnover in the repopulated liver is fuelled by a cell lineage distinct from that of the biliary epithelium and relies largely on the differentiated parenchymal cell population. These results support the solid biological foundation of liver repopulation strategies based on the transplantation of isolated hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari School of Medicine, Via Porcell 4, 3rd Floor, Cagliari, 09124, Italy
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32
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Lanzoni G, Oikawa T, Wang Y, Cui CB, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Gerber D, Gabriel M, Dominguez-Bendala J, Furth ME, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Inverardi L, Reid LM. Concise review: clinical programs of stem cell therapies for liver and pancreas. Stem Cells 2013; 31:2047-60. [PMID: 23873634 PMCID: PMC3812254 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is transitioning into clinical programs using stem/progenitor cell therapies for repair of damaged organs. We summarize those for liver and pancreas, organs that share endodermal stem cell populations, biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs), located in peribiliary glands. They are precursors to hepatic stem/progenitors in canals of Hering and to committed progenitors in pancreatic duct glands. They give rise to maturational lineages along a radial axis within bile duct walls and a proximal-to-distal axis starting at the duodenum and ending with mature cells in the liver or pancreas. Clinical trials have been ongoing for years assessing effects of determined stem cells (fetal-liver-derived hepatic stem/progenitors) transplanted into the hepatic artery of patients with various liver diseases. Immunosuppression was not required. Control subjects, those given standard of care for a given condition, all died within a year or deteriorated in their liver functions. Subjects transplanted with 100-150 million hepatic stem/progenitor cells had improved liver functions and survival extending for several years. Full evaluations of safety and efficacy of transplants are still in progress. Determined stem cell therapies for diabetes using hBTSCs remain to be explored but are likely to occur following ongoing preclinical studies. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being used for patients with chronic liver conditions or with diabetes. MSCs have demonstrated significant effects through paracrine signaling of trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and there is limited evidence for inefficient lineage restriction into mature parenchymal or islet cells. HSCs' effects are primarily via modulation of immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, PR China, 100850
| | - Cai-Bin Cui
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “ForoItalico”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - David Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mara Gabriel
- MGabriel Consulting, 3621 Sweeten Creek Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Mark E. Furth
- Wake Forest Innovations, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Inverardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Han Y, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Marzioni M, McDaniel K, Alvaro D, Venter J, Carpino G, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Franchitto A. Recent advances in the morphological and functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:549-65. [PMID: 23856906 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances related to the heterogeneity of different-sized bile ducts with regard to the morphological and phenotypical characteristics, and the differential secretory, apoptotic and proliferative responses of small and large cholangiocytes to gastrointestinal hormones/peptides, neuropeptides and toxins. We describe several in vivo and in vitro models used for evaluating biliary heterogeneity. Subsequently, we discuss the heterogeneous proliferative and apoptotic responses of small and large cholangiocytes to liver injury and the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of small into large (more differentiated) cholangiocytes. Following a discussion on the heterogeneity of stem/progenitor cells in the biliary epithelium, we outline the heterogeneity of bile ducts in human cholangiopathies. After a summary section, we discuss the future perspectives that will further advance the field of the functional heterogeneity of the biliary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine, Division Gastroenterology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, TX, USA
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Igarashi S, Sato Y, Ren XS, Harada K, Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Participation of peribiliary glands in biliary tract pathophysiologies. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:425-432. [PMID: 24023981 PMCID: PMC3767841 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i8.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the roles of peribiliary glands around the bile ducts in the pathophysiology of the biliary tract.
METHODS: The expression of fetal pancreatic markers, pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX1) and hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and endodermal stem/progenitor (S/P) cell markers [CD44s, chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), SOX9 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)] were examined immunohistochemically in 32 normal adult livers (autopsy livers) and 22 hepatolithiatic livers (surgically resected livers). The latter was characterized by the proliferation of the peribiliary glands. Immunohistochemistry was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections after deparaffinization. Although PDX1 and HES1 were expressed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells, only nuclear staining was evaluated. SOX9 was expressed in the nucleus, while CD44s, CXCR4 and EpCAM were expressed in the cell membranes. The frequency and extent of the expression of these molecules in the lining epithelia and peribiliary glands were evaluated semi-quantitatively based on the percentage of positive cells: 0, 1+ (focal), 2+ (moderate) and 3+ (extensive).
RESULTS: In normal livers, PDX1 was infrequently expressed in the lining epithelia, but was frequently expressed in the peribiliary glands. In contrast, HES1 was frequently expressed in the lining epithelia, but its expression in the peribiliary glands was focal, suggesting that the peribiliary glands retain the potential of differentiation toward the pancreas and the lining epithelia exhibit properties to inhibit such differentiation. This unique combination was also seen in hepatolithiatic livers. The expression of endodermal S/P cell markers varied in the peribiliary glands in normal livers: SOX9 and EpCAM were frequently expressed, CD44s infrequently, and CXCR4 almost not at all. The expression of these markers, particularly CD44s and CXCR4, increased in the peribiliary glands and lining epithelia in hepatolithiatic livers. This increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers may be related to the increased production of intestinal and gastric mucin and also to the biliary neoplasia associated with the gastric and intestinal phenotypes reported in hepatolithiasis.
CONCLUSION: The unique expression pattern of PDX1 and HES1 and increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers in the peribiliary glands may be involved in biliary pathophysiologies.
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35
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Onori P, Mancinelli R, Franchitto A, Carpino G, Renzi A, Brozzetti S, Venter J, Francis H, Glaser S, Jefferson DM, Alpini G, Gaudio E. Role of follicle-stimulating hormone on biliary cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Liver Int 2013; 33:914-25. [PMID: 23617956 PMCID: PMC4064944 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disorder characterized by the progressive development of renal and hepatic cysts. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) has been demonstrated to be a trophic factor for biliary cells in normal rats and experimental cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). AIMS To assess the effect of FSH on cholangiocyte proliferation during ADPKD using both in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS Evaluation of FSH receptor (FSHR), FSH, phospho-extracellular-regulated kinase (pERK) and c-myc expression in liver fragments from normal patients and patients with ADPKD. In vitro, we studied proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cAMP levels in a human immortalized, non-malignant cholangiocyte cell line (H69) and in an immortalized cell line obtained from the epithelium lining the hepatic cysts from the patients with ADPKD (LCDE) with or without transient silencing of the FSH gene. RESULTS Follicle-stimulating hormone is linked to the active proliferation of the cystic wall and to the localization of p-ERK and c-myc. This hormone sustains the biliary growth by activation of the cAMP/ERK signalling pathway. CONCLUSION These results showed that FSH has an important function in cystic growth acting on the cAMP pathway, demonstrating that it provides a target for medical therapy of hepatic cysts during ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Science, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Brozzetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Julie Venter
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | | | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
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