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Farouk F, Ibrahim IM, Sherif S, Abdelhamed HG, Sharaky M, Al-Karmalawy AA. Investigating the effect of polymerase inhibitors on cellular proliferation: Computational studies, cytotoxicity, CDK1 inhibitory potential, and LC-MS/MS cancer cell entrapment assays. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14500. [PMID: 38467555 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are a breakthrough in the treatment of HCV. There are controversial reports on their tendency to induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HCV patients. Numerous reports have concluded that the HCC is attributed to patient-related factors while others are inclined to attribute this as a DAA side-effect. This study aims to investigate the effect of polymerase inhibitor DAAs, especially daclatasivir (DLT) on cellular proliferation as compared to ribavirin (RBV). The interaction of DAAs with variable cell-cycle proteins was studied in silico. The binding affinities to multiple cellular targets were investigated and the molecular dynamics were assessed. The in vitro effect of the selected candidate DLT on cancer cell proliferation was determined and the CDK1 inhibitory potential in was evaluated. Finally, the cellular entrapment of the selected candidates was assessed by an in-house developed and validated LC-MS/MS method. The results indicated that polymerase inhibitor antiviral agents, especially DLT, may exert an anti-proliferative potential against variable cancer cell lines. The results showed that the effect may be achieved via potential interaction with the multiple cellular targets, including the CDK1, resulting in halting of the cellular proliferation. DLT exhibited a remarkable cell permeability in the liver cancer cell line which permits adequate interaction with the cellular targets. In conclusion, the results reveal that the polymerase inhibitor (DLT) may have an anti-proliferative potential against liver cancer cells. These results may pose DLT as a therapeutic choice for patients suffering from HCV and are liable to HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Farouk
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salma Sherif
- Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa Sharaky
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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Honma Y, Shibata M, Morino K, Koya Y, Hayashi T, Ogino N, Kusanaga M, Oe S, Miyagawa K, Abe S, Tabaru A, Harada M. Impact of Interferon-Free Direct-Acting Antivirals on the Incidence of Extrahepatic Malignancies in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:685-698. [PMID: 36100828 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of extrahepatic malignancies (EHMs) after hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication by interferon (IFN)-based and IFN-free direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment remains unclear. AIMS The aim was to evaluate the cumulative incidence of EHMs diagnosed for the first time after the antiviral treatments. METHODS We analyzed a total 527 patients with chronic HCV infection and without prior history of any malignancies who achieved sustained virological response by antiviral treatments, including IFN-based (n = 242) or IFN-free DAAs (n = 285). The baseline predictors for EHM occurrence were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Thirty-two patients were diagnosed with EHMs, 14 in IFN-based and 18 in IFN-free DAAs, respectively. The total duration of follow-up was 1,796 person-years in IFN-based and 823 person-years in IFN-free DAAs. The incidence of EHMs in IFN-based and IFN-free DAAs was 7.8 and 21.9 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The cumulative incidence of EHMs was significantly higher in IFN-free DAAs than IFN-based (p = 0.002). IFN-free DAAs was a single independent predictor for incidence of EHMs (p = 0.012). As for gender, the incidence of EHMs was significantly higher in IFN-free DAAs only in the female cohort (p = 0.002). After propensity score matching, IFN-free DAAs was a single independent predictor for incidence of EHMs in the female patients (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS The incidence of EHMs after HCV eradication is higher in IFN-free DAAs than IFN-based regimens, especially in female patients. We should carefully follow-up not only HCC but also EHMs after IFN-free DAAs regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Michihiko Shibata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kahori Morino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yudai Koya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Moji Medical Center, 3-1 Higashiminato-machi, Moji-ku, Kitakyushu, 801-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuguru Hayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Ogino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Kusanaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Oe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Koichiro Miyagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shintaro Abe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Akinari Tabaru
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wakamatsu Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-17-1 Hama-machi, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 800-0024, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
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3
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Korenaga M, Murata K, Izumi N, Tamaki N, Yokosuka O, Takehara T, Sakamoto N, Suda G, Nishiguchi S, Enomoto H, Ikeda F, Yanase M, Toyoda H, Genda T, Umemura T, Yatsuhashi H, Yamasaki K, Ide T, Toda N, Kanda T, Nirei K, Ueno Y, Haga H, Nishigaki Y, Nakane K, Omata M, Mochizuki H, Aoki Y, Imamura M, Kanto T, Mizokami M. No increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after eradication of hepatitis C virus by direct-acting antivirals, compared with interferon-based therapy. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:216-224. [PMID: 36119787 PMCID: PMC9420328 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2022.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that sustained virological response (SVR) by interferon (IFN)-based therapy against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection reduced the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether IFN-free direct-acting antivirals reduce the risk of HCC is controversial. Therefore, this study aims to compare the incidence of HCC after the achievement of SVR between sofosbuvir combined with ledipasvir (SOF/LDV) and simeprevir with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (Sim+IFN). Japanese patients with HCV infection (genotype 1) who achieved SVR between January 2013 and December 2014 by SOF/LDV (NCT01975675, n = 320) or Sim+IFN (000015933, n = 289) therapy in two nationwide, multicenter, phase III studies were prospectively monitored for the development of HCC by ultrasonography for 5 years after the end of treatment (EOT). No HCC was detected before the treatment. HCC was detected in 9 and 7 patients in the SOF/LDV and the Sim+IFN group in 5 years, respectively. The cumulative incidences of HCC rates 1, 3, and 5 years after EOT were similar between the two groups (1.5%, 2.7%, and 3.2% for the SOF/LDV and 1.8%, 2.8%, and 3.0% for the Sim+IFN group, respectively). No HCC was developed 3.5 years after EOT. Interestingly, a retrospective careful review of imaging taken before therapy revealed hepatic nodules in 50% of HCC patients, suggesting HCC was pre-existed before therapy. In conclusion, we could not find any differences in the incidence of HCC after the HCV eradication between the two therapeutic regimens, suggesting no enhancement of HCC development by DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Korenaga
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Namiki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan Red Cross Musashino Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Goki Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishiguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirayuki Enomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Fusao Ikeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mikio Yanase
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Genda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Izunokuni, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuhashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yamasaki
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ide
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuo Toda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nishigaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kunio Nakane
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita City Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Masao Omata
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Prefecture Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Aoki
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Imamura
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
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Atif M, Mustaan MA, Falak S, Ghaffar A, Munir B. Targeting the effect of sofosbuvir on selective oncogenes expression level of hepatocellular carcinoma Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in Huh7 cell line. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103332. [PMID: 35813116 PMCID: PMC9256646 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct acting antiviral agents are emerging line of treatment to eradicate Hepatitis C virus. Recent controversy over whether direct acting antiviral agents increase rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV patients or prevent it, has increased the need to elaborate underlying mechanisms on molecular basis. This work was aimed to investigate the effect of sofosbuvir on the expression of selected oncogenes from the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in Huh7 cell line. Results found concrete molecular evidence that sofosbuvir has significantly altered the expression of selected genes when huh7 cell line was treated with sofosbuvir. Nine genes related to HCC were found to be affected by sofosbuvir in a mixed effect manner. The relative expression of growth factors (VEGF, PDGFRB and HGF) was increased in sofosbuvir treated cell lines. The kinase family genes H-RAS, B-RAF, MET except MAPK1 were downregulated. Similarly, DUSP1 was upregulated and SPRY2 was slightly downregulated; both were negative feedback inhibitors of ERK signalling cascade. Sofosbuvir upregulated the growth factors and MAPK1 which suggests it to be a carcinogen. The downregulation of kinases and upregulation of DUSP1 make it an anticancer drug. Hence, the results from this study are important to prove that sofosbuvir neither reduce nor induce hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Atif
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Sadia Falak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Jhang, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Bushra Munir
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors.
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5
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Mawatari S, Kumagai K, Oda K, Tabu K, Ijuin S, Fujisaki K, Tashima S, Inada Y, Uto H, Saisyoji A, Hiramine Y, Hashiguchi M, Tamai T, Hori T, Taniyama O, Toyodome A, Sakae H, Kure T, Sakurai K, Moriuchi A, Kanmura S, Ido A. Features of patients who developed hepatocellular carcinoma after direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C Virus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262267. [PMID: 35020772 PMCID: PMC8754290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The features of hepatitis C virus patients with a sustained virologic response (SVR) who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy are unclear. Methods The study population included 1494 DAA-SVR patients without a history of HCC. The cumulative carcinogenesis rate after the end of treatment (EOT) and factors related to HCC were analyzed. Results Sixty (4.0%) patients developed HCC during a median observation period of 47.6 months. At four years, the cumulative carcinogenesis rate was 4.7%. A Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that age ≥73 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.148), male sex (HR: 3.060), hyaluronic acid (HA) ≥75 ng/mL (HR: 3.996), alpha-fetoprotein at EOT (EOT-AFP) ≥5.3 ng/mL (HR: 4.773), and albumin at EOT (EOT-Alb) <3.9 g/dL (HR: 2.305) were associated with HCC development. Especially, EOT-AFP ≥5.3 ng/mL was associated with HCC development after 3 years from EOT (HR: 6.237). Among patients who developed HCC, AFP did not increase in patients with EOT-AFP <5.3 ng/mL at the onset of HCC. Of these 5 factors, EOT-AFP ≥5.3 ng/mL was scored as 2 points; the others were scored as 1 point. The 4-year cumulative carcinogenesis rate for patients with total scores of 0–2, 3–4, and 5–6 points were 0.6%, 11.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusions EOT-AFP ≥5.3 ng/mL is useful for predicting HCC development after an SVR. However, AFP does not increase in patients with EOT-AFP <5.3 ng/mL at the onset of HCC. The combination of EOT-AFP, age, sex, HA, and EOT-Alb is important for predicting carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Mawatari
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kotaro Kumagai
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohei Oda
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tabu
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sho Ijuin
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kunio Fujisaki
- Department of Hepatology, Kirishima Medical Center, Hayato-cho, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuzo Tashima
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Kirishima Medical Center, Hayato-cho, Kirishima, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Inada
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Miyazaki Medical Center Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uto
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Center for Digestive and Liver Diseases, Miyazaki Medical Center Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Saisyoji
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasunari Hiramine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kagoshima Kouseiren Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hashiguchi
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamai
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ohki Taniyama
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ai Toyodome
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakae
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kure
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kagoshima Medical Association Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sakurai
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Moriuchi
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuji Kanmura
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Ido
- Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Kuwano A, Yada M, Nagasawa S, Tanaka K, Morita Y, Masumoto A, Motomura K. Serum α-fetoprotein level at treatment completion is a useful predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence more than one year after hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral treatment. J Viral Hepat 2022; 29:35-42. [PMID: 34661320 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have recently been developed to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and interferon-free DAA treatment has improved liver function of HCV patients. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence following HCV eradication has been previously reported, but HCC may have been missed following imaging diagnosis before DAA administration in previous studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify definite predictors of HCC occurrence ≥1 year after DAA treatment. Among 956 patients receiving DAAs for HCV infection, 567 patients who achieved sustained virologic response with no history of HCC treatment were enrolled in this study between September 2014 and July 2021. The incidence of HCC in HCV-infected patients ≥1 year following DAA treatment, and the predictors contributing to HCC occurrence were identified using clinical characteristics and blood test results. In the present study, 25 patients developed HCC. The incidence of HCC was 1.4%, 3.2%, 4.9% and 6.8% at 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively, from the end of treatment with DAAs. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed serum α-fetoprotein level at end of treatment (EOT-AFP) >3.8 ng/ml ≥1 year following treatment with DAAs (HR, 9.7; p < .0001) as an independent factor that may contribute to HCC occurrence following DAA treatment. In conclusion, serum EOT-AFP level may serve an important role in determining the risk of HCC occurrence ≥1 year after DAA treatment. Regular examinations are required even if serum EOT-AFP level is low at treatment completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Kuwano
- Department of Hepatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yada
- Department of Hepatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Department of Hepatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morita
- Department of Hepatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihide Masumoto
- Department of Hepatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Motomura
- Department of Hepatology, Aso Iizuka Hospital, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Delgado Martínez C, Gómez-Rubio M, Gómez-Domínguez C. Is hepatitis C direct-acting antiviral therapy a risk factor for the development and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma? Narrative literature review and clinical practice recommendations. Ann Hepatol 2021; 21:100225. [PMID: 32687878 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has been a turning point in chronic hepatitis C treatment. With an efficacy rate on viral eradication close to 100% and an excellent safety profile, they have replaced interferon-based treatments as first-line therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Following the encouraging results observed during the first years with these treatments, new publications suggested an unexpectedly high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients previously treated with DAAs as well as a higher HCC recurrence rate in them. The possible interaction between DAAs and HCC and its impact on HCC incidence and recurrence still remains controversial. The aim of the present work is to review the current state of the matter by analyzing studies that evaluate the association between chronic hepatitis C treatment with DAAs and the development of HCC either de novo or as a recurrence. Following this, clinical practice recommendations are done.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariano Gómez-Rubio
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Gómez-Domínguez
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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D’Ambrosio R, Ioannou GN. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk, Outcomes, and Screening After Hepatitis C Eradication. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1465-1468. [PMID: 34510832 PMCID: PMC8435272 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta D’Ambrosio
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyFoundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - George N. Ioannou
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Medicine Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare SystemUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Research and DevelopmentVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare SystemSeattleWAUSA
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Long-term Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in Compensated Liver Cirrhosis Induced by Hepatitis C Virus Infection. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Considering the excellent safety profile and the high efficacy rates, great benefits were expected with the availability of the new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Following the publication of two articles in 2016 on the high incidence rates of hepatocelullar carcinoma (HCC) following DAAs, several papers revealed contradictory results, thereby casting shadows on the role of DAAs in hepatocarcinogenesis. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors of HCC in patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis with the sustained virological response (SVR) following DAAs. Methods: This multicentric prospective study encompassed 479 patients with HCV genotype 1b compensated cirrhosis treated with paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir and dasabuvir (PrOD) +/- ribavirin (RBV) for 12 weeks in two tertiary centers in Northeastern Romania. The patients were prospectively followed up in the Institute of Gastroenterology Iasi, Romania, from November 2015 to December 2020. Results: During the follow-up period (mean 60.11 ± 3.87 months), 23 patients (4.8%) developed HCC. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative incidence rates of HCC were 1.1, 1.9, and 2.6%, respectively. At the time of the diagnosis, 15 patients (65%) had a single tumor, 12 patients (52.2%) were within the Milan criteria, and nine persons (39%) had Barcelona liver cancer stage 0-A. In this regard, the mean AFP level was 35.3 ± 93.1 ng/mL. A multivariate analysis, age above 65 years, and a cutoff point of AFP ≥ 10 ng/mL at the end of treatment were independent factors associated with HCC. A majority of the patients (n = 11, 47.8%) received curative treatment by surgical resection. In this study, histopathological examination identified a moderately differentiated tumor (G2) in 5 patients, five patients had a poorly differentiated tumor (G3), and only one patient had a well-differentiated tumor (G1). Conclusions: Our study revealed no evidence of the high incidence rate of HCC after the long-term follow-up of patients with HCV-related liver cirrhosis and SVR following DAA treatment. However, the cumulative 5-year risk remained above the cutoff point, and this makes the HCC screening cost-effective. The HCC occurrence appears to be associated with aging and a moderately increased AFP level at EOT (≥ 10 ng/mL).
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10
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Yeh ML, Liang PC, Tsai PC, Wang SC, Leong J, Ogawa E, Jun DW, Tseng CH, Landis C, Tanaka Y, Huang CF, Hayashi J, Hsu YC, Huang JF, Dai CY, Chuang WL, Nguyen MH, Yu ML. Characteristics and Survival Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Developed after HCV SVR. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143455. [PMID: 34298669 PMCID: PMC8306695 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is important to understand the impact of viremia on the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis C patients. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and survival between hepatitis C patients with and without viremia at HCC diagnosis. We enrolled 1,389 HCC patients, including 301 with HCC developed after hepatitis C eradication (post-SVR HCC) and 1,088 with hepatitis C viremia (viremic HCC). Post-SVR HCC patients had better liver function, earlier tumor stages and higher median survival than viremic HCC patients. But post-SVR HCC was not independently associated with survival on further multivariate analysis. On sub-analysis, viremic HCC patients who subsequently eradicated hepatitis C had higher median survival and was also significantly associated with lower mortality as compared to post-SVR HCC. Therefore, the advantages in clinical and tumor characters determined the better overall survival of post-SVR HCC patients; however, eradication of hepatitis C after HCC also improved survival. Abstract The clinical presentation and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication as compared to HCC in viremic patients are not well characterized. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and survival between HCV patients with and without viremia at HCC diagnosis.: We retrospectively analyzed overall survival outcomes in 1389 HCV-related HCC patients, including 301 with HCC developed after HCV eradication (post-SVR HCC) and 1088 with HCV viremia at HCC diagnosis (viremic HCC). We also evaluated overall survival in the two groups using propensity score-matching methods.: At HCC diagnosis, post-SVR HCC patients were older, less obese, less likely cirrhotic, with better liver function, lower alfa-fetoprotein levels, earlier BCLC stages, and higher rate of treatment with surgery. Overall, post-SVR HCC patients had higher median survival than viremic patients (153.3 vs. 55.6 months, p < 0.01), but post-SVR HCC was not independently associated with survival on multivariate analysis (adjusted HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.76–1.47). However, on sub-analysis, viremic HCC patients who subsequently received anti-viral treatment and achieved SVR had higher median survival than post-SVR HCC patients (p < 0.01). Viremic HCC with subsequent SVR was also significantly associated with lower mortality as compared to post-SVR HCC (adjusted HR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.11–0.29). In addition, we observed similar findings in our analysis of the propensity score-matched cohorts.: The advantages in clinical and tumor characters at HCC diagnosis determined the better overall survival of post-SVR HCC patients; however, HCV eradication after HCC development was also associated with improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lun Yeh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, School of Medicine, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Jennifer Leong
- Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Mt. Sinai Health System, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Eiichi Ogawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Cheng-Hao Tseng
- Division of Gastroenterology of Hepatology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Charles Landis
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, School of Medicine, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jun Hayashi
- Kyushu General Internal Medicine Center, Haradoi Hospital, Fukuoka 812-0063, Japan;
| | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology of Hepatology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, School of Medicine, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, School of Medicine, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, School of Medicine, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Correspondence: (M.H.N.); (M.-L.Y.); Tel.: +1-65-0498-6084 (M.H.N.); +88-6-7312-1101 (ext. 7475) (M.-L.Y.); Fax: +1-65-0498-5692 (M.H.N.); +88-67312-3955 (M.-L.Y.)
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Hepatobiliary Division, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (M.-L.Y.); (P.-C.L.); (P.-C.T.); (C.-F.H.); (J.-F.H.); (C.-Y.D.); (W.-L.C.)
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, School of Medicine, and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.H.N.); (M.-L.Y.); Tel.: +1-65-0498-6084 (M.H.N.); +88-6-7312-1101 (ext. 7475) (M.-L.Y.); Fax: +1-65-0498-5692 (M.H.N.); +88-67312-3955 (M.-L.Y.)
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11
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Toyoda H, Hiraoka A, Uojima H, Nozaki A, Shimada N, Takaguchi K, Abe H, Atsukawa M, Matsuura K, Ishikawa T, Mikami S, Watanabe T, Itobayashi E, Tsuji K, Arai T, Yasuda S, Chuma M, Senoh T, Tsutsui A, Okubo T, Ehira T, Kumada T, Tanaka J. Characteristics and Prognosis of De Novo Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Sustained Virologic Response. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1290-1299. [PMID: 34278176 PMCID: PMC8279467 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can de novo develop in patients with chronic hepatitis C even after the achievement of sustained virologic response (SVR). We characterized de novo HCC after SVR, comparing it with HCC that developed in patients during persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Characteristics, survival rates, and recurrence rates after curative treatment in 178 patients who developed initial HCC after SVR diagnosed between 2014 and 2020 were compared with those of 127 patients with initial HCC that developed during persistent HCV infection diagnosed between 2011 and 2015; HCC was detected under surveillance in both groups. HCC was less advanced and liver function worsened less in patients with SVR than in patients with persistent HCV. The survival rate after diagnosis was significantly higher for patients with SVR than for patients with persistent HCV (1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates, 98.2%, 92.5%, and 86.8% versus 89.5%, 74.7%, and 60.8%, respectively; P < 0.001). By contrast, the recurrence rate after curative treatment was similar between groups (1-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence rates, 11.6%, 54.6%, and 60.4% versus 24.0%, 46.7%, and 50.4%, respectively; P = 0.7484). Liver function improved between initial HCC diagnosis and recurrence in patients with SVR (P = 0.0191), whereas it worsened in the control group (P < 0.001). In addition, patients with SVR could receive curative treatment for recurrence more frequently than patients with persistent HCV (80.4% versus 47.8%, respectively; P = 0.0008). Conclusion: Survival of patients with de novo HCC after SVR was significantly higher than that of patients in whom HCC developed during persistent HCV infection, despite similar rates of recurrence after curative treatment. A higher prevalence of curative treatment for recurrent HCC and improved liver function contributed to this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Toyoda
- Department of GastroenterologyOgaki Municipal HospitalOgakiJapan
| | - Atsushi Hiraoka
- Gastroenterology CenterEhime Prefectural Central HospitalMatsuyamaJapan
| | - Haruki Uojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Internal MedicineKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Akito Nozaki
- Gastroenterology CenterYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Noritomo Shimada
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineOtakanomori HospitalKashiwaJapan
| | - Koichi Takaguchi
- Department of HepatologyKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalTakamatsuJapan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineShinmatusdo Central General HospitalMatsudoJapan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Kentaro Matsuura
- Department of Virology and Liver UnitGraduate School of Medical SciencesNagoya City UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Toru Ishikawa
- Department of HepatologySaiseikai Niigata HospitalNiigataJapan
| | - Shigeru Mikami
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineKikkoman General HospitalNodaJapan
| | - Tsunamasa Watanabe
- Department of Internal MedicineSt. Marianna University School of MedicineKawasakiJapan
| | - Ei Itobayashi
- Department of GastroenterologyAsahi General HospitalAsahiJapan
| | - Kunihiko Tsuji
- Center for GastroenterologyTeine Keijinkai HospitalSapporoJapan
| | - Taeang Arai
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineNippon Medical School Chiba Hokuso HospitalInzaiJapan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of GastroenterologyOgaki Municipal HospitalOgakiJapan
| | - Makoto Chuma
- Gastroenterology CenterYokohama City University Medical CenterYokohamaJapan
| | - Tomonori Senoh
- Department of HepatologyKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalTakamatsuJapan
| | - Akemi Tsutsui
- Department of HepatologyKagawa Prefectural Central HospitalTakamatsuJapan
| | - Tomomi Okubo
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineNippon Medical SchoolTokyoJapan
| | - Takuya Ehira
- Department of Internal MedicineSt. Marianna University School of MedicineKawasakiJapan
| | | | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of EpidemiologyInfectious Disease Control, and PreventionHiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshimaJapan
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12
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El-Khazragy N, Elshimy AA, Hassan SS, Shaaban MH, Bayoumi AH, El Magdoub HM, Ghozy S, Gaballah A, Aboelhussein MM, Abou Gabal HH, Bannunah AM, Mansy AES. lnc-HOTAIR predicts hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 following direct-acting antivirals therapy. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1382-1391. [PMID: 33074585 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been sequentially reported in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Homeobox transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), an oncogene, has been reported to be associated with cancer. We investigated the predictive value of lnc-HOTAIR for HCC surveillance in chronic HCV patients following DAAs therapy. The expression levels of lnc-HOTAIR and ATG-7 genes were measured in 220 with chronic HCV, following a DAAs based therapy for 12 weeks, the patients were followed-up for attentive surveillance of HCC for 12 months after starting DAAs. In terms of lnc-HOTAIR, patients with HCC and high viral load had significantly higher median expression levels of HOTAIR of (68 vs. 24; p = .001) and (94 vs. 52; p = .001), respectively. Moreover, the median expression level of ATG-7 was higher in those who developed HCC (114 vs. 51; p = .001). The expression of lnc-HOTAIR and ATG-7 are significant predictors of the development of HCC in HCV-4 infected patients treated with DAAs, with a cut-off value of 37 and 86, respectively. The increased expression levels of lnc-HOTAIR more than 68 in HCC patients following DAAs were correlated with poorer disease outcomes compared to those with lower expression levels; however, ATG-7 expression levels more than 114 were correlated with worse overall survival but not the progression-free one. We suggest that high expression levels of lnc-HOTAIR could serve as a risk assessment biomarker for HCC before and during DAAs course therapy in Chronic HCV-4 patients, and should be rigorously taken into consideration before DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El-Khazragy
- Department of Clinical Pathology-Hematology, and Ain Shams Medical Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal Ali Elshimy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University and Galala University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa Shawky Hassan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hafez Shaaban
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hamed Bayoumi
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hekmat M El Magdoub
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherief Ghozy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gaballah
- Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Aboelhussein
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda H Abou Gabal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azzah M Bannunah
- Department of Basic Sciences, Common First-year Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza El-Sayed Mansy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
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13
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Shiha G, Mousa N, Soliman R, Nnh Mikhail N, Adel Elbasiony M, Khattab M. Incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis who achieved SVR following DAAs: A prospective study. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:671-679. [PMID: 32050037 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is an important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The reported annual incidence of HCC is about 3%-8% in CHC cirrhotic patients. Based on the Cochrane systematic review, there was no clear evidence, on the long-term clinical effects of DAAs in patients achieving SVR, as regard liver cirrhosis-related HCC incidence. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients genotype IV with liver cirrhosis and advanced liver fibrosis after achieving SVR following DAA treatment in a prospective large cohort of HCV patients with long follow-up. This was a prospective observational cohort study including 2372 CHC patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis receiving DAA therapy in outpatient clinics at the Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital since January 2015. Liver fibrosis was assessed using transient elastography. Abdominal ultrasonography and AFP measurement were done at baseline and follow-up visits every 6 months, in addition to triphasic abdominal MSCT when needed. Patients were followed up after achieving SVR12 for at least 12 months. HCC developed in 109 cases during the follow-up period (mean 23.60 ± 8.25 months). Overall HCC incidence was 2.338/100 PY, 95% CI = 1.942-2.814. In patients with cirrhosis, the incidence of HCC was 2.917/100 PY, 95% CI = 2.407-3.535, while in patients with advanced liver fibrosis the incidence of HCC was 0.664/100 PY, 95% CI = 0.333-1.326. In conclusion, the incidence of HCC was reduced in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 patients with liver cirrhosis (F4) and advanced hepatic fibrosis (F3) who achieved SVR following DAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Shiha
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), El-Mansoura, Egypt.,Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nasser Mousa
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Reham Soliman
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), El-Mansoura, Egypt.,Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Nabiel Nnh Mikhail
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), El-Mansoura, Egypt.,Biostatistics and Cancer Epidemiology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Adel Elbasiony
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), El-Mansoura, Egypt.,Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Khattab
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minya University, Minya, Egypt
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14
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Kurokawa K, Ohki T, Kato J, Fukumura Y, Imai M, Shibata C, Arai J, Kondo M, Takagi K, Kojima K, Seki M, Mori M, Toda N, Tagawa K. Hepatitis C virus relapse after successful treatment with direct-acting antivirals, followed by sarcomatous changes in hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2020; 14:62. [PMID: 32456712 PMCID: PMC7251811 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin has traditionally been used to eradicate hepatitis C virus. The sustained virologic response achieved with interferon-related therapy is persistent, and late relapses after achieving sustained virologic response at 24 weeks using this therapy are reportedly rare (< 1%). In 2014, interferon-free therapy with direct-acting antivirals was developed, and the rate of sustained virologic response was improved. However, the persistence thereof remains uncertain, and the appropriate follow-up period for hepatitis C virus-positive patients is under discussion. Case presentation A 74-year-old Japanese man who had hepatitis C virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma and was successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation four times underwent direct-acting antiviral therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir; sustained virologic response at 24 weeks was confirmed. However, although he had no high risk factors for reinfection, hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid was detected again 6 months after achieving sustained virologic response at 24 weeks. Moreover, he developed active hepatitis with an increased viral load. Five months after development of hepatitis, recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma emerged in segment II, where we had performed radiofrequency ablation 17 months previously. The recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma enlarged quite rapidly and induced multiple peritoneal disseminations and lung metastases. He died 3 months after the abrupt recurrence. A sarcomatous change in the hepatocellular carcinoma was identified during the autopsy. Conclusions Although sustained virologic response at 24 weeks has generally been regarded to denote complete eradication of hepatitis C virus, we present a patient in whom hepatitis C virus recurred 6 months after achieving sustained virologic response at 24 weeks with direct-acting antiviral therapy. In addition, a sarcomatous change in hepatocellular carcinoma emerged 5 months after active hepatitis developed due to late hepatitis C virus relapse in this case. The sarcomatous change in hepatocellular carcinoma is generally thought to be related to anticancer therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation. However, in this case, late viral relapse and active hepatitis in addition to the previous radiofrequency ablation could have been the trigger. There may be a need for follow-up of hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid beyond sustained virologic response at 24 weeks with direct-acting antiviral therapy, owing to the possibility of late viral relapse and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Ohki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Fukumura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Makoto Imai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Chikako Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Junya Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Michiharu Seki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Masaya Mori
- Department of Pathology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Toda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Kazumi Tagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kandaizumi-cho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
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15
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Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after HCV Clearance by Direct-Acting Antivirals Treatment Predictive Factors and Role of Epigenetics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061351. [PMID: 32466400 PMCID: PMC7352473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) induce a rapid virologic response (SVR) in up to 99% of chronic hepatitis C patients. The role of SVR by DAAs on the incidence or recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a matter of debate, although it is known that SVR does not eliminate the risk of HCC. In this review, we made an updated analysis of the literature data on the impact of SVR by DAAs on the risk of HCC as well as an assessment of risk factors and the role of epigenetics. Data showed that SVR has no impact on the occurrence of HCC in the short–medium term but reduces the risk of HCC in the medium–long term. A direct role of DAAs in the development of HCC has not been demonstrated, while the hypothesis of a reduction in immune surveillance in response to the rapid clearance of HCV and changes in the cytokine pattern influencing early carcinogenesis remains to be further elucidated. HCV induces epigenetic alterations such as modifications of the histone tail and DNA methylation, which are risk factors for HCC, and such changes are maintained after HCV clearance. Future epigenetic studies could lead to identify useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cirrhosis has been identified as a risk factor for HCC, particularly if associated with high liver stiffness and α-fetoprotein values, diabetes and the male sex. Currently, considering the high number and health cost to follow subjects’ post-HCV clearance by DAAs, it is mandatory to identify those at high risk of HCC to optimize management.
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Dash S, Aydin Y, Widmer KE, Nayak L. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mechanisms Associated with Chronic HCV Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:45-76. [PMID: 32346535 PMCID: PMC7167284 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s221187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major risk factor for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mechanisms of HCC initiation, growth, and metastasis appear to be highly complex due to the decade-long interactions between the virus, immune system, and overlapping bystander effects of host metabolic liver disease. The lack of a readily accessible animal model system for HCV is a significant obstacle to understand the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Traditionally, the primary prevention strategy of HCC has been to eliminate infection by antiviral therapy. The success of virus elimination by antiviral treatment is determined by the SVR when the HCV is no longer detectable in serum. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and its analogs, pegylated IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α) alone with ribavirin (RBV), have been the primary antiviral treatment of HCV for many years with a low cure rate. The cloning and sequencing of HCV have allowed the development of cell culture models, which accelerated antiviral drug discovery. It resulted in the selection of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-based combination therapy that now offers incredible success in curing HCV infection in more than 95% of all patients, including those with cirrhosis. However, several emerging recent publications claim that patients who have liver cirrhosis at the time of DAAs treatment face the risk of HCC occurrence and recurrence after viral cure. This remains a substantial challenge while addressing the long-term benefit of antiviral medicine. The host-related mechanisms that drive the risk of HCC in the absence of the virus are unknown. This review describes the multifaceted mechanisms that create a tumorigenic environment during chronic HCV infection. In addition to the potential oncogenic programming that drives HCC after viral clearance by DAAs, the current status of a biomarker development for early prediction of cirrhosis regression and HCC detection post viral treatment is discussed. Since DAAs treatment does not provide full protection against reinfection or viral transmission to other individuals, the recent studies for a vaccine development are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA70112, USA
| | - Kyle E Widmer
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
| | - Leela Nayak
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA70119, USA
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17
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Pascut D, Cavalletto L, Pratama MY, Bresolin S, Trentin L, Basso G, Bedogni G, Tiribelli C, Chemello L. Serum miRNA Are Promising Biomarkers for the Detection of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Treatment with Direct-Acting Antivirals. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111773. [PMID: 31717959 PMCID: PMC6895878 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct antiviral agents (DAAs) have excellent efficacy against chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Despite this strength, recent studies raised concerns about an unexpected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence rate after DAA therapy. In this exploratory case-control study, we evaluated the potential use of miRNAs as serum biomarkers for the detection of early HCC in DAA-treated patients. In the discovery phase, the circulating miRNome was assessed in 10 matched patients with (HCC+) or without HCC (HCC-) occurrence. Microarray analysis was performed before (T0) and after one month of the DAA therapy (T1). MiRNAs discriminating HCC+ and HCC- patients were validated in 60 samples by means of RT-qPCR. We estimated the time-averaged difference of a given miRNA between HCC+ and HCC- patients using a bootstrapped random-effect generalized least square regression model (RE-GLS). At T0, miR-1207-5p, miR-1275, miR-3197, miR-4443, miR-3178, miR-483-5p, miR-4706, miR-4793-3p and miR-1246 discriminated HCC+ from HCC- patients (p < 0.05). At T1, only miR-1180-3p, miR-1228-3p, miR-4329 and miR-4484 (p < 0.05) discriminated HCC+ from HCC- patients. The subsequent validation phase identified miR-3197 as changing with both disease and time. Our results suggest that patients might be already committed to HCC occurrence before DAA therapy. MiR-3197 shows some potential for the identification of patients at risk of HCC during DAA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devis Pascut
- Liver Research Center, Fondazione Italiana Fegato—ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.Y.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-040-375-7924
| | - Luisa Cavalletto
- Department of Internal Medicine—DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Muhammad Yogi Pratama
- Liver Research Center, Fondazione Italiana Fegato—ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.Y.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Laboratory of Onco-Haematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.)
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica—Città della Speranza, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Trentin
- Laboratory of Onco-Haematology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (S.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- IIGM Torino and Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Liver Research Center, Fondazione Italiana Fegato—ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.Y.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Liver Research Center, Fondazione Italiana Fegato—ONLUS, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.Y.P.); (G.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Liliana Chemello
- Department of Internal Medicine—DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.C.); (L.C.)
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18
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Kanda T, Lau GKK, Wei L, Moriyama M, Yu ML, Chuang WL, Ibrahim A, Lesmana CRA, Sollano J, Kumar M, Jindal A, Sharma BC, Hamid SS, Kadir Dokmeci A, Mamun-Al-Mahtab, McCaughan GW, Wasim J, Crawford DHG, Kao JH, Ooka Y, Yokosuka O, Sarin SK, Omata M. APASL HCV guidelines of virus-eradicated patients by DAA on how to monitor HCC occurrence and HBV reactivation. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:649-661. [PMID: 31541423 PMCID: PMC6861433 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, sustained virological response (SVR) is very high, but close attention must be paid to the possible occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients with co-infection who achieved SVR in short term. HCC occurrence was more often observed in patients with previous HCC history. We found occurrence of HCC in 178 (29.6%) of 602 patients with previous HCC history (15.4 months mean follow-up post-DAA initiation) but, in contrast, in only 604 (1.3%) of 45,870 patients without previous HCC history (18.2 months mean follow-up). Thus, in these guidelines, we recommend the following: in patients with previous HCC history, surveillance at 4-month intervals for HCC by ultrasonography (US) and tumor markers should be performed. In patients without previous HCC history, surveillance at 6- to 12-month intervals for HCC including US is recommended until the long-term DAA treatment effects, especially for the resolution of liver fibrosis, are confirmed. This guideline also includes recommendations on how to follow-up patients who have been infected with both HCV and HBV. When HCV was eradicated in these HBsAg-positive patients or patients with previous HBV infection (anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs-positive), it was shown that HBV reactivation or HBV DNA reappearance was observed in 67 (41.4%) of 162 or 12 (0.9%) of 1317, respectively. For these co-infected patients, careful attention should be paid to HBV reactivation for 24 weeks post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - George K K Lau
- Humanity and Health Medical Center, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Alaaeldin Ibrahim
- GI/Liver Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Benha, Banha, Egypt
| | - Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana
- Digestive Disease and GI Oncology Centre, Medistra Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jose Sollano
- University Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saeed S Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mamun-Al-Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jafri Wasim
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University and Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yoshihiko Ooka
- Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Masao Omata
- Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, 1-1-1 Fujimi, Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, 400-8506, Japan. .,The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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19
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Galati G, Muley M, Viganò M, Iavarone M, Vitale A, Dell'Unto C, Lai Q, Cabibbo G, Sacco R, Villa E, Trevisani F. Occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: literature review and risk analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:603-610. [PMID: 31067134 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1617272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concerns were raised about a high occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after successful treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). AREAS COVERED The authors summarize the clinical studies reporting the occurrence rate and risk factors of HCC after DAAs in CHC. EXPERT OPINION The recent introduction of all-oral DAAs has substantially changed the scenario of CHC, achieving a sustained virological response (SVR) in >90% of cases. Earlier concerns raised about an increasing incidence of HCC post-DAAs were flawed by large heterogeneity of patients, the limited number of well-designed prospective studies (only nine, up to date) and the inclusion of a large number of patients with advanced liver disease, previously excluded from interferon-based studies. Current data on DAAs have shown a lower risk of HCC development; however, they were unable to identify patients at greater risk for HCC occurrence after SVR. Surveillance strategy, likely lifelong, is mandatory in these patients according to general expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Galati
- a Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit , University Campus Bio-Medico , Rome , Italy
| | - Moises Muley
- a Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit , University Campus Bio-Medico , Rome , Italy
| | - Mauro Viganò
- b Hepatology Unit, Ospedale San Giuseppe , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimo Iavarone
- c C.R.C. "A.M. & A. Migliavacca Center for Liver Disease" and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Hospital , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- d Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Chiara Dell'Unto
- a Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit , University Campus Bio-Medico , Rome , Italy
| | - Quirino Lai
- e Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cabibbo
- f Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit , PROMISE University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- g Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy , Foggia University Hospital , Foggia , Italy
| | - Erica Villa
- h Gastroenterology Unit , University of Modena & Reggio Emilia , Modena , Italy
| | - Franco Trevisani
- i Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Alma Mater Studiorum , Università di Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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20
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El Kassas M, Elbaz T, Salaheldin M, Abdelsalam L, Kaseb A, Esmat G. Impact of treating chronic hepatitis C infection with direct-acting antivirals on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: The debate continues - A mini-review. J Adv Res 2019; 17:43-48. [PMID: 31193326 PMCID: PMC6526204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus clearance is expected in more than 95% of patients treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). However, an extensive debate about the impact of DAAs on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently ongoing. This review aimed to explore currently available evidence about the relationship between DAAs and HCC development. The American studies and some European studies clearly showed no relation, while the Japanese and Egyptian studies and the other European studies showed an increased risk of developing HCC after DAA exposure. These conflicting results may be due to geographical and ethnic variations and differences in the design and inclusion criteria among the studies. After reviewing the data from these different studies, it seems that some patients are at increased risk of developing HCC after DAA exposure. Identifying those at increased risk is very important for the management of HCC in light of the potentially major consequences of HCC for the patients' quality of life and the subsequent major burden imposed on healthcare resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elbaz
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salaheldin
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdelsalam
- Genome Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA
| | - Gamal Esmat
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Nakano M, Koga H, Ide T, Kuromatsu R, Hashimoto S, Yatsuhashi H, Seike M, Higuchi N, Nakamuta M, Shakado S, Sakisaka S, Miuma S, Nakao K, Yoshimaru Y, Sasaki Y, Oeda S, Eguchi Y, Honma Y, Harada M, Nagata K, Mawatari S, Ido A, Maeshiro T, Matsumoto S, Takami Y, Sohda T, Torimura T. Predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence associated with the use of direct-acting antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C virus after curative treatment: A prospective multicenter cohort study. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2646-2653. [PMID: 30900818 PMCID: PMC6536965 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested an association between the use of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the resulting decrease in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, it is unclear whether DAAs prevent the recurrence of HCC after curative treatment for HCC. This study aimed to prospectively investigate HCC recurrence and its predictors after curative treatment for HCC. METHODS A total of 3012 patients with chronic HCV infection, with or without cirrhosis, who were treated with DAAs were enrolled between January 1, 2015 and January 31, 2017 as per the institutional review board approved study protocol at 15 institutions, including 10 university hospitals and five high-volume centers in the Kyusyu area of Japan. Of the 3012 patients, 459 patients who had HCC but were cured with surgery or ablation therapy (curative treatment) before the use of DAAs were included in the analysis. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 29.4 months, 217 (47.2%) patients developed HCC recurrence. The median time to recurrence was 34.0 months, and the 1-, 2-, and 3-year cumulative HCC recurrence rates were 27.1%, 43.4%, and 50.8%, respectively. The risk factors for HCC recurrence were the α-fetoprotein (AFP) level before DAA therapy (P = 0.0047) and the number of curative treatments for HCC before DAA therapy (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS A high AFP level and multiple occurrences of HCC before DAA therapy are associated with a high risk for HCC recurrence after curative treatment. Follow-up after DAA therapy should include special attention to the abovementioned risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ide
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kuromatsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuhashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masataka Seike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Nobito Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Kyusyu Medical Center Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Kyusyu Medical Center Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shakado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshimaru
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oeda
- Liver Center, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagata
- Department of Liver Disease, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mawatari
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Ido
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Maeshiro
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Takami
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Medical Center Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sohda
- Hepatology Division, Japanese Red Cross Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Direct-acting antiviral agents do not increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma development: a prospective, multicenter study. Hepatol Int 2019; 13:293-301. [PMID: 30820753 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While achieving sustained virological response (SVR) following interferon-based or direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) treatments reduces the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), an increase in unexpected early occurrence or recurrence of HCC after hepatitis C virus elimination by DAA treatments has been reported. We prospectively investigated the incidence and risk factors of HCC after DAA treatment in a large multicenter cohort in Japan. METHODS Patients with chronic hepatitis C with or without cirrhosis who were treated with DAAs and obtained SVR were enrolled. DAAs were administered for 3 or 6 months. A total of 2552 patients were enrolled. RESULTS Of these, 70 patients (2.7%) developed HCC. The 12-, 24-, and 36-month cumulative HCC incidences were 1.3%, 2.9%, and 4.9% in all patients; 2.5%, 5.2%, and 10.0% in those with cirrhosis; and 0.9%, 2.1%, and 2.9% in those without cirrhosis, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed age, sex, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level, and fibrosis-4 index to be independent factors associated with HCC. Patients with these four factors had an approximately six-to-sevenfold increased risk for HCC development. Five patients with large and early tumor occurrence did not receive contrast imaging examinations before treatment. CONCLUSION Although the results of our prospective study suggested that achieving SVR by DAA treatment reduces the incidence of HCC, HCC development still occurs. Careful follow-up is important in patients with risk factors.
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23
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Guarino M, Sessa A, Cossiga V, Morando F, Caporaso N, Morisco F. Direct-acting antivirals and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C: A few lights and many shadows. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2582-2595. [PMID: 29962815 PMCID: PMC6021774 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i24.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA), the rate of sustained virological response (SVR) in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has radically improved to over 95%. Robust scientific evidence supports a beneficial role of SVR after interferon therapy in the progression of cirrhosis, resulting in a decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, a debate on the impact of DAAs on the development of HCC is ongoing. This review aimed to analyse the scientific literature regarding the risk of HCC in terms of its recurrence and occurrence after the use of DAAs to eradicate HCV infection. Among 11 studies examining HCC occurrence, the de novo incidence rate ranged from 0 to 7.4% (maximum follow-up: 18 mo). Among 18 studies regarding HCC recurrence, the rate ranged from 0 to 54.4% (maximum “not well-defined” follow-up: 32 mo). This review highlights the major difficulties in interpreting data and reconciling the results of the included studies. These difficulties include heterogeneous cohorts, potential misclassifications of HCC prior to DAA therapy, the absence of an adequate control group, short follow-up times and different kinds of follow-up. Moreover, no clinical feature-based scoring system accounts for the molecular characteristics and pathobiology of the tumours. Nonetheless, this review does not suggest that there is a higher rate of de novo HCC occurrence or recurrence after DAA therapy in patients with previous HCV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Disease Progression
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- Risk Factors
- Sustained Virologic Response
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guarino
- Filomena Morisco, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Anna Sessa
- Filomena Morisco, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Valentina Cossiga
- Filomena Morisco, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Federica Morando
- Filomena Morisco, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Nicola Caporaso
- Filomena Morisco, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
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Rapidly growing hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence during direct-acting antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Clin J Gastroenterol 2018; 11:497-500. [PMID: 29948818 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-018-0876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the case of a woman in her 80s with a recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor that rapidly increased in size during direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment. She suffered from HCC at her initial visit to our department and underwent hepatectomy. Thereafter, she underwent DAA treatment for chronic hepatitis C; however, her alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level rapidly increased, and a liver tumor of > 1 cm in diameter was observed that had not been seen immediately before DAA treatment. She underwent hepatectomy again and moderate to poorly differentiated HCC was diagnosed. The patient's AFP level showed a rapid increase immediately after the start of DAA treatment; however, the increase ceased after the first month, and the influence from the surrounding environment of the tumor was considered to be temporary.
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