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Edmonds HM, Daly ES, Smail IE. Zygomatic arch root position in relation to dietary type in haplorhine primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2065-2083. [PMID: 37877628 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The zygomatic root, along with other key craniofacial features, is hypothesized to play a crucial role in strengthening the face in response to stresses and strains related to feeding. As such, it has been cited as indicative of dietary specialization among fossil taxa, although it remains unknown how variable zygomatic arch root position is among living primates, and whether its positioning predicts differences in diet. We test whether primates that consume more mechanically challenging foods possess more anteriorly positioned zygomatic roots compared to those consuming less challenging foods. Zygomatic root position, as defined by the zygomaxillare landmark, was identified and recorded from digital images and physical specimens of adult primate crania. Data were collected from 33 haplorhine species (n = 722). Published data were used to assign species to a dietary type based on patterns of overall consumption along with reliance on especially challenging foods. Pairwise comparisons between mechanically challenging (hard and/or tough) and less mechanically challenging (soft) consumers found significant differences (p < 0.05) in the position of the zygomatic root in 17 of 20 pairs, 11 of which supported the prediction that a more mechanically challenging diet is associated with a more anteriorly placed zygomatic root. PGLS analysis found no significant effect of phylogeny on root position. This suggests that a more anteriorly positioned zygomatic root is useful for identifying dietary specialization in some taxa but is not required for consuming a mechanically challenging diet given that other craniofacial and behavioral factors can facilitate the consumption of such foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie M Edmonds
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Chandler-Gilbert Community College, Chandler, Arizona, USA
| | - E Susanne Daly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene E Smail
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia, USA
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2
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Yamashita N, Flowers N, Fogaça MD. The effects of feeding frequency on jaw loading in two lemur species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24916. [PMID: 38441408 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on oral processing are often snapshots of behaviors that examine feeding through individual bouts. In this study, we expand on our previous work comparing bite/chew variables per feeding bout to summed daily biting, chewing, and food intake to interpret loading that could have potential morphological effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS We observed sympatric Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi over two field seasons in the dry forest of Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar. Bite and chew rates determined from videos filmed during observations were multiplied with time spent feeding on specific foods during focal follows to calculate daily values for each feeding bout. Food mechanical properties (FMPs) were tested on dietary items with a portable tester. We contrasted daily bite/chew numbers and intake with FMPs, species, season, and food shape. RESULTS Daily bite and chew numbers increased with maximum, but not average, food toughness. Daily intake decreased with average and maximum toughness. Season had a strong effect on daily bites and chews, but not on intake. Food shape influenced intake and total bite and chew numbers. The lemur species did not differ in our models. DISCUSSION Maximum food toughness impacted feeding behaviors and intake, which is consistent with higher loads having a greater effect on morphology. In contrast to feeding per bout, cumulative biting and chewing did not differ between species; taking feeding frequency into consideration affects interpretation of jaw loading. Finally, biting, as much as chewing, may generate strains that impact morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group-NeoPRego, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Panagiotopoulou O, Robinson D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Ackland D, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Dynamic finite element modelling of the macaque mandible during a complete mastication gape cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220549. [PMID: 37839457 PMCID: PMC10577025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) are powerful tools for studying the mechanical behaviour of the feeding system. Using validated, static FEMs we have previously shown that in rhesus macaques the largest food-related differences in strain magnitudes during unilateral postcanine chewing extend from the lingual symphysis to the endocondylar ridge of the balancing-side ramus. However, static FEMs only model a single time point during the gape cycle and probably do not fully capture the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during mastication. Bone strain patterns and moments applied to the mandible are known to vary during the gape cycle owing to variation in the activation peaks of the jaw-elevator muscles, suggesting that dynamic models are superior to static ones in studying feeding biomechanics. To test this hypothesis, we built dynamic FEMs of a complete gape cycle using muscle force data from in vivo experiments to elucidate the impact of relative timing of muscle force on mandible biomechanics. Results show that loading and strain regimes vary across the chewing cycle in subtly different ways for different foods, something which was not apparent in static FEMs. These results indicate that dynamic three-dimensional FEMs are more informative than static three-dimensional FEMs in capturing the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during feeding by reflecting the asymmetry in jaw-adductor muscle activations during a gape cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dale Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - David Ackland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Wall CE, Hanna JB, O'Neill MC, Toler M, Laird MF. Energetic costs of feeding in 12 species of small-bodied primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220553. [PMID: 37839441 PMCID: PMC10577031 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no comparative, empirical studies of the energetic costs of feeding in mammals. As a result, we lack physiological data to better understand the selection pressures on the mammalian feeding apparatus and the influence of variables such as food geometric and material properties. This study investigates interspecific scaling of the net energetic costs of feeding in relation to body size, jaw-adductor muscle mass and food properties in a sample of 12 non-human primate species ranging in size from 0.08 to 4.2 kg. Net energetic costs during feeding were measured by indirect calorimetry for a variety of pre-cut and whole raw foods varying in geometric and material properties. Net feeding costs were determined in two ways: by subtracting either the initial metabolic rate prior to feeding or subtracting the postprandial metabolic rate. Interspecific scaling relationships were evaluated using pGLS and OLS regression. Net feeding costs scale negatively relative to both body mass and jaw-adductor mass. Large animals incur relatively lower feeding costs indicating that small and large animals experience and solve mechanical challenges in relation to energetics in different ways. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Jandy B. Hanna
- Duke Lemur Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | - Maxx Toler
- Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Myra F. Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Decaup PH, Couture C, Garot E. Is the distribution of cortical bone in the mandibular corpus and symphysis linked to loading environment in modern humans? A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 152:105718. [PMID: 37182318 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human mandible is a unique bone with specific external and internal morphological characteristics, influenced by a complex and challenging loading environment. Mandibular cortical thickness distribution in cross-sections is reported to be related to facial divergence patterns, cultural and dietary habits and more generally, specific loading environment. This review hypothesises that a process of environmental mechanical sensitivity is involved in the distribution of cortical bone in the mandibular corpus and symphysis in modern humans, and that loading regimes can influence this distribution pattern. Based on a review of the recent literature, this study aims to answer the following question: "Is the distribution of cortical bone in the mandibular corpus and symphysis linked to the loading environment in modern humans?" DESIGN A systematic review was undertaken using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases for publications from 1984 to 2022 investigating the relationship between cortical bone distribution in the mandibular corpus and the loading environment. A subgroup meta-analysis was performed to determine the overall effect of facial divergence on cortical thickness. RESULTS From a total of 2791 studies, 20 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The meta-analyses were performed in eight studies using a randomised model, finding a significant overall effect of facial divergence on cortical thickness in posterior areas of the mandible (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this review, specific loading regimes and their consequent variables (diet, culture, facial divergence) were linked to cortical thickness distribution. Sex was found to be unrelated to cortical thickness pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Hadrien Decaup
- Université de Bordeaux, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France; Université de Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, Bordeaux, France.
| | | | - Elsa Garot
- Université de Bordeaux, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France; Université de Bordeaux, UFR des Sciences Odontologiques, Bordeaux, France
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Byron C, Reed D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wang Q, Strait D, Laird MF, Ross CF. Sagittal suture strain in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus and Cebus) during feeding. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:633-654. [PMID: 36790169 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphological variation in cranial sutures is used to infer aspects of primate feeding behavior, including diet, but strain regimes across sutures are not well documented. Our aim is to test hypotheses about sagittal suture morphology, strain regime, feeding behavior, and muscle activity relationships in robust Sapajus and gracile Cebus capuchin primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphometrics of sinuosity in three regions of the sagittal suture were compared among museum specimens of Sapajus and Cebus, as well as in robust and gracile lab specimens. In vivo strains and bilateral electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded from these regions in the temporalis muscles of capuchin primates while they fed on mechanically-varying foods. RESULTS Sapajus and the anterior suture region exhibited greater sinuosity than Cebus and posterior regions. In vivo data reveal minor differences in strain regime between robust and gracile phenotypes but show higher strain magnitudes in the middle suture region and higher tensile strains anteriorly. After gage location, feeding behavior has the most consistent and strongest impact on strain regime in the sagittal suture. Strain in the anterior suture has a high tension to compression ratio compared to the posterior region, especially during forceful biting in the robust Sapajus-like individual. DISCUSSION Sagittal suture complexity in robust capuchins likely reflects feeding behaviors associated with mechanically challenging foods. Sutural strain regimes in other anthropoid primates may also be affected by activity in feeding muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - David Reed
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Oral Processing of Three Guenon Species in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121850. [PMID: 36552359 PMCID: PMC9775981 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three guenon species in Taï National Park frequently form and maintain stable polyspecific associations despite significant feeding competition. This dietary overlap provides an opportunity to examine how closely related and anatomically similar taxa process the same foods. Our research examines whether the oral-processing behaviors of these guenons differ when they consume the same foods. Methods: Data on oral-processing behavior were collected on one habituated group each of Cercopithecus campbelli, C. diana, and C. petaurista in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire from January 2016 to December 2018. We recorded the frequency with which foods were introduced to the mouth (ingestive action) and the frequency with which foods were processed using incisors, canines, and postcanine teeth. Oral-processing profiles for species-specific plant foods, fungi, and invertebrates were compared using Monte Carlo resampling. We quantified oral-processing behavior during a total of 2316 five-minute focal periods. Diana monkeys use their incisors significantly more per ingestive action than Campbell's monkeys or Lesser spot-nosed guenons. Lesser spot-nosed guenons use their incisors more than Campbell's monkeys. Diana monkeys also use significantly more post-canine chews per ingestive action than Campbell's monkeys and Lesser spot-nosed guenons. Lesser spot-nosed guenons generally use fewer post-canine chews than Diana monkeys but more than Campbell's monkeys. Canine use during feeding was rare in all three taxa. The three study species use different oral-processing profiles when consuming the same foods. These results are intriguing given the overall similarity in dental and cranial anatomy in these taxa. The oral-processing profiles we report do not encompass the full dietary breadth of all species; however, the behavioral diversity demonstrated during consumption of the same foods suggests that insight into feeding behavior is more likely obtained by examining oral processing of individual foods rather than broad food categories. Furthermore, these results underscore that important variation in feeding behavior is not necessarily associated with morphological differences in dental or craniofacial anatomy.
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Laird MF, Punjani Z, Oshay RR, Wright BW, Fogaça MD, Casteren A, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Fragazy D, Strait DS, Ross CF, Wright KA. Feeding postural behaviors and food geometric and material properties in bearded capuchin monkeys (
Sapajus libidinosus
). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9305483 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Foods that are geometrically and mechanically challenging to eat have been associated with specializations in feeding behavior and craniodental morphology across primates, and many of these foods are embedded, requiring a variety of positional behaviors during feeding. However, variation in positional behaviors in response to food properties is not well understood. Here, we examine differences in feeding postural behaviors across feeding events in relation to substrate and food geometric and material properties in a species of extractive foragers, bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Methods and materials We coded over 1400 co‐occurring postural and feeding behaviors, their durations, and relative sizes of substrate and food from videos recorded at Fazenda Boa Vista in Gilbués, Piauí, Brazil. Food material properties were measured from foods collected at the time of the video recordings. Results Our results suggest that bearded capuchin feeding postures significantly differ across the feeding sequence, with substrate size, and between foods of high and low toughness and elastic modulus. Feeding postures were less variable for highly mechanically challenging foods. Food size also had a significant effect on postural behaviors. Large foods were more likely to be associated with suspended postures and small foods with sitting and squatting. Feeding postural behaviors were best explained by a combination of substrate and food variables. Conclusions Our results indicate that food geometric and mechanical properties have a significant influence on feeding postural behaviors in bearded capuchins. We posit that feeding postural behaviors reflect a combination of substrate variables and food properties, and large, mechanically challenging foods have a limiting effect on postural variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Laird
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Zeenia Punjani
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Rachel R. Oshay
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Surgery University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City Kansas USA
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
- Neotropical Primates Research Group – NeoPReGo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adam Casteren
- Department of Human Evolution Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Patrícia Izar
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Visalberghi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CNR) Rome Italy
| | - Dorothy Fragazy
- Department of Psychology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA
- Palaeo‐Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Cnr Kingsway and University Road Auckland Park Auckland Park South Africa
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Kristin A. Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City Missouri USA
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TEAFORD MARKF, ROSS CALLUMF, UNGAR PETERS, VINYARD CHRISTOPHERJ, LAIRD MYRAF. Grit your teeth and chew your food: Implications of food material properties and abrasives for rates of dental microwear formation in laboratory Sapajus apella (Primates). PALAEOGEOGRAPHY, PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALAEOECOLOGY 2021; 583:110644. [PMID: 34764513 PMCID: PMC8577397 DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dental microwear analysis has been employed in studies of a wide range of modern and fossil animals, yielding insights into the biology/ecology of those taxa. Some researchers have suggested that dental microwear patterns ultimately relate back to the material properties of the foods being consumed, whereas others have suggested that, because exogenous grit is harder than organic materials in food, grit should have an overwhelming impact on dental microwear patterns. To shed light on this issue, laboratory-based feeding experiments were conducted on tufted capuchin monkeys [Sapajus apella] with dental impressions taken before and after consumption of different artificial foods. The foods were (1) brittle custom-made biscuits laced with either of two differently-sized aluminum silicate abrasives, and (2) ductile custom-made "gummies" laced with either of the two same abrasives. In both cases, animals were allowed to feed on the foods for 36 hours before follow-up dental impressions were taken. Resultant casts were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. We asked five questions: (1) would the animals consume different amounts of each food item, (2) what types of dental microwear would be formed, (3) would rates of dental microwear differ between the consumption of biscuits (i.e., brittle) versus gummies (i.e., ductile), (4) would rates of dental microwear differ between foods including larger- versus smaller-grained abrasives, and (5) would rates of dental microwear differ between molar shearing and crushing facets in the animals in these experiments? Results indicated that (1) fewer biscuits were consumed when laced with larger-grained abrasives (as opposed to smaller-grained abrasives), but no such difference was observed in the consumption of gummies, (2) in all cases, a variety of dental microwear features was formed, (3) rates of dental microwear were higher when biscuits versus gummies were consumed, (4) biscuits laced with larger-grained abrasives caused a higher percentage of new features per item consumed, and (5) the only difference between facets occurred with the processing of biscuits, where crushing facets showed a faster rate of wear than shearing facets. These findings suggest that the impact of exogenous grit on dental microwear is the result of a dynamic, complex interaction between (at the very least) grit size, food material properties, and time spent feeding - which is further evidence of the multifactorial nature of dental microwear formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK F. TEAFORD
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - CALLUM F. ROSS
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - PETER S. UNGAR
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - MYRA F. LAIRD
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Ingestive behaviors in bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:20850. [PMID: 33257755 PMCID: PMC7705727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and adaptive significance of variation in craniodental and mandibular morphology in fossil hominins is not always clear, at least in part because of a poor understanding of how different feeding behaviors impact feeding system design (form–function relationships). While laboratory studies suggest that ingestive behaviors produce variable loading, stress, and strain regimes in the cranium and mandible, understanding the relative importance of these behaviors for feeding system design requires data on their use in wild populations. Here we assess the frequencies and durations of manual, ingestive, and masticatory behaviors from more than 1400 observations of feeding behaviors video-recorded in a wild population of bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) at Fazenda Boa Vista in Piauí, Brazil. Our results suggest that ingestive behaviors in wild Sapajus libidinosus were used for a range of food material properties and typically performed using the anterior dentition. Coupled with previous laboratory work indicating that ingestive behaviors are associated with higher mandibular strain magnitudes than mastication, these results suggest that ingestive behaviors may play an important role in craniodental and mandibular design in capuchins and may be reflected in robust adaptations in fossil hominins.
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11
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Mehari Abraha H, Taylor AB, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Ross CF. Biomechanics of the mandible of Macaca mulatta during the power stroke of mastication: Loading, deformation, and strain regimes and the impact of food type. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102865. [PMID: 32905895 PMCID: PMC7541691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandible morphology has yet to yield definitive information on primate diet, probably because of poor understanding of mandibular loading and strain regimes, and overreliance on simple beam models of mandibular mechanics. We used a finite element model of a macaque mandible to test hypotheses about mandibular loading and strain regimes and relate variation in muscle activity during chewing on different foods to variation in strain regimes. The balancing-side corpus is loaded primarily by sagittal shear forces and sagittal bending moments. On the working side, sagittal bending moments, anteroposterior twisting moments, and lateral transverse bending moments all reach similar maxima below the bite point; sagittal shear is the dominant loading regime behind the bite point; and the corpus is twisted such that the mandibular base is inverted. In the symphyseal region, the predominant loading regimes are lateral transverse bending and negative twisting about a mediolateral axis. Compared with grape and dried fruit chewing, nut chewing is associated with larger sagittal and transverse bending moments acting on balancing- and working-side mandibles, larger sagittal shear on the working side, and larger twisting moments about vertical and transverse axes in the symphyseal region. Nut chewing is also associated with higher minimum principal strain magnitudes in the balancing-side posterior ramus; higher sagittal shear strain magnitudes in the working-side buccal alveolar process and the balancing-side oblique line, recessus mandibulae, and endocondylar ridge; and higher transverse shear strains in the symphyseal region, the balancing-side medial prominence, and the balancing-side endocondylar ridge. The largest food-related differences in maximum principal and transverse shear strain magnitudes are in the transverse tori and in the balancing-side medial prominence, extramolar sulcus, oblique line, and endocondylar ridge. Food effects on the strain regime are most salient in areas not traditionally investigated, suggesting that studies seeking dietary effects on mandible morphology might be looking in the wrong places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Simon Wilshin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts, AL97TA, UK
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Taylor AB, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. The dental microwear of hard-object feeding in laboratory Sapajus apella and its implications for dental microwear formation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:439-455. [PMID: 31922261 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study seeks to determine if (a) consumption of hard food items or a mixture of food items leads to the formation of premolar or molar microwear in laboratory capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) in one feeding session and (b) rates of microwear formation are associated with the number of food items consumed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five adult male capuchins were used in two experiments, one where they were fed unshelled Brazil nuts, and the other where they were fed a mixture of food items. Dental impressions were taken before and after each feeding session. Epoxy casts made from those impressions then were used in SEM analyses of rates of microwear formation. Upper and lower premolars and molars were analyzed. Qualitative comparisons were made and Spearman's rank-order correlations used to examine the relationship between rates of microwear formation and number of Brazil nuts consumed. RESULTS Premolars and molars generally showed new microwear in the form of pits and scratches. However, the incidence of those features was low (0-6%). Rates of microwear formation were highest during the consumption of Brazil nuts. DISCUSSION Variations in the rate of microwear formation on the premolars likely reflected patterns of ingestion whereas consistency in the rate of microwear on the molars likely reflected patterns of chewing. While dental microwear formation seemed to be correlated with the number of hard objects consumed, rates did differ between individuals. Differences in results between the two experiments demonstrate some of the limitations in our knowledge of dental microwear formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Teaford
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Peter S Ungar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, Vallejo, California
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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He T, Honda T, Kurihara Y, Thiery G. Variation in chewing efficiency of Yakushima Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:110-119. [PMID: 31675108 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chewing efficiency plays an important role in the survival and distribution of primates. Yet, little is known about the intra-specific variation of chewing efficiency. The purpose of this study is to report the pattern of seasonal and regional variation in chewing efficiency among Yakushima Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fecal samples of Yakushima Japanese macaques were collected from lowland, highland and summit areas in Yakushima between July 2015 and March 2016 (n = 236). Using sieving analysis, we compared fecal particle size (dMEAN) and proportion of finest particles p(0) between different geographical areas and seasons. RESULTS Seasonally, in the lowland zone, there was a non-significant decrease in dMEAN during spring, while p(0) was significantly higher during summer than it was during winter and spring. Regionally, dMEAN was higher in the summit zone than it was in other areas during autumn, while p(0) was also higher in the summit zone. CONCLUSIONS While seasonal variation in dMEAN can be explained by the reported difference in the proportions of food categories in diet between seasons, its influence is mitigated, possibly by the selective feeding of less mechanically challenging parts in each category. Regional variation in dMEAN and p(0) may be the results of bamboo consumption in this area. Combining our data with studies that focus on seasonal and regional variations of food properties or gut microbes might provide a better understanding of the relation between diet, chewing and digestion in Yakushima macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng He
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takeaki Honda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurihara
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ghislain Thiery
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Wright BW, Wright KA, Strait DS, Ross CF, Laird MF, van Casteren A, Scott R. Taking a big bite: Working together to better understand the evolution of feeding in primates. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22981. [PMID: 31066472 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of adaptation requires the integration of an array of different types of data. A single individual can find such integration daunting, if not impossible. In an effort to clarify the role of diet in the evolution of the primate craniofacial and dental apparatus, we assembled a team of researchers that have various types and degrees of expertise. This interaction has provided a range of insights for all contributors, and this has helped to refine questions, clarify the possibilities and limitations that laboratory and field settings offer, and further explore the ways in which laboratory and field data can be suitably integrated. A complete and accurate picture of dietary adaptation cannot be gained in isolation. Collaboration provides the bridge to a more holistic view of primate biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kristin A Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adam van Casteren
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Robert Scott
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Jersey, New Brunswick
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15
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Püschel TA, Marcé-Nogué J, Kaiser TM, Brocklehurst RJ, Sellers WI. Analyzing the sclerocarpy adaptations of the Pitheciidae mandible. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22759. [PMID: 29664191 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primates are interpreted to be ancestrally adapted to frugivory, although some modern groups show clear adaptations to other diets. Among them, pitheciids stand out for specifically predating seeds. This dietary specialization is known as sclerocarpy and refers to the extraction of seeds from surrounding hard tissues using the anterior dentition followed by the mastication of seeds by the molars. It has been proposed that Callicebus-Pithecia-Chiropotes-Cacajao represent a morphocline of increasingly specialized anatomical traits for sclerocarpic foraging. This study addresses whether there is a sclerocarpic specialization gradient in the mandibular morphology of pitheciids. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate two biting scenarios and the obtained stress values were compared between different pitheciids. Geometric morphometrics (GM) were used to display the morphological variation of this group. No support was found for the morphocline hypothesis from a biomechanical viewpoint since all pitheciins showed similar stress values and on average Chiropotes rather than Cacajao exhibited the strongest mandible. From a morphological perspective, it was found that there is indeed relative "robusticity" continuum in the pitheciid mandible for some aspects of shape as expected for the morphocline hypothesis, but this gradient could be related to other factors rather than sclerocarpic specialization. The present results are expected to contribute to a better insight regarding the ecomorphological relationship between mandibular morphology and mechanical performance among pitheciids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Püschel
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mancheste, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Marcé-Nogué
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institut Català de Paleontologia M. Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas M Kaiser
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mancheste, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mancheste, Manchester, United Kingdom
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16
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Montuelle SJ, Olson R, Curtis H, Sidote J, Williams SH. Flexibility of feeding movements in pigs: effects of changes in food toughness and stiffness on the timing of jaw movements. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb168088. [PMID: 29378880 PMCID: PMC5818028 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.168088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, chewing movements can be modified, or flexible, in response to changes in food properties. Variability between and within food in the temporal characteristics of chewing movements can impact chewing frequency and rhythmicity, which in turn may affect food breakdown, energy expenditure and tooth wear. Here, we compared total chewing cycle duration and intra-cycle phase durations in pigs chewing on three foods varying in toughness and stiffness: apples (low toughness, low stiffness), carrots (high toughness, low stiffness), and almonds (high toughness, high stiffness). We also determined whether within-food variability in timing parameters is modified in response to changes in food properties. X-ray Reconstruction Of Moving Morphology (XROMM) demonstrates that the timing of jaw movements are flexible in response to changes in food properties. Within each food, pigs also exhibited flexibility in their ability to vary cycle parameters. The timing of jaw movements during processing of high-toughness foods is more variable, potentially decreasing chewing rhythmicity. In contrast, low-toughness foods result in jaw movements that are more stereotyped in their timing parameters. In addition, the duration of tooth-food-tooth contact is more variable during the processing of low-stiffness foods compared with tough or stiff foods. Increased toughness is suggested to alter the timing of the movements impacting food fracture whereas increased stiffness may require a more cautious control of jaw movements. This study emphasizes that flexibility in biological movements in response to changes in conditions may not only be observed in timing but also in the variability of their timing within each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane J Montuelle
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 4180 Warrensville Center Road, SPS121, Warrensville Heights, OH 44122, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Rachel Olson
- Ohio University, Department of Biological Sciences, Irvine Hall 107, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Hannah Curtis
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - JoAnna Sidote
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Susan H Williams
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Irvine Hall 228, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Taylor AB, Terhune CE, Toler M, Holmes M, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. Jaw‐Muscle Fiber Architecture and Leverage in the Hard‐Object Feeding Sooty Mangabey are not Structured to Facilitate Relatively Large Bite Forces Compared to Other Papionins. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:325-342. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Basic ScienceCollege of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro UniversityVallejo California
| | - Claire E. Terhune
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of ArkansasFayetteville Arkansas
| | - Maxx Toler
- School of Osteopathic MedicineCampbell UniversityLillington North Carolina
| | - Megan Holmes
- Community and Family MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurham North Carolina
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of ChicagoChicago Illinois
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18
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Ross CF, Porro LB, Herrel A, Evans SE, Fagan MJ. Bite force and cranial bone strain in four species of lizards. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.180240. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo bone strain data provide direct evidence of strain patterns in the cranium during biting. Compared to mammals, in vivo bone strains in lizard skulls are poorly documented. This paper presents strain data from the skulls of Anolis equestris, Gekko gecko, Iguana iguana and Salvator merianae during transducer biting. Analysis of variance was used to investigate effects of bite force, bite point, diet, cranial morphology and cranial kinesis on strain magnitudes. Within individuals the most consistent determinants of variance in bone strain magnitudes are gage location and bite point, with the importance of bite force varying between individuals. Inter-site variance in strain magnitudes—strain gradient—is present in all individuals, and varies with bite point. Between individuals within species, variance in strain magnitude is driven primarily by variation in bite force, not gage location or bite point, suggesting that inter-individual variation in patterns of strain magnitude is minimal. Between species, variation in strain magnitudes is significantly impacted by bite force and species membership, as well as by interactions between gage location, species, and bite point. Independent of bite force, species differences in cranial strain magnitudes may reflect selection for different cranial morphology in relation to feeding function, but what these performance criteria are is not clear. The relatively low strain magnitudes in Iguana and Uromastyx compared to other lizards may be related to their herbivorous diet. Cranial kinesis and the presence or absence of postorbital and supratemporal bars are not important determinants of inter-specific variation in strain magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Laura B. Porro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Sorbonne Universités, Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris, France
| | - Susan E. Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael J. Fagan
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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19
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Teaford MF, Ungar PS, Taylor AB, Ross CF, Vinyard CJ. In vivo rates of dental microwear formation in laboratory primates fed different food items. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsbt.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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Iriarte-Diaz J, Terhune CE, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Functional correlates of the position of the axis of rotation of the mandible during chewing in non-human primates. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:106-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Taylor AB, Mehari Abraha H, Aljunid SF, Ross CF. In vivo bone strain and finite element modeling of a rhesus macaque mandible during mastication. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:13-29. [PMID: 29037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used tool in musculoskeletal biomechanics and vertebrate paleontology. The accuracy and precision of finite element models (FEMs) are reliant on accurate data on bone geometry, muscle forces, boundary conditions and tissue material properties. Simplified modeling assumptions, due to lack of in vivo experimental data on material properties and muscle activation patterns, may introduce analytical errors in analyses where quantitative accuracy is critical for obtaining rigorous results. A subject-specific FEM of a rhesus macaque mandible was constructed, loaded and validated using in vivo data from the same animal. In developing the model, we assessed the impact on model behavior of variation in (i) material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone tissue and teeth; (ii) constraints at the temporomandibular joint and bite point; and (iii) the timing of the muscle activity used to estimate the external forces acting on the model. The best match between the FEA simulation and the in vivo experimental data resulted from modeling the trabecular tissue with an isotropic and homogeneous Young's modulus and Poisson's value of 10GPa and 0.3, respectively; constraining translations along X,Y, Z axes in the chewing (left) side temporomandibular joint, the premolars and the m1; constraining the balancing (right) side temporomandibular joint in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, and using the muscle force estimated at time of maximum strain magnitude in the lower lateral gauge. The relative strain magnitudes in this model were similar to those recorded in vivo for all strain locations. More detailed analyses of mandibular strain patterns during the power stroke at different times in the chewing cycle are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - José Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon Wilshin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vellejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah F Aljunid
- Materialise Unit 5-01, Menara OBYU, No. 4, Jalan PJU 8/8A, Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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22
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Lucas PW, Vogel ER, Yamashita N. Symposium on food properties and primates. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:1-4. [PMID: 27522639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Lucas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
| | - Erin R Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, 131 George Street, Ruth Adams Building Suite 306, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414, USA
| | - Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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