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Kiani B, Lau C, Bergquist R. From Snow's map of cholera transmission to dynamic catchment boundary delineation: current front lines in spatial analysis. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2023; 18. [PMID: 37905966 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2023.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The history of mapping infectious diseases dates back to the 19th century when Dr John Snow utilised spatial analysis to pinpoint the source of the 1854 cholera outbreak in London, a ground-breaking work that laid the foundation for modern epidemiology and disease mapping (Newsom, 2006). As technology advanced, so did mapping techniques. In the late 20th century, geographic information systems (GIS) revolutionized disease mapping by enabling researchers to overlay diverse datasets to visualise and analyse complex spatial patterns (Bergquist & Manda 2019; Hashtarkhani et al., 2021). The COVID-19 pandemic showed that disease mapping is particularly valuable for optimising prevention and control strategies of infectious diseases by prioritising geographical targeting interventions and containment strategies (Mohammadi et al., 2021). Today, with the aid of highresolution satellite imagery, geo-referenced electronic data collection systems, real-time data feeds, and sophisticated modelling algorithms, disease mapping has become a feasible and accessible tool for public health officials in tracking, managing, and mitigating the spread of infectious diseases at global, regional and local scales (Hay et al., 2013). [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Kiani
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane.
| | - Colleen Lau
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane.
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Space-time cluster detection techniques for infectious diseases: A systematic review. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2023; 44:100563. [PMID: 36707196 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2022.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public health organizations have increasingly harnessed geospatial technologies for disease surveillance, health services allocation, and targeting place-based health promotion initiatives. METHODS We conducted a systematic review around the theme of space-time clustering detection techniques for infectious diseases using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Two reviewers independently determined inclusion and exclusion. RESULTS Of 2,887 articles identified, 354 studies met inclusion criteria, the majority of which were application papers. Studies of airborne diseases were dominant, followed by vector-borne diseases. Most research used aggregated data instead of point data, and a significant proportion of articles used a repetition of a spatial clustering method, instead of using a "true" space-time detection approach, potentially leading to the detection of false positives. Noticeably, most articles did not make their data available, limiting replicability. CONCLUSION This review underlines recent trends in the application of space-time clustering methods to the field of infectious disease, with a rapid increase during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Yuan W, Beaulieu-Jones BK, Yu KH, Lipnick SL, Palmer N, Loscalzo J, Cai T, Kohane IS. Temporal bias in case-control design: preventing reliable predictions of the future. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1107. [PMID: 33597541 PMCID: PMC7889612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the primary tools that researchers use to predict risk is the case-control study. We identify a flaw, temporal bias, that is specific to and uniquely associated with these studies that occurs when the study period is not representative of the data that clinicians have during the diagnostic process. Temporal bias acts to undermine the validity of predictions by over-emphasizing features close to the outcome of interest. We examine the impact of temporal bias across the medical literature, and highlight examples of exaggerated effect sizes, false-negative predictions, and replication failure. Given the ubiquity and practical advantages of case-control studies, we discuss strategies for estimating the influence of and preventing temporal bias where it exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Kun-Hsing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott L Lipnick
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Assessment Technology and Continuous Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianxi Cai
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Data Sciences, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isaac S Kohane
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Tan D, Wiseman T, Betihavas V, Rolls K. Patient, provider, and system factors that contribute to health care-associated infection and sepsis development in patients after a traumatic injury: An integrative review. Aust Crit Care 2020; 34:269-277. [PMID: 33127233 DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients after traumatic injury continue to develop health care-associated infections. The aim of this review was to identify risk factors for developing hospital-acquired infection and sepsis in patients experiencing a traumatic injury. DESIGN This is an integrative review following the framework of Whittemore and Knafl. DATA SOURCES An electronic database search was undertaken using Scopus and Medline databases in early October 2019. Hand searching of key references was also conducted. The existing literature published between January 2007 and September 2019 was searched to identify clinically relevant studies that reflected current healthcare practices and systems. REVIEW METHODS Four reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion eligibility. Full-text versions of the articles were systematically appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses format was used. RESULTS A total of 15 studies from the United Kingdom, the United States of America, China, and South Korea were included. Twelve of the 15 studies were focused exclusively on patient-based risk factors including gender and comorbidities. Provider-based factors were identified as nurse staffing levels between different categories of nurses with various levels of proficiency. System-level risk factors included interhospital admissions, surgical interventions, and length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Hospital-acquired infections are preventable, and it is imperative that provider and system risk factors that contribute to patients with traumatic injuries from developing a hospital-acquired infection be identified. Patients with traumatic injuries are unable to amend any patient-related risk factors such as comorbidities or gender. However, the identification of provider and system risk factors that contribute to patients with traumatic injuries from developing a hospital-acquired infection would provide clinically relevant and applicable strategies at the macro and meso level being implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Tan
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Taneal Wiseman
- Susan Wakil School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kaye Rolls
- School of Nursing, Health Impacts Research Cluster, Faculty of Science Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Limited, Australia
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5
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Abstract
This article examines approaches for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of quality metrics currently in use in neonatal care. Desirable characteristics of quality metrics are discussed, the criteria and process for their development are presented, and the uses and limitations of current neonatal outcome and process metrics are explored together with approaches for improving metric performance. Discussion includes enhancing quality metrics through optimizing improvement readiness, sustaining improvements once achieved, and use of improvement science methods to improve metric validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Hagadorn
- Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford CT 06106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kendall R Johnson
- Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford CT 06106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Deanna Hill
- Department of Nursing, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David W Sink
- Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford CT 06106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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6
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Alcock BP, Raphenya AR, Lau TTY, Tsang KK, Bouchard M, Edalatmand A, Huynh W, Nguyen ALV, Cheng AA, Liu S, Min SY, Miroshnichenko A, Tran HK, Werfalli RE, Nasir JA, Oloni M, Speicher DJ, Florescu A, Singh B, Faltyn M, Hernandez-Koutoucheva A, Sharma AN, Bordeleau E, Pawlowski AC, Zubyk HL, Dooley D, Griffiths E, Maguire F, Winsor GL, Beiko RG, Brinkman FSL, Hsiao WWL, Domselaar GV, McArthur AG. CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D517-D525. [PMID: 31665441 PMCID: PMC7145624 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 296.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD; https://card.mcmaster.ca) is a curated resource providing reference DNA and protein sequences, detection models and bioinformatics tools on the molecular basis of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR). CARD focuses on providing high-quality reference data and molecular sequences within a controlled vocabulary, the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), designed by the CARD biocuration team to integrate with software development efforts for resistome analysis and prediction, such as CARD's Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) software. Since 2017, CARD has expanded through extensive curation of reference sequences, revision of the ontological structure, curation of over 500 new AMR detection models, development of a new classification paradigm and expansion of analytical tools. Most notably, a new Resistomes & Variants module provides analysis and statistical summary of in silico predicted resistance variants from 82 pathogens and over 100 000 genomes. By adding these resistance variants to CARD, we are able to summarize predicted resistance using the information included in CARD, identify trends in AMR mobility and determine previously undescribed and novel resistance variants. Here, we describe updates and recent expansions to CARD and its biocuration process, including new resources for community biocuration of AMR molecular reference data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Alcock
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Amogelang R Raphenya
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tammy T Y Lau
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kara K Tsang
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mégane Bouchard
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Arman Edalatmand
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - William Huynh
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anna-Lisa V Nguyen
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Annie A Cheng
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sihan Liu
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sally Y Min
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anatoly Miroshnichenko
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Hiu-Ki Tran
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Rafik E Werfalli
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jalees A Nasir
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martins Oloni
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - David J Speicher
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Florescu
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Bachelor of Health Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Honours Biology Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mateusz Faltyn
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Bachelor of Arts & Science Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Arjun N Sharma
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Emily Bordeleau
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andrew C Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haley L Zubyk
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Damion Dooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma Griffiths
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Finlay Maguire
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1W5, Canada
| | - Geoff L Winsor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert G Beiko
- Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1W5, Canada
| | - Fiona S L Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - William W L Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 2B5, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Gary V Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotic Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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7
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O’Rourke TW. Reflections on Directions in Health Education: Implications for Policy and Practice. AAHE Scholar Address Revisited - Fast Forward 30 Years. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2019.1662349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Quality improvement in pediatric urology-a historical perspective on street pumps, puerperal fever, surgical infection, and contemporary methodology. J Pediatr Urol 2019; 15:495-502. [PMID: 31630935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Quality improvement and patient safety (QIPS) can trace its origin back to the court of Hammurabi (circa 1700BC). However, it did not begin its evolution into its present methodology until the mid-19th century. It was through the application of quantitative parameters around the time of World War I that the field of QIPS has matured and gained a significant presence in the practice of medicine. Herein, the authors present a historical overview of this increasingly important field and correlate the current pediatric urology literature that has arisen from it. Because QIPS research is likely to contribute to efficient, streamlined health care through rapid changes to routine clinical practices, it would behoove pediatric urologists to familiarize themselves with its history and fundamental concepts.
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Using social media to disseminate research in infection prevention, hospital epidemiology, and antimicrobial stewardship. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019; 40:1262-1268. [PMID: 31452490 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2019.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Social media, prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial stewardship (ASP) each impact every area of medicine. Independently, each have power to change medicine, however, synergistically, the impact could be transformative. Given the profound clinical, financial, and public health impact of infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship combined with the incomplete uptake of best practices, multimodal strategies employing social media are critical to increase the speed and reach of research. This review discusses the strategic utilization of online communication platforms to increase the dissemination of critical publications.
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10
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Stein R, Chirilã M. Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain. FOODBORNE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7148622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 250 different foodborne diseases have been described to date, annually affecting about one-third of the world's population. The incidence of foodborne diseases has been underreported and underestimated, and the asymptomatic presentation of some of the illnesses, worldwide heterogeneities in reporting, and the alternative transmission routes of certain pathogens are among the factors that contribute to this. Globalization, centralization of the food supply, transportation of food products progressively farther from their places of origin, and the multitude of steps where contamination may occur have made it increasingly challenging to investigate foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Certain foodborne pathogens may be transmitted directly from animals to humans, while others are transmitted through vectors, such as insects, or through food handlers, contaminated food products or food-processing surfaces, or transfer from sponges, cloths, or utensils. Additionally, the airborne route may contribute to the transmission of certain foodborne pathogens. Complicating epidemiological investigations, multiple transmission routes have been described for some foodborne pathogens. Two types of transmission barriers, primary and secondary, have been described for foodborne pathogens, each of them providing opportunities for preventing and controlling outbreaks. Primary barriers, the most effective sites of prophylactic intervention, prevent pathogen entry into the environment, while secondary barriers prevent the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens that have already entered the environment. Understanding pathogen dynamics, monitoring transmission, and implementing preventive measures are complicated by the phenomenon of superspreading, which refers to the concept that, at the level of populations, a minority of hosts is responsible for the majority of transmission events.
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11
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Jia B, Raphenya AR, Alcock B, Waglechner N, Guo P, Tsang KK, Lago BA, Dave BM, Pereira S, Sharma AN, Doshi S, Courtot M, Lo R, Williams LE, Frye JG, Elsayegh T, Sardar D, Westman EL, Pawlowski AC, Johnson TA, Brinkman FSL, Wright GD, McArthur AG. CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:D566-D573. [PMID: 27789705 PMCID: PMC5210516 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1564] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD; http://arpcard.mcmaster.ca) is a manually curated resource containing high quality reference data on the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with an emphasis on the genes, proteins and mutations involved in AMR. CARD is ontologically structured, model centric, and spans the breadth of AMR drug classes and resistance mechanisms, including intrinsic, mutation-driven and acquired resistance. It is built upon the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), a custom built, interconnected and hierarchical controlled vocabulary allowing advanced data sharing and organization. Its design allows the development of novel genome analysis tools, such as the Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) for resistome prediction from raw genome sequence. Recent improvements include extensive curation of additional reference sequences and mutations, development of a unique Model Ontology and accompanying AMR detection models to power sequence analysis, new visualization tools, and expansion of the RGI for detection of emergent AMR threats. CARD curation is updated monthly based on an interplay of manual literature curation, computational text mining, and genome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Jia
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Amogelang R Raphenya
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Brian Alcock
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nicholas Waglechner
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Peiyao Guo
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kara K Tsang
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Briony A Lago
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Biren M Dave
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sheldon Pereira
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Arjun N Sharma
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sachin Doshi
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mélanie Courtot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Raymond Lo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Laura E Williams
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Tariq Elsayegh
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Daim Sardar
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Erin L Westman
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andrew C Pawlowski
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fiona S L Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Abat C, Chaudet H, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. Traditional and syndromic surveillance of infectious diseases and pathogens. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 48:22-8. [PMID: 27143522 PMCID: PMC7110877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases remain a major public health problem worldwide. Hence, their surveillance is critical. Currently, many surveillance strategies and systems are in use around the world. An inventory of the data, surveillance strategies, and surveillance systems developed worldwide for the surveillance of infectious diseases is presented herein, with emphasis on the role of the microbiology laboratory in surveillance. METHODS The data, strategies, and systems used around the world for the surveillance of infectious diseases and pathogens, along with current issues and trends, were reviewed. RESULTS Twelve major classes of data were identified on the basis of their timing relative to infection, resources available, and type of surveillance. Two primary strategies were compared: disease-specific surveillance and syndromic surveillance. Finally, 262 systems implemented worldwide for the surveillance of infections were registered and briefly described, with a focus on those based on microbiological data from laboratories. CONCLUSIONS There is currently a wealth of available data on infections, which has been growing with the recent emergence of new technologies. Concurrently with the expansion of computer resources and networks, these data will allow the optimization of real-time detection and notification of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Abat
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1905, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- Aix Marseille Université, SESSTIM UMR 912 INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1905, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1905, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1905, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Cunha E Silva DCD, Lourenço RW, Cordeiro RC, Cordeiro MRD. [Analysis of the relation between the spatial distribution of morbidities due to obesity and hypertension for the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2000 to 2010]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2016; 19:1709-19. [PMID: 24897472 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014196.15002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity in many countries in the last decade has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality from hypertension and associated complications. The objective of this work is to analyze the spatial distribution of obesity and hypertension in the state of São Paulo in the period from 2000 to 2010, based on hospital records and admissions from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (HIS - SUS). Coefficients were used for the prevalence of the disease in each municipality averaged out by the empirical Bayesian method, enabling visualization of the spatial pattern of these morbidities in the state. The spatial dependence of these standards was assessed by checking the autocorrelation between the indicators by calculating Moran's Index of Spatial Autocorrelation. Furthermore, the positive correlation (Pearson) between obesity and hypertension was investigated. Data and maps showed clusters of 87 municipalities where there are higher and lower prevalence of hypertension and obesity in the location with marked autocorrelation between neighboring municipalities. The Pearson correlation coefficient found for these municipalities was 0.404 and suggests an association between the morbidities. The spatial analysis techniques proved useful for planning public health actions.
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14
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Foodborne Infectious Diseases: Historical Perspective and Overview. Food Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Levy S. Warming trend: how climate shapes Vibrio ecology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:A82-9. [PMID: 25831488 PMCID: PMC4383571 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.123-a82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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16
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Green LW. Closing the chasm between research and practice: evidence of and for change. Health Promot J Austr 2014; 25:25-9. [PMID: 24666557 DOI: 10.1071/he13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The usual remedy suggested for bridging the science-to-practice gap is to improve the efficiency of disseminating the evidence-based practices to practitioners. This reflection on the gap takes the position that it is the relevance and fit of the evidence with the majority of practices that limit its applicability and application in health promotion and related behavioural, community and population-level interventions where variations in context, values and norms make uniform interventions inappropriate. To make the evidence more relevant and actionable to practice settings and populations will require reforms at many points in the research-to-practice pipeline. These points in the pipeline are described and remedies for them suggested.
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17
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The Broad Street Pump. Adv Skin Wound Care 2013; 26:7. [DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000425930.08336.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Gardy JL. Investigation of disease outbreaks with genome sequencing. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012; 13:101-2. [PMID: 23158498 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gardy
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada.
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19
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Piarroux R, Faucher B. Cholera epidemics in 2010: respective roles of environment, strain changes, and human-driven dissemination. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:231-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Faucher B, Piarroux R. The Haitian cholera epidemic: is searching for its origin only a matter of scientific curiosity? Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:479-80. [PMID: 21375665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Matthews DR, Matthews PC. Banting Memorial Lecture 2010^. Type 2 diabetes as an 'infectious' disease: is this the Black Death of the 21st century? Diabet Med 2011; 28:2-9. [PMID: 21166840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We are currently facing a global pandemic of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. In some settings, the population prevalence of Type 2 diabetes is 50%, and half of those affected will die from diabetes-related complications. Eight centuries ago, an epidemic of bubonic plague swept across Europe, killing at least half of its victims. We here draw comparisons between these two pandemics, proposing close analogies between the 'Black Death' of the 14th century and the modern-day equivalent of Type 2 diabetes. Both diseases can be considered in terms of an aetiological agent, a reservoir, a vector and a predisposing toxic environment; populations can be considered as highly susceptible to the transmissable agents of Type 2 diabetes in the setting of calorie excess, inadequate food labelling, poorly regulated advertising and sedentary lifestyles. As for tackling a pandemic of a contagious microbial pathogen, we believe that breaking the cycle of transmission in the diabetes epidemic must be underpinned by political will and prompt, decisive legislation backed by the medical community. Far from fearing that such measures edge us towards a 'nanny state', we believe individuals should expect a responsible government to safeguard them from the toxic milieu that puts them at risk of obesity and its complications, and that communities and populations have the right to have their health protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Matthews
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK.
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Batterman S, Eisenberg J, Hardin R, Kruk ME, Lemos MC, Michalak AM, Mukherjee B, Renne E, Stein H, Watkins C, Wilson ML. Sustainable control of water-related infectious diseases: a review and proposal for interdisciplinary health-based systems research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1023-32. [PMID: 19654908 PMCID: PMC2717125 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Even when initially successful, many interventions aimed at reducing the toll of water-related infectious disease have not been sustainable over longer periods of time. Here we review historical practices in water-related infectious disease research and propose an interdisciplinary public health oriented systems approach to research and intervention design. DATA SOURCES On the basis of the literature and the authors' experiences, we summarize contributions from key disciplines and identify common problems and trends. Practices in developing countries, where the disease burden is the most severe, are emphasized. DATA EXTRACTION We define waterborne and water-associated vectorborne diseases and identify disciplinary themes and conceptual needs by drawing from ecologic, anthropologic, engineering, political/economic, and public health fields. A case study examines one of the classes of water-related infectious disease. DATA SYNTHESIS The limited success in designing sustainable interventions is attributable to factors that include the complexity and interactions among the social, ecologic, engineering, political/economic, and public health domains; incomplete data; a lack of relevant indicators; and most important, an inadequate understanding of the proximal and distal factors that cause water-related infectious disease. Fundamental change is needed for research on water-related infectious diseases, and we advocate a systems approach framework using an ongoing evidence-based health outcomes focus with an extended time horizon. The examples and case study in the review show many opportunities for interdisciplinary collaborations, data fusion techniques, and other advances. CONCLUSIONS The proposed framework will facilitate research by addressing the complexity and divergent scales of problems and by engaging scientists in the disciplines needed to tackle these difficult problems. Such research can enhance the prevention and control of water-related infectious diseases in a manner that is sustainable and focused on public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Grant WB. Solar ultraviolet irradiance and cancer incidence and mortality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 624:16-30. [PMID: 18348444 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supporting the UVB/vitamin D/cancer theory continues to mount with little detraction, although there are some inconsistent results, such as some from Nordic countries, with respect to serum calcidiol levels. Also, studies designed and conducted before it was realized that dietary sources are largely inadequate to have a pronounced effect on cancer risk were largely unable to confirm a beneficial role for vitamin D in reducing the risk of cancer. The analysis of the economic burden of solar UVB irradiance and vitamin D deficiencies compared to excess solar UV irradiance for the United States yielded interesting findings. One was that the US economic burden due to vitamin D insufficiency from inadequate exposure to solar UVB irradiance, diet and supplements was estimated at $40 billion to $56 billion in 2004, whereas the economic burden for excess UV irradiance was estimated at $6 billion to $7 billion. These findings are probably still approximately correct, if not on the low side, with respect to vitamin D because of the additional benefits found recently, such as protection against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center (SUNARC), San Francisco, CA, USA.
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