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Nakamura I, Kobayashi T, Fukuzawa M, Komori K, Yamaguchi T. Cellulitis with bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in a case of agammaglobulinemia and bronchiectasis. IDCases 2024; 37:e02010. [PMID: 38974503 PMCID: PMC11225700 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report demonstrates successful treatment outcomes without recurrence using fosfomycin for cellulitis with bacteremia caused by Campylobacter jejuni resistant to macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines in agammaglobulinemia and bronchiectasis. Whole-genome sequencing indicated the presence of ST137 harboring bla OXA-61 and tet(O), with mutations in the 23S rRNA and gyrA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Nakamura
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Takehito Kobayashi
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Fukuzawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kohji Komori
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Japan
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2
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Aydin F, Kayman T, Abay S, Hizlisoy H, Saticioğlu İB, Karakaya E, Sahin O. MLST genotypes and quinolone resistance profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from various sources in Turkey. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 391-393:110137. [PMID: 36842255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the overall genetic diversity, as well as prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to quinolone antibiotics of 178 Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans, cattle, dogs, and chickens in Turkey. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and E-test were performed for genotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, respectively. Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (MAMA-PCR) was used to detect point mutations associated with quinolone resistance. Of the 178 isolates tested, 151 were included in 21 clonal complexes (CCs); the remaining 27 isolates did not belong to any existing CCs. CC21, CC353, CC206, and CC257 were the predominant clones, representing 38 % of all C. jejuni isolates tested. The isolates were assigned to 78 different sequence types (STs), three of which were novel (ST 8082, ST 8083, and ST 8084). Resistance to quinolones was found in 73 (41 %) of the isolates (42.85 %, 2.85 %, 20.58 %, and 43.75 % in human, cattle, dog, and chicken isolates, respectively). All of the resistant isolates had Thr-86-Ile mutation in the gyrA gene. The highest Sorensen coefficient index was detected for human/chicken meat and human/dog C. jejuni isolates (Ss = 0.71), suggesting a strong link between the isolates from respective sources. The Simpson diversity index of C. jejuni isolates analyzed was detected between 0.92 and 0.98. The study provides detailed information on the quinolone resistance and MLST-based genetic relatedness of C. jejuni isolates from humans, cattle, dog, and broiler meat in Turkey for the first time, enabling a better understanding of the transmission pathways of C. jejuni in this country. Our results suggest that broiler meat and dogs may be the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Aydin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Tuba Kayman
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Seçil Abay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Türkiye.
| | - Harun Hizlisoy
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - İzzet Burçin Saticioğlu
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Emre Karakaya
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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Morita D, Arai H, Isobe J, Maenishi E, Kumagai T, Maruyama F, Kuroda T. Whole-Genome and Plasmid Comparative Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni from Human Patients in Toyama, Japan, from 2015 to 2019. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0265922. [PMID: 36622198 PMCID: PMC9927224 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02659-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major causative agent of food poisoning, and increasing antimicrobial resistance is a concern. This study investigated 116 clinical isolates of C. jejuni from Toyama, Japan, which were isolated from 2015 to 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing were used for phenotypic and genotypic characterization to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and phylogenic linkage. The multilocus sequence typing approach identified 37 sequence types (STs) and 15 clonal complexes (CCs), including 7 novel STs, and the high frequency CCs were CC21 (27.7%), CC48 (10.9%), and CC354 (9.9%). The AMR profiles and related resistant factors were as follows: fluoroquinolones (51.7%), mutation in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDRs) (GyrA T86I); tetracyclines (27.6%), acquisition of tet(O); ampicillin (7.8%), harboring blaOXA184 or a promoter mutation in blaOXA193; aminoglycosides (1.7%), acquisition of ant(6)-Ia and aph(3')-III; chloramphenicol (0.9%), acquisition of cat. The acquired resistance genes tet(O), ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, and cat were located on pTet family plasmids. Furthermore, three pTet family plasmids formed larger plasmids that incorporated additional genes such as the type IV secretion system. Sequence type 4526 (ST4526; 10.9%), which is reported only in Japan, was the most predominant, suggesting continued prevalence. This study reveals the sequences of the pTet family plasmids harbored by C. jejuni in Japan, which had been unclear, and the acquisition of the insertion sequences in a part of the pTet family plasmids. Because pTet family plasmids can be horizontally transmitted and are a major factor in acquired resistance in Campylobacter, the risk of spreading pTet that has acquired further resistance should be considered. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is among the major causes of enteritis and diarrhea in humans in many countries. Drug-resistant Campylobacter is increasing in both developing and developed countries, and in particular, fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter was one of the species included on the priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Campylobacter drug resistance surveillance is important and has been conducted worldwide. In this study, we performed whole-genome analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from diarrhea patients at a hospital in Toyama, Japan. This revealed the continued prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni ST4526, which has been reported to be prevalent in Japan, and the acquisition of resistance and virulence factors in the pTet family plasmids. The diversity of pTet family plasmids, the major resistance transmission factor, is expected to potentially increase the risk of Campylobacter. The usefulness of whole-genome sequencing in Campylobacter surveillance was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Arai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Takanori Kumagai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Section of Microbial Genomics and Ecology, The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Teruo Kuroda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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SASAKI Y, NOZAWA-TAKEDA T, YONEMITSU K, ASAI T, ASAKURA H, NAGAI H. Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni in large-billed crows (Corvus macrorhynchos) in Tochigi prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1029-1033. [PMID: 35650120 PMCID: PMC9353090 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As free-living crows are a potential source of Campylobacter infections in broilers and cattle, we characterized Campylobacter spp. isolated from crows using multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We obtained 82 samples from 27 birds captured at seven different times using a trap set in Tochigi prefecture, Japan. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 55 (67.1%) of the 82 samples and classified into 29 sequence types, of which 21 were novel. Tetracycline and streptomycin resistance rates were 18.2% and 3.6%, respectively. These results show that most types of C. jejuni infecting crows differ from those isolated from humans, broilers, and cattle. Thus, the importance of free-living crows as reservoirs of Campylobacter infections in broilers and cattle may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa SASAKI
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu NOZAWA-TAKEDA
- Department of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Tamanoura Area Future Association, Goto City Tamanoura Branch, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenzo YONEMITSU
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo ASAI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi ASAKURA
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, the United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hidetaka NAGAI
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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Šoprek S, Duvnjak S, Kompes G, Jurinović L, Tambić Andrašević A. Resistome Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Human Stool and Primary Sterile Samples in Croatia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1410. [PMID: 35889129 PMCID: PMC9322926 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis represents a global health challenge due to continuously increasing trends of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni. C. jejuni can sometimes cause life-threatening and severe systematic infections (bacteremia, meningitis, and other extraintestinal infections) with very few antibiotics left as treatment options. Bearing in mind that C. jejuni is the predominant species in humans, in this paper, we present a study of the C. jejuni differences in antimicrobial resistance and genotype distribution between strains isolated from stool and primary sterile sites. We compared the genomic data obtained through whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic susceptibility data of C. jejuni strains. Once antimicrobial susceptibility testing of C. jejuni strains was carried out by the broth microdilution method for six of interest, results were compared to the identified genotypic determinants derived from WGS. The high rate of resistance to fluoroquinolones presented in this study is in accordance with national surveillance data. The proportion of strains with acquired resistance was 71% for ciprofloxacin and 20% for tetracycline. When invasive isolates were analysed separately, 40% exhibited MIC values of ciprofloxacin higher than the ECOFFs, suggesting a lower flouroquinolone resistance rate in invasive isolates. All isolates demonstrated wilde-type phenotype for chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and ertapenem. A special focus and review in this study was performed on a group of C.jejuni strains found in primary sterile samples. Apart from demonstrating a lower resistance rate, these isolates seem genetically more uniform, showing epidemiologically more homogenous patterns, which cluster to several clonal complexes, with CC49 being the most represented clonal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvija Šoprek
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Duvnjak
- Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnostics of Bacterial Diseases, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Kompes
- Laboratory for General Bacteriology and Mycology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Jurinović
- Laboratory for Bacteriology, Poultry Centre, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Arjana Tambić Andrašević
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Recommended Practices to Eliminate Campylobacter from Live Birds and Chicken Meat in Japan. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2021; 9:57-74. [PMID: 34631334 PMCID: PMC8472096 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.d-20-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter food poisoning
is one of the major bacterial foodborne diseases
resulting in numerous outbreaks worldwide.
Particularly in Japan, one-fourth of the total
food poisoning is caused by Campylobacter
jejuni/coli. Raw and/or undercooked
poultry meat and meat products are known as the
main cause of campylobacteriosis. Consequently,
effective and immediate actions are needed to
eliminate or at least reduce campylobacteriosis.
This study aimed at examining the Japanese food
regulation system, comparing it with those in the
USA and Australia, and making necessary
recommendations for a better control of
campylobacteriosis in Japan. The study was
conducted by a thorough investigation of published
literatures, governmental documents, statistical
and epidemiological data and public information.
The results led to recommendations that the
Japanese food regulation authority should consider
the following suggestions in order to control
campylobacteriosis: 1) assess the
Campylobacter safety at the end
of processing stage of chicken supply chain based
on risk assessment using quantitative/qualitative
baseline data collected over Japan, 2) establish a
national Campylobacter strategy,
including specific campylobacteriosis reduction
goals and criteria, and 3) provide the small food
business operators with sufficient training and
support to implement a Hazard Analysis Critical
Control Points (HACCP) as an obligatory food
safety requirement. It is acknowledged that it
would be difficult to apply foreign regulations
directly to Japanese food regulation system due to
differences in food culture, regulation, industry
structure, and data collection systems. Thus,
flexible application is required. Finding and
conducting effective
Campylobacter control measures
can decrease contaminated live birds and chicken
meat in Japan, home to a unique food culture of
eating raw and/or undercooked chicken meat called
Torisashi such as sashimi, tataki and yubiki
chicken. Consequently, potentially available
research data may be instrumental in finding
solutions for reducing campylobacteriosis.
Eliminating Campylobacter food
poisoning cases in Japan will be a significant
achievement in ensuring Japanese and global food
safety.
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7
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Rapid and simultaneous detection of fluoroquinolone- and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter jejuni/coli in retail chicken meat using CAMpylobacter Express Resistance Array (CAMERA). Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gahamanyi N, Song DG, Yoon KY, Mboera LEG, Matee MI, Mutangana D, Amachawadi RG, Komba EVG, Pan CH. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence Genes, and Genetic Diversity of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species Isolated From a Layer Poultry Farm in Korea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622275. [PMID: 33859624 PMCID: PMC8043113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter species are among the major etiologies of bacterial enteritis globally. This study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, virulence genes, and genetic diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from a layer poultry farm in South Korea. One hundred fifty-three chicken feces were collected from two layer poultry farms in Gangneung, South Korea. The Campylobacter species were isolated by cultural techniques, while PCR and sequencing were used for species confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for six antimicrobials [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), sitafloxacin (SIT), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and gentamicin (GEN)] was carried out by broth microdilution. Three AMR and nine virulence genes were screened by PCR. Genotyping was performed by flaA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Of the 153 samples, Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55 (35.9%), with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli being 49 (89.1%) and six (10.9%), respectively. High-level resistance was observed for CIP (100%), NAL (100%), and TET (C. jejuni, 93.9%; C. coli: 83.3%). No resistance was observed for SIT. The missense mutation (C257T) in gyrA gene was confirmed by sequencing, while the tet(O) gene was similar to known sequences in GenBank. The rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 8.2%, and they all belonged to C. jejuni. All Campylobacter isolates possessed five virulence genes (cdtB, cstII, flaA, cadF, and dnaJ), but none possessed ggt, while the rates for other genes (csrA, ciaB, and pldA) ranged between 33.3 and 95.9%. The flaA-RFLP yielded 26 flaA types (C. jejuni: 21 and C. coli: five), while the MLST showed 10 sequence types (STs) for C. jejuni and three STs for C. coli, with CC-607 (STs 3611) and CC-460 (ST-460) being predominant. Among the 10 STs of C. jejuni, three were newly assigned. The findings of this study highlight the increased resistance to quinolones and TET, the virulence potential, and the diverse genotypes among Campylobacter strains isolated from the layer poultry farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Gahamanyi
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Kye-Yoon Yoon
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Erick V. G. Komba
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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Frazão MR, de Souza RA, Medeiros MIC, da Silva Duque S, Cao G, Allard MW, Falcão JP. Molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni strains: comparison among four different techniques. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:519-525. [PMID: 31872391 PMCID: PMC7203312 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the ability of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), flaA small variable region (SVR) sequencing, analysis of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats locus by high resolution melting analysis (CRISPR-HRMA), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for typing 111 Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from diverse sources during 20 years in Brazil. For this, we used previous results obtained by PFGE and flaA-SVR sequencing from our research group and performed CRISPR-HRMA and MLST typing for the first time. Furthermore, the discrimination index (DI) of each method was accessed. The DI for PFGE, flaA-SVR sequencing, CRISPR-HRMA, and MLST was 0.980, 0.932, 0.868, and 0.931, respectively. By PFGE and flaA-SVR sequencing, some strains from clinical and non-clinical sources and from humans and animals presented ≥ 80% similarity. Similarly, some strains from different origins presented the same ST and CRISPR-HRMA types. In conclusion, despite the different DI values, all assays provided the same epidemiological information suggesting that a potential transmission may have occurred between C. jejuni from clinical and non-clinical sources and from animals and humans in Brazil. Furthermore it was demonstrated the suitability of PFGE that should be used preferably together with MLST and/or flaA-SVR sequencing for typing C. jejuni strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliane Rodrigues Frazão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Av. do Café, s/n°- Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Roberto Antonio de Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Av. do Café, s/n°- Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | | | - Sheila da Silva Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900 Brazil
| | - Guojie Cao
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regular Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Marc William Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regular Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Av. do Café, s/n°- Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
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10
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Hameed A, Woodacre A, Machado LR, Marsden GL. An Updated Classification System and Review of the Lipooligosaccharide Biosynthesis Gene Locus in Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:677. [PMID: 32508756 PMCID: PMC7248181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is an integral component of the Campylobacter cell membrane with a structure of core oligosaccharides forming inner and outer core regions and a lipid A moiety. The gene content of the LOS core biosynthesis cluster exhibits extensive sequence variation, which leads to the production of variable cell surface LOS structures in Campylobacter. Some LOS outer core molecules in Campylobacter jejuni are molecular mimics of host structures (such as neuronal gangliosides) and are thought to trigger neuronal disorders (particularly Guillain–Barré syndrome and Miller Fisher syndrome) in humans. The extensive genetic variation in the LOS biosynthesis gene cluster, a majority of which occurs in the LOS outer core biosynthesis gene content present between lgtF and waaV, has led to the development of a classification system with 23 classes (A–W) and four groups (1–4) for the C. jejuni LOS region. This review presents an updated and simplified classification system for LOS typing alongside an overview of the frequency of C. jejuni LOS biosynthesis genotypes and structures in various C. jejuni populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hameed
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Woodacre
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lee R Machado
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom
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11
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Shimazawa R, Ikeda M. Regulatory perspectives on next-generation sequencing and complementary diagnostics in Japan. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:601-610. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1728256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rumiko Shimazawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ikeda
- Department of Medical Informatics, Kagawa University Hospital, Takamatsu, Japan
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12
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Wieczorek K, Wołkowicz T, Osek J. MLST-based genetic relatedness of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from chickens and humans in Poland. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226238. [PMID: 31978059 PMCID: PMC6980552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most frequently reported foodborne bacterial diseases worldwide. The main transmission route of these microorganisms to humans is consumption of contaminated food, especially of chicken origin. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic relatedness of C. jejuni from chicken sources (feces, carcasses, and meat) and from humans with diarrhea as well as to subtype the isolates to gain better insight into their population structure present in Poland. C. jejuni were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequence types (STs) were assigned in the MLST database. Among 602 isolates tested, a total of 121 different STs, including 70 (57.9%) unique to the isolates' origin, and 32 STs that were not present in the MLST database were identified. The most prevalent STs were ST464 and ST257, with 58 (9.6%) and 52 (8.6%) C. jejuni isolates, respectively. Isolates with some STs (464, 6411, 257, 50) were shown to be common in chickens, whereas others (e.g. ST21 and ST572) were more often identified among human C. jejuni. It was shown that of 47 human sequence types, 26 STs (106 isolates), 23 STs (102 isolates), and 29 STs (100 isolates) were also identified in chicken feces, meat, and carcasses, respectively. These results, together with the high and similar proportional similarity indexes (PSI) calculated for C. jejuni isolated from patients and chickens, may suggest that human campylobacteriosis was associated with contaminated chicken meat or meat products or other kinds of food cross-contaminated with campylobacters of chicken origin. The frequency of various sequence types identified in the present study generally reflects of the prevalence of STs in other countries which may suggest that C. jejuni with some STs have a global distribution, while other genotypes may be more restricted to certain countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wołkowicz
- Department of Bacteriology and Biocontamination Control, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Gomes CN, Frazão MR, Passaglia J, Duque SS, Medeiros MIC, Falcão JP. Molecular Epidemiology and Resistance Profile of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Strains Isolated from Different Sources in Brazil. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:1516-1525. [PMID: 31794692 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The objectives of this study were to genotype a total of 48 Campylobacter jejuni and 39 Campylobacter coli strains isolated in Brazil from 1995 to 2016 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and to determine their resistance profile. The presence or points of mutation in the related resistance genes was verified. Results: By MLST, C. jejuni strains were typed into 36 STs and C. coli strains were typed into 27 STs. A total of 70.8% of C. jejuni and 35.9% of C. coli were resistant to at least one antimicrobial tested. The tet(O) gene was detected in 43.7% C. jejuni and in 12.8% C. coli. The ermB gene was not detected and one C. jejuni presented the mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. Besides, 58.3% C. jejuni presented the substitution T86I in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA and 15.4% C. coli presented the substitution T38I. The cmeB gene was detected in 97.9% C. jejuni and in 97.4% C. coli. Conclusion: The presence of C. jejuni and C. coli resistant to some antimicrobial agents of clinical use is of public health concern. The presence of STs shared between Brazilian strains and isolates of different countries is of concern since it might suggest a possible spread of these shared types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miliane R Frazão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Passaglia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila S Duque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana P Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yang Y, Feye KM, Shi Z, Pavlidis HO, Kogut M, J. Ashworth A, Ricke SC. A Historical Review on Antibiotic Resistance of Foodborne Campylobacter. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1509. [PMID: 31402900 PMCID: PMC6676416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported foodborne human bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Campylobacter is the etiological agent of campylobacteriosis, which is generally a self-limited illness and therefore does not require treatment. However, when patients are immunocompromised or have other co-morbidities, antimicrobial treatment may be necessary for clinical treatment of campylobacteriosis, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choices. However, the increase in antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to clinically important antibiotics may become insurmountable. Because of the transmission between poultry and humans, the poultry industry must now allocate resources to address the problem by reducing Campylobacter as well as antimicrobial use, which may reduce resistance. This review will focus on the incidence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in poultry, the clinical consequences of this resistance, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance associated with Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Michael Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amanda J. Ashworth
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit (USDA-ARS), Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, United States
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Kiatsomphob S, Taniguchi T, Tarigan E, Latt KM, Jeon B, Misawa N. Aerotolerance and multilocus sequence typing among Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from humans, broiler chickens, and cattle in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1144-1151. [PMID: 31270309 PMCID: PMC6715926 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of human gastroenteritis in Japan. As chickens and cattle are common reservoirs for C. jejuni, this microaerophilic, stress-sensitive bacterium can overcome and survive various stress conditions during zoonotic transmission, particularly foodborne, to humans. How C. jejuni overcomes stress conditions is, however, unclear. In the present study, 70 C. jejuni strains isolated from various sources (26 human, 20 broilers, and 24 cattle isolates) in Miyazaki, Japan, from 2010 to 2012, were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and aerotolerance testing (aerobic shaking at 200 rpm). The results demonstrated that C. jejuni strains from Miyazaki belonged to 12 clonal complexes (CCs) and 43 sequence types (STs). CC-21 and CC-460 were mainly detected in human clinical strains. Most tested strains were aerotolerant, and only one (1.4%) was deemed sensitive to aerobic stress. Approximately 40% strains survived the 24-hr vigorous aerobic shaking at 200 rpm, and these hyper-aerotolerant strains were more prevalent in broiler and cattle isolates than in human isolates. Phylogenetic analysis divided the strains into five clusters, each showing a different pattern of host association. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that C. jejuni strains with increased tolerance to aerobic stress are highly prevalent in broilers and cattle in Miyazaki, Japan, and that certain clonal populations are frequently implicated in human infection in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savek Kiatsomphob
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara-kiyotakecho, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Elpita Tarigan
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Khin Maung Latt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Aerts M, Battisti A, Hendriksen R, Kempf I, Teale C, Tenhagen BA, Veldman K, Wasyl D, Guerra B, Liébana E, Thomas-López D, Belœil PA. Technical specifications on harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from food-producing animals and food. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05709. [PMID: 32626332 PMCID: PMC7009308 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proposals to update the harmonised monitoring and reporting of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) from a public health perspective in Salmonella, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from food-producing animals and derived meat in the EU are presented in this report, accounting for recent trends in AMR, data collection needs and new scientific developments. Phenotypic monitoring of AMR in bacterial isolates, using microdilution methods for testing susceptibility and interpreting resistance using epidemiological cut-off values is reinforced, including further characterisation of those isolates of E. coli and Salmonella showing resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and carbapenems, as well as the specific monitoring of ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase-producing E. coli. Combinations of bacterial species, food-producing animals and meat, as well as antimicrobial panels have been reviewed and adapted, where deemed necessary. Considering differing sample sizes, numerical simulations have been performed to evaluate the related statistical power available for assessing occurrence and temporal trends in resistance, with a predetermined accuracy, to support the choice of harmonised sample size. Randomised sampling procedures, based on a generic proportionate stratified sampling process, have been reviewed and reinforced. Proposals to improve the harmonisation of monitoring of prevalence, genetic diversity and AMR in MRSA are presented. It is suggested to complement routine monitoring with specific cross-sectional surveys on MRSA in pigs and on AMR in bacteria from seafood and the environment. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of isolates obtained from the specific monitoring of ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemase-producing E. coli is strongly advocated to be implemented, on a voluntary basis, over the validity period of the next legislation, with possible mandatory implementation by the end of the period; the gene sequences encoding for ESBL/AmpC/carbapenemases being reported to EFSA. Harmonised protocols for WGS analysis/interpretation and external quality assurance programmes are planned to be provided by the EU-Reference Laboratory on AMR.
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The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05598. [PMID: 32626224 PMCID: PMC7009238 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2017, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and food were addressed, and temporal trends assessed. ‘Microbiological’ resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut‐off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, qualitative data on human isolates were interpreted in a way which corresponds closely to the ECOFF‐defined ‘microbiological’ resistance. In Salmonella from humans, as well as in Salmonella and E. coli isolates from fattening pigs and calves of less than 1 year of age, high proportions of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins was uncommon. Varying occurrence/prevalence rates of presumptive extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC producers in Salmonella and E. coli monitored in meat (pork and beef), fattening pigs and calves, and Salmonella monitored in humans, were observed between countries. Carbapenemase‐producing E. coli were detected in one single
sample from fattening pigs in one MS. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and E. coli from fattening pigs and calves and meat thereof and in Salmonella from humans. In Campylobacter from humans, high to extremely high proportions of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines, particularly in Campylobacter coli. In five countries, high to very high proportions of C. coli from humans were resistant also to erythromycin, leaving few options for treatment of severe Campylobacter infections. High resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was observed in C. coli isolates from fattening pigs, whereas much lower levels were recorded for erythromycin. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials in both human and animal isolates was generally uncommon but very high to extremely high multidrug resistance levels were observed in S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant in both humans and animals. S. Kentucky from humans exhibited high‐level resistance to ciprofloxacin, in addition to a high prevalence of ESBL.
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Yamada K, Saito R, Muto S, Sasaki M, Murakami H, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tateda K. Long-term observation of antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterisation of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in a Japanese general hospital 2000-2017. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 18:59-63. [PMID: 30753906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is one of the most common pathogens that causes gastroenteritis. Because there is currently insufficient epidemiological information about the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterisation of clinical isolates of C. jejuni in Japan, this study carried out antimicrobial susceptibility testing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of clinical C. jejuni isolates in Tokyo between 2000-2017. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin was tested using the broth microdilution method in 430 C. jejuni clinical isolates collected over 18 years, between 2000-2017, at a Tokyo general hospital. To observe the sequence type (ST) evolution, 82 isolates were chosen from three non-consecutive years (16 isolates from 2000, 25 isolates from 2008, and 41 isolates from 2017) and analysed by MLST as a molecular characterisation test. Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA and gyrB genes were identified. RESULTS The rate of resistance to erythromycin was low, but that of ciprofloxacin resistance was 34.9% in 2000-2008 and 41.9% in 2009-2017. The most common clonal complex (CC) identified during the entire period was CC21; ST4526 with ciprofloxacin resistance was highly prevalent in 2017 (6 of 11; 54.5%). CONCLUSION The results indicate that the rate of resistance to quinolone has gradually increased. Since ST4526 was not isolated in 2000 and 2008, it is likely that ST4526 is rapidly increasing in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kageto Yamada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Toho University Medical center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Saito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Muto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Medical Treatment Corporation Toshima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Toho University Medical center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hinako Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Toho University Medical center Omori Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2016. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05182. [PMID: 32625816 PMCID: PMC7009656 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The data on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2016, submitted by 28 EU Member States (MSs), were jointly analysed by the EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in bacterial isolates of zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli as well as in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from animals and food were addressed. 'Microbiological' resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values; for some countries, qualitative data on isolates from humans were interpreted in a way that corresponds closely to ECOFF-defined 'microbiological' resistance. In Salmonella from humans, the occurrence of resistance to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines was high, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was low. In Salmonella and E. coli isolates from broilers, fattening turkeys and their meat, resistance to ampicillin, (fluoro)quinolones, tetracyclines and sulfonamides was frequently high, whereas resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was rare. The occurrence of ESBL-/AmpC producers was low in Salmonella and E. coli from poultry and in Salmonella from humans. The prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli, assessed in poultry and its meat for the first time, showed marked variations among MSs. Fourteen presumptive carbapenemase-producing E. coli were detected from broilers and its meat in two MSs. Resistance to colistin was observed at low levels in Salmonella and E. coli from poultry and meat thereof and in Salmonella from humans. In Campylobacter from humans, broilers and broiler meat, resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was high to extremely high, whereas resistance to erythromycin was low to moderate. Combined resistance to critically important antimicrobials in isolates from both humans and animals was generally uncommon, but very high to extremely high multidrug resistance levels were observed in certain Salmonella serovars. Specific serovars of Salmonella (notably Kentucky) from both humans and animals exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, in addition to findings of ESBL.
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