1
|
Liu LY, He SJ, Chen Z, Ge M, Lyu CY, Gao D, Yu JP, Cai MH, Yuan JX, Zhang JL. The Role of Regulatory Cell Death in Vitiligo. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:61-73. [PMID: 38153369 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is one of the common chronic autoimmune skin diseases in clinic, which is characterized by localized or generalized depigmentation and seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. At present, the pathogenesis of vitiligo is not clear; mainly, heredity, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, melanocyte (MC) self-destruction, and the destruction, death, or dysfunction of MCs caused by various reasons are always the core of vitiligo. Regulatory cell death (RCD) is an active and orderly death mode of cells regulated by genes, which widely exists in various life activities, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. With the deepening of the research and understanding of RCD, people gradually found that there are many different forms of RCD in the lesions and perilesional skin of vitiligo patients, such as apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Different cell death modes have different mechanisms in vitiligo, and different RCDs can interact and regulate each other. In this article, the mechanism related to RCD in the pathogenesis of vitiligo is reviewed, which provides new ideas for exploring the pathogenesis and targeted treatment of vitiligo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyu-Ye Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Jia He
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Chen
- First Clinical Medical College Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ge
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yi Lyu
- First Clinical Medical College Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Peng Yu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Han Cai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiang Yuan
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandes B, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020290. [PMID: 36829566 PMCID: PMC9953601 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural colour of hair shafts is formed at the bulb of hair follicles, and it is coupled to the hair growth cycle. Three critical processes must happen for efficient pigmentation: (1) melanosome biogenesis in neural crest-derived melanocytes, (2) the biochemical synthesis of melanins (melanogenesis) inside melanosomes, and (3) the transfer of melanin granules to surrounding pre-cortical keratinocytes for their incorporation into nascent hair fibres. All these steps are under complex genetic control. The array of natural hair colour shades are ascribed to polymorphisms in several pigmentary genes. A myriad of factors acting via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms also contributes for hair colour diversity. Given the enormous social and cosmetic importance attributed to hair colour, hair dyeing is today a common practice. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of the long-term usage of such cosmetic procedures demand the development of new methods for colour change. In this context, case reports of hair lightening, darkening and repigmentation as a side-effect of the therapeutic usage of many drugs substantiate the possibility to tune hair colour by interfering with the biology of follicular pigmentary units. By scrutinizing mammalian pigmentation, this review pinpoints key targetable processes for the development of innovative cosmetics that can safely change the hair colour from the inside out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fernandes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.-P.); (T.M.); Tel.: +351-253-604-409 (A.C.-P.); +351-253-601-599 (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lehloenya RJ, Phillips EJ, Pasieka HB, Peter J. Recognizing Drug Hypersensitivity in Pigmented Skin. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2022; 42:219-238. [PMID: 35469616 PMCID: PMC9952815 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The imagery of pigmented skin is underrepresented in teaching materials such as textbooks, journals, and online references, and this has resulted in poorer diagnostic and management outcomes of skin pathology, including delayed cutaneous drug hypersensitivity reactions. In this review, we use clinical images to highlight factors that impact clinical presentations and sequelae of drug hypersensitivity reactions in pigmented skin compared with nonpigmented skin. We describe clinical features in some anatomic sites that aid diagnosis or are associated with more severe sequelae. Finally, we discuss strategies that may aid the diagnosis and management of these reactions in pigmented skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rannakoe J Lehloenya
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Dermatology ward G23, New Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Combined Drug Allergy Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Dermatology ward G23, New Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Center for Drug Safety & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helena B Pasieka
- Department of Dermatology, Uniformed Serviced University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Uniformed Serviced University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center/Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; The Burn Center, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonny Peter
- Combined Drug Allergy Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Dermatology ward G23, New Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town Lung institute, George Street, Mowbray, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Anzio Road, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee AY. Skin Pigmentation Abnormalities and Their Possible Relationship with Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073727. [PMID: 33918445 PMCID: PMC8038212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment, have been identified as involved in skin aging. Although each of these skin aging-related mechanisms are interconnected, this review examined the role of each mechanism in skin hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation to propose the possible association between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-773, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Homma T, Kageyama S, Nishikawa A, Nagata K. Anti-melanogenic activity of salacinol by inhibition of tyrosinase oligosaccharide processing. J Biochem 2021; 167:503-511. [PMID: 31883005 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation that manifests through melasma and solar lentigo (age spots), although mostly harmless for health, bothers many people. Controlling the rate-limiting activity of tyrosinase is most effective for suppressing excessive melanin formation and accordingly recent research has focused on the maturation of tyrosinase. Salacia, a medicinal plant, has been used to treat diabetes in India and Sri Lanka. Salacia extract reportedly contains components that inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase. Salacinol, the active ingredient in Salacia extract, has unique thiosugar sulphonium sulphate inner salt structure. Here, we observed that the salacinol component of Salacia extract possesses anti-melanogenic activity in comparison to various existing whitening agents. Although the anti-melanogenic mechanism of salacinol is presumably medicated by inhibition of tyrosinase activity, which is often found in existing whitening agents, salacinol did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro. Analysis of the intracellular state of tyrosinase showed a decrease in the mature tyrosinase form due to inhibition of N-linked oligosaccharide processing. Salacinol inhibited the processing glucosidase I/II, which are involved in the initial stage of N-linked glycosylation. Owing to high activity, low cytotoxicity and high hydrophilicity, salacinol is a promising candidate compound in whitening agents aimed for external application on skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Homma
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan.,Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kageyama
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Life Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Nagata
- Pharmaceutical & Healthcare Research Laboratories, FUJIFILM Inc., 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-Machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa 258-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koike S, Yamasaki K. Melanogenesis Connection with Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249769. [PMID: 33371432 PMCID: PMC7767451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermis is located in the outermost layer of the living body and is the place where external stimuli such as ultraviolet rays and microorganisms first come into contact. Melanocytes and melanin play a wide range of roles such as adsorption of metals, thermoregulation, and protection from foreign enemies by camouflage. Pigmentary disorders are observed in diseases associated with immunodeficiency such as Griscelli syndrome, indicating molecular sharing between immune systems and the machineries of pigment formation. Melanocytes express functional toll-like receptors (TLRs), and innate immune stimulation via TLRs affects melanin synthesis and melanosome transport to modulate skin pigmentation. TLR2 enhances melanogenetic gene expression to augment melanogenesis. In contrast, TLR3 increases melanosome transport to transfer to keratinocytes through Rab27A, the responsible molecule of Griscelli syndrome. TLR4 and TLR9 enhance tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis through p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NFκB signaling pathway, respectively. TLR7 suppresses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and MITF reduction leads to melanocyte apoptosis. Accumulating knowledge of the TLRs function of melanocytes has enlightened the link between melanogenesis and innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Koike
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan;
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(22)-717-7271
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murase D, Kusaka-Kikushima A, Hachiya A, Fullenkamp R, Stepp A, Imai A, Ueno M, Kawabata K, Takahashi Y, Hase T, Ohuchi A, Nakamura S, Yoshimori T. Autophagy Declines with Premature Skin Aging resulting in Dynamic Alterations in Skin Pigmentation and Epidermal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165708. [PMID: 32784909 PMCID: PMC7460956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a membrane traffic system that provides sustainable degradation of cellular components for homeostasis, and is thus considered to promote health and longevity, though its activity declines with aging. The present findings show deterioration of autophagy in association with premature skin aging. Autophagy flux was successfully determined in skin tissues, which demonstrated significantly decreased autophagy in hyperpigmented skin such as that seen in senile lentigo. Furthermore, an exacerbated decline in autophagy was confirmed in xerotic hyperpigmentation areas, accompanied by severe dehydration and a barrier defect, which showed correlations with skin physiological conditions. The enhancement of autophagy in skin ex vivo ameliorated skin integrity, including pigmentation and epidermal differentiation. The present results indicate that the restoration of autophagy can contribute to improving premature skin aging by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors via the normalization of protein homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murase
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-285-68-7637
| | - Ayumi Kusaka-Kikushima
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Akira Hachiya
- Planning and Implementation, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Rachel Fullenkamp
- Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA; (R.F.); (A.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Anita Stepp
- Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA; (R.F.); (A.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Asuka Imai
- Americas Research Laboratories, Kao USA Inc., Cincinnati, OH 45214, USA; (R.F.); (A.S.); (A.I.)
| | - Mizuki Ueno
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Keigo Kawabata
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yoshito Takahashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Odawara 250-0002, Japan; (A.K.-K.); (M.U.); (K.K.); (Y.T.)
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Core Technology Sector, Kao Corporation, Sumida 131-0044, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Ohuchi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.N.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (S.N.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gu Y, Han J, Jiang C, Zhang Y. Biomarkers, oxidative stress and autophagy in skin aging. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101036. [PMID: 32105850 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major cause of many degenerative diseases. The most intuitive consequence of aging is mainly manifested on the skin, resulting in cumulative changes in skin structure, function and appearance, such as increased wrinkles, laxity, elastosis, telangiectasia, and aberrant pigmentation of the skin. Unlike other organs of the human body, skin is not only inevitably affected by the intrinsic aging process, but also affected by various extrinsic environmental factors to accelerate aging, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Skin aging is a highly complex and not fully understood process, and the lack of universal biomarkers for the definitive detection and evaluation of aging is also a major research challenge. Oxidative stress induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to lipid, protein, nucleic acid and organelle damage, thus leading to the occurrence of cellular senescence, which is one of the core mechanisms mediating skin aging. Autophagy can maintain cellular homeostasis when faced with different stress conditions and is one of the survival mechanisms of cell resistance to intrinsic and extrinsic stress. Autophagy and aging have many features in common and may be associated with skin aging mediated by different factors. Here, we summarize the changes and biomarkers of skin aging, and discuss the effects of oxidative stress and autophagy on skin aging.
Collapse
|
9
|
The Surprising Effect of Phenformin on Cutaneous Darkening and Characterization of Its Underlying Mechanism by a Forward Chemical Genetics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041451. [PMID: 32093380 PMCID: PMC7073119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin in the epidermis is known to ultimately regulate human skin pigmentation. Recently, we exploited a phenotypic-based screening system composed of ex vivo human skin cultures to search for effective materials to regulate skin pigmentation. Since a previous study reported the potent inhibitory effect of metformin on melanogenesis, we evaluated several biguanide compounds. The unexpected effect of phenformin, once used as an oral anti-diabetic drug, on cutaneous darkening motivated us to investigate its underlying mechanism utilizing a chemical genetics approach, and especially to identify alternatives to phenformin because of its risk of severe lactic acidosis. Chemical pull-down assays with phenformin-immobilized beads were performed on lysates of human epidermal keratinocytes, and subsequent mass spectrometry identified 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7). Consistent with this, AY9944, an inhibitor of DHCR7, was found to decrease autophagic melanosome degradation in keratinocytes and to intensely darken skin in ex vivo cultures, suggesting the involvement of cholesterol biosynthesis in the metabolism of melanosomes. Thus, our results validated the combined utilization of the phenotypic screening system and chemical genetics as a new approach to develop promising materials for brightening/lightening and/or tanning technologies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Scieglinska D, Krawczyk Z, Sojka DR, Gogler-Pigłowska A. Heat shock proteins in the physiology and pathophysiology of epidermal keratinocytes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:1027-1044. [PMID: 31734893 PMCID: PMC6882751 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), a large group of highly evolutionary conserved proteins, are considered to be main elements of the cellular proteoprotection system. HSPs are encoded by genes activated during the exposure of cells to proteotoxic factors, as well as by genes that are expressed constitutively under physiological conditions. HSPs, having properties of molecular chaperones, are involved in controlling/modulation of multiple cellular and physiological processes. In the presented review, we summarize the current knowledge on HSPs in the biology of epidermis, the outer skin layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium. This tissue has a vital barrier function preventing from dehydratation due to passive diffusion of water out of the skin, and protecting from infection and other environmental insults. We focused on HSPB1 (HSP27), HSPA1 (HSP70), HSPA2, and HSPC (HSP90), because only these HSPs have been studied in the context of physiology and pathophysiology of the epidermis. The analysis of literature data shows that HSPB1 plays a role in the regulation of final steps of keratinization; HSPA1 is involved in the cytoprotection, HSPA2 contributes to the early steps of keratinocyte differentiation, while HSPC is essential in the re-epithelialization process. Since HSPs have diverse functions in various types of somatic tissues, in spite of multiple investigations, open questions still remain about detailed roles of a particular HSP isoform in the biology of epidermal keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Scieglinska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Zdzisław Krawczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Damian Robert Sojka
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gogler-Pigłowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Eckhart L, Tschachler E, Gruber F. Autophagic Control of Skin Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:143. [PMID: 31417903 PMCID: PMC6682604 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin forms the barrier to the environment. Maintenance of this barrier during aging requires orchestrated responses to variable types of stress, the continuous renewal of the epithelial compartment, and the homeostasis of long-lived cell types. Recent experimental evidence suggests that autophagy is critically involved in skin homeostasis and skin aging is associated with and partially caused by defects of autophagy. In the outer skin epithelium, autophagy is constitutively active during cornification of keratinocytes and increases the resistance to environmental stress. Experimental suppression of autophagy in the absence of stress is tolerated by the rapidly renewing epidermal epithelium, whereas long-lived skin cells such as melanocytes, Merkel cells and secretory cells of sweat glands depend on autophagy for cellular homeostasis and normal execution of their functions during aging. Yet other important roles of autophagy have been identified in the dermis where senescence of mesenchymal cells and alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are hallmarks of aging. Here, we review the evidence for cell type-specific roles of autophagy in the skin and their differential contributions to aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fürst K, Steder M, Logotheti S, Angerilli A, Spitschak A, Marquardt S, Schumacher T, Engelmann D, Herchenröder O, Rupp RAW, Pützer BM. DNp73-induced degradation of tyrosinase links depigmentation with EMT-driven melanoma progression. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:299-309. [PMID: 30445206 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis, requiring personalized management of advanced stages and establishment of molecular markers. Melanomas derive from melanocytes, which specifically express tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanin-synthesis. We demonstrate that melanomas with high levels of DNp73, a cancer-specific variant of the p53 family member p73 and driver of melanoma progression show, in contrast to their less-aggressive low-DNp73 counterparts, hypopigmentation in vivo. Mechanistically, reduced melanin-synthesis is mediated by a DNp73-activated IGF1R/PI3K/AKT axis leading to tyrosinase ER-arrest and proteasomal degradation. Tyrosinase loss triggers reactivation of the EMT signaling cascade, a mesenchymal-like cell phenotype and increased invasiveness. DNp73-induced depigmentation, Slug increase and changes in cell motility are recapitulated in neural crest-derived melanophores of Xenopus embryos, underscoring a previously unnoticed physiological role of tyrosinase as EMT inhibitor. This data provides a mechanism of hypopigmentation accompanying cancer progression, which can be exploited in precision diagnosis of patients with melanoma-associated hypopigmentation (MAH), currently seen as a favorable prognostic factor. The DNp73/IGF1R/Slug signature in colorless lesions might aid to clinically discriminate between patients with MAH-associated metastatic disease and those, where MAH is indeed a sign of regression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Fürst
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marc Steder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stella Logotheti
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessandro Angerilli
- Biomedical Center Munich, Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alf Spitschak
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Toni Schumacher
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ottmar Herchenröder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralph A W Rupp
- Biomedical Center Munich, Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Joly-Tonetti N, Wibawa JID, Bell M, Tobin DJ. An explanation for the mysterious distribution of melanin in human skin: a rare example of asymmetric (melanin) organelle distribution during mitosis of basal layer progenitor keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1115-1126. [PMID: 29956303 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is synthesized by melanocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis. When transferred to surrounding keratinocytes melanin is the key ultraviolet radiation-protective biopolymer responsible for skin pigmentation. Most melanin is observable in the proliferative basal layer of the epidermis and only sparsely distributed in the stratifying/differentiating epidermis. The latter has been explained as 'melanin degradation' in suprabasal layers. OBJECTIVES To re-evaluate the currently accepted basis for melanin distribution in human epidermis and to discover whether this pattern is altered after a regenerative stimulus. METHODS Normal epidermis of adult human skin, at rest and after tape-stripping, was analysed by a range of (immuno)histochemical and high-resolution microscopy techniques. In vitro models of melanin granule uptake by human keratinocytes were attempted. RESULTS We propose a different fate for melanin in the human epidermis. Our evidence indicates that the bulk of melanin is inherited only by the nondifferentiating daughter cell postmitosis in progenitor keratinocytes via asymmetric organelle inheritance. Moreover, this preferred pattern of melanin distribution can switch to a symmetric or equal daughter cell inheritance mode under conditions of stress, including regeneration. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary report, we provide a plausible and histologically supported explanation for how human skin pigmentation is efficiently organized in the epidermis. Steady-state epidermis pigmentation may involve much less redox-sensitive melanogenesis than previously thought, and at least some premade melanin may be available for reuse. The epidermal melanin unit may be an excellent example with which to study organelle distribution via asymmetric or symmetric inheritance in response to microenvironment and tissue demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Joly-Tonetti
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K
| | | | - M Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham, U.K
| | - D J Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Serre C, Busuttil V, Botto JM. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of human skin melanogenesis and pigmentation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:328-347. [PMID: 29752874 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In human skin, melanogenesis is a tightly regulated process. Indeed, several extracellular signals are transduced via dedicated signalling pathways and mostly converge to MITF, a transcription factor integrating upstream signalling and regulating downstream genes involved in the various inherent mechanisms modulating melanogenesis. The synthesis of melanin pigments occurs in melanocytes inside melanosomes where melanogenic enzymes (tyrosinase and related proteins) are addressed with the help of specific protein complexes. The melanosomes loaded with melanin are then transferred to keratinocytes. A more elaborate level of melanogenesis regulation comes into play via the action of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs, lncRNAs). Besides this canonical regulation, melanogenesis can also be modulated by other non-specific intrinsic pathways (hormonal environment, inflammation) and by extrinsic factors (solar irradiation such as ultraviolet irradiation, environmental pollution). We developed a bioinformatic interaction network gathering the multiple aspects of melanogenesis and skin pigmentation as a resource to better understand and study skin pigmentation biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Serre
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| | - V Busuttil
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| | - J-M Botto
- Global Skin Research Center, Ashland, 655, route du Pin Montard, Sophia Antipolis, 06904, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
耿 忆, 王 亚, 邓 蓉, 傅 楷, 邓 燕. [Shufeng Huoxue Formula suppresses proliferation and regulates melanin metabolism in murine B16 melanoma cells in vitro through autophagy pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:630-634. [PMID: 29891464 PMCID: PMC6743889 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.05.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of autophagy in the regulatory effect of Shufeng Huoxue Fumula (SFHXF) on the proliferation and melanin metabolism in cultured murine B16 melanoma cells. METHODS B16 cells were treated with solutions containing 0.12, 0.25, 0.49, 0.98, or 1.96 mg/mL SFHXF preparations, rapamycin (an autophagy inducer), or rapamycin+SFHXF. The changes in the proliferation of B16 cells were assessed using MTT assay, and tyrosinase activity and melanin content in the cells were determined. The expressions of autophagy-related proteins P62, p-mTOR, LC3B, and beclin 1 in the cells were detected using Western blotting. RESULT Compared with the blank control cells, treatments with SFHXF both in the presence and in the absence of rapamycin concentration-dependently inhibited the cell proliferation (P<0.05) and obviously increased tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16 cells (P<0.05); 0.98 mg/mL SFHLF, rapamycin+0.98 mg/mL SFHXF, and 50 nmol/L rapamycin all significantly up-regulated the expressions of LC3B-II and beclin 1 and down-regulated the expressions of P62 and p-mTOR in the cells. CONCLUSION SFHXF can regulate melanin metabolism and enhance tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis through the autophagy pathway to inhibit the proliferation of B16 cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 忆薇 耿
- />南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 亚兰 王
- />南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 蓉 邓
- />南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 楷历 傅
- />南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 燕 邓
- />南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Voegeli R, Monneuse JM, Schoop R, Summers B, Rawlings AV. The effect of photodamage on the female Caucasian facial stratum corneum corneome using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 39:637-652. [PMID: 28865110 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of photodamage on facial stratum corneum (SC) is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To describe the SC proteome from tape strippings of Caucasian SC from photoexposed cheek and photoprotected post-auricular (PA) site, a global analysis of photodamage on the skin will be developed leading to a better understanding of keratinocyte signalling pathways and identification of new molecular targets for the treatment of photoaged skin. METHODS Female Caucasian subjects had nine consecutive tape strippings taken from their cheeks and PA site. Proteins were extracted and the trypsin-digested peptides were analysed by nanochromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Data-dependent acquisition allowed protein identification that was processed by Paragon algorithm of Protein Pilot software. RESULTS Changes in the levels of epidermal differentiation proteins were apparent indicating poor epidermal differentiation and SC maturation (keratins, cornified envelope (CE) proteins) on photoexposed cheeks. Differences in protease-anti-protease balance were observed for corneodesmolysis (favouring desquamation) and filaggrinolysis (favouring reduced filaggrin processing). 12R-LOX, a CE maturation enzyme, was reduced in photodamaged skin but not transglutaminases. Changes in signal keratinocyte transduction pathway markers were demonstrated especially by reduced levels of downstream signalling markers such as calreticulin (unfolded protein response; UPR) and increased level of stratifin (target of rapamycin; mTOR). Evidence for impaired proteostasis was apparent by reduced levels of a key proteasomal subunit (subunit beta type-6). Finally, key antioxidant proteins were upregulated except catalase. CONCLUSION Clear examples of poor keratinocyte differentiation and associated metabolic and signalling pathways together with reduced SC maturation were identified in photodamaged facial SC. Corneocyte immaturity was evident with changes in CE proteins. Particularly, the reduction in 12R-LOX is a novel finding in photodamaged skin and supports the lack of SC maturation. Moreover, filaggrinolysis was reduced, whereas corneodesmolysis was enhanced. From our results, we propose that there is a poor cross-talk between the keratinocyte endoplasmic reticulum UPR, proteasome network and autophagy machinery that possibly leads to impaired keratinocyte proteostasis. Superimposed on these aberrations is an apparently enhanced mTOR pathway that also contributes to reduced SC formation and maturation. Our results clearly indicate a corneocyte scaffold disorder in photodamaged cheek SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J-M Monneuse
- Phylogene S.A., 62, Route Nationale 113, 30620, Bernis, France
| | - R Schoop
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 571, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - B Summers
- Photobiology Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi St, Medunsa 0204, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A V Rawlings
- AVR Consulting Ltd., 26 Shavington Way, Northwich, Cheshire CW9 8FH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Poletini MO, de Assis LVM, Moraes MN, Castrucci AMDL. Estradiol differently affects melanin synthesis of malignant and normal melanocytes: a relationship with clock and clock-controlled genes. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 421:29-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|