Comparison of the influence of nanomaterials on response properties of copper selective electrodes

Quantitative Electrochemical Analysis Method for Cu Impurities in Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese Cathode Materials

Lithium-ion batteries are among the most important energy-storage devices. In this regard, nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) cathodes are widely used because of their high energy density and stability. Cu on NCM can enhance the overall performance by aiding lithium-ion transport through cation mixing; however, it leads to issues, such as internal short circuits. The precipitation pH of Cu is high, making its chemical separation from the NCM challenging. Given the impacts and the challenge of separation, an accurate quantification of the residual Cu content in the NCM cathode is essential. Inductively coupled plasma methods struggle with the accurate quantification of trace impurities in NCM owing to the high contents of material elements, leading to instrument malfunction and time-consuming labor. In this study, the introduction of electrochemical methods significantly weakened the matrix effect and facilitated the pretreatment of the solution. In particular, a thin-film electrode (TFE) made of Rh allowed quantification of the Cu present in commercial NCM powder. Cyclic voltammetry and an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance were used to confirm the formation of two types of underpotential deposition (UPD) Cu on the Rh TFE. Square-wave voltammetry was used to analyze the kinetic differences in Cuupd and quantify trace amounts of Cu with high sensitivity. The results included a relative standard deviation of 2.54%, linear range of 13-450 ppb, and limit of detection of 3.9 ppb. The method was successfully applied to commercial NCM products, where the standard addition method determined Cu content in the range 40-60 ppb. This method provides standardized guidelines for both laboratory and industry for evaluating the effects of impurities across various NCM cathodes.

Ion-Selective Electrodes with Solid Contact Based on Composite Materials: A Review

Potentiometric sensors are the largest and most commonly used group of electrochemical sensors. Among them, ion-selective electrodes hold a prominent place. Since the end of the last century, their re-development has been observed, which is a consequence of the introduction of solid contact constructions, i.e., electrodes without an internal electrolyte solution. Research carried out in the field of potentiometric sensors primarily focuses on developing new variants of solid contact in order to obtain devices with better analytical parameters, and at the same time cheaper and easier to use, which has been made possible thanks to the achievements of material engineering. This paper presents an overview of new materials used as a solid contact in ion-selective electrodes over the past several years. These are primarily composite and hybrid materials that are a combination of carbon nanomaterials and polymers, as well as those obtained from carbon and polymer nanomaterials in combination with others, such as metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, ionic liquids and many others. Composite materials often have better mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical and chemical properties than the original components. With regard to their use in the construction of ion-selective electrodes, it is particularly important to increase the capacitance and surface area of the material, which makes them more effective in the process of charge transfer between the polymer membrane and the substrate material. This allows to obtain sensors with better analytical and operational parameters. Brief characteristics of electrodes with solid contact, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as research methods used to assess their parameters and analytical usefulness were presented. The work was divided into chapters according to the type of composite material, while the data in the table were arranged according to the type of ion. Selected basic analytical parameters of the obtained electrodes have been collected and summarized in order to better illustrate and compare the achievements that have been described till now in this field of analytical chemistry, which is potentiometry. This comprehensive review is a compendium of knowledge in the research area of functional composite materials and state-of-the-art SC-ISE construction technologies.

Determination of total mercury in seafood by ion-selective electrodes based on a thiol functionalized ionic liquid

A mercury(II) ion-selective electrode with an ionic liquid (IL), 1-methyl-2-butylthioimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide ([C₁C₄Sim]NTf₂) as active material was constructed. Parameters affecting the performance of the electrodes such as the dosages of the IL and carbon nanotubes and the aqueous pH values were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the optimal composition of the electrode filling material was 47.6% [C₁C₄Sim]NTf₂, 47.6% tetrabutylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide (TBPNTf₂) and 4.8% carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH). Under the selected conditions, the proposed electrodes showed a good linear response in the concentration range of 10⁻¹⁰–10⁻⁵ mol L⁻¹ and had a detection limit of 4.1 × 10⁻¹¹ mol L⁻¹. No great interference from common metal ions was found. The proposed electrodes were applied to determine Hg²⁺ in seafood samples; the results were comparable to those of the direct mercury analyzer.

Design a sensitive optical thin film sensor based on incorporation of isonicotinohydrazide derivative in sol-gel matrix for determination of trace amounts of copper (II) in fruit juice: Effect of sonication time on immobilization approach

A new selective and sensitive optical sensor based on the incorporation of new synthesized N'-(2-hydroxy-5-iodobenzylidene) isonicotinohydrazide (HIBIN) as an effective reagent into the nanoporous of a transparent glass like material through the sol-gel process was developed which was suitable for the determination of copper (II) ions in aqueous solutions. The thin film sensors were constructed by spin-coating of prepared sol onto glass plate and their surface morphology were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) technique. Influence of sonication time on immobilization of HIBIN into silica matrix was investigated through calculation of leaching percentage. The Results shown that sonication time of 35 min is suitable to give more stable thin films without fluctuation in sensitivity and response time of presented sensor for a long period of time. The proposed optical sensor can be used for determination of copper (II) ions in the range of 9.1 × 10^-8-1.12 × 10^-5 mol L^-1with a detection limit of 1.8 × 10^-8 mol L^-1. It also showed relative standard deviation 3.4 and 0.72% for reproducibility and repeatability respectively, along with a fast response time about of 2 min. The constructed optode is stable in wet conditions and could be stored for at least 6 weeks without observing any change in its sensitivity. The developed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of copper (II) in fruit juice and water samples which results were confirmed by atomic absorption spectrometry method.

Carbon dots as absorbance promoter probes for detection of Cu(ii) ions in aqueous solution: central composite design approach

In this work, the use of carbon dots (CDs) as a complexing agent and sensitizer in a polymeric matrix for determination of copper(ii) by UV-vis spectroscopy is reported for the first time.

Design of novel and modified dual optode membrane based on carbon dots for both ultratrace copper(ii) and cobalt(ii): derivative spectrophotometric and central composite design study

A selective, accurate and highly sensitive optical chemical sensor (optode) for the simultaneous determination of copper(ii) and cobalt(ii) without any prior separation or purification ion sensing was developed.

Preparation of Fe2O3-Clorprenaline/Tetraphenylborate Nanospheres and Their Application as Ion Selective Electrode for Determination of Clorprenaline in Pork

A novel modified ion selective electrode based on Fe2O3-clorprenaline/tetraphenylborate nanospheres (Fe2O3-CLPT NSs) as electroactive materials for the determination of clorprenaline hydrochloride (CLP) is described. The α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, then self-assembled on CLP/tetraphenylborate (TPB) to form Fe2O3-CLPT NSs, which were used as a potentiometric electrode for analyte determination innovatively. The Fe2O3-CLPT NSs modified electrode exhibited a wider concentration range from 1.0 × 10(-7) to 1.0 × 10(-1) mol/L and a lower detection limit of 3.7 × 10(-8) mol/L compared with unmodified electrodes. The selectivity of the modified electrode was evaluated by fixed interference method. The good performance of the modified electrode such as wide pH range (2.4-6.7), fast response time (15 s), and adequate lifetime (14 weeks) indicate the utility of the modified electrode for evaluation of CLP content in various real samples. Finally, the modified electrode was successfully employed to detect CLP in pork samples with satisfactory results. These results demonstrated the Fe2O3-CLPT NSs modified electrode to be a functional and convenient method to the field of potentiometry determination of CLP in real samples.

Nanostructured materials detect epidermal growth factor receptor, neuron specific enolase and carcinoembryonic antigen

New nanostructured materials based on thin films of Cu and Ni deposited on textile material (veil), as well as gold nanostructured microspheres were used for the design of new stochastic sensors. The stochastic sensors were able to detect simultaneously a panel of biomarkers comprising epidermal growth factor receptor, neuron specific enolase, and carcinoembryonic antigen from whole blood samples with high reliabilities - recovery tests higher than 97.00%, with a RSD (%) lower than 0.1%. The stochastic sensors had shown high sensitivities and low determination levels for the detection of the proposed panel of biomarkers making early detection of lung cancer possible by fast screening of whole blood.