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Curti C, Kirby DJ, Russell CA. Systematic screening of photopolymer resins for stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of solid oral dosage forms: Investigation of formulation factors on printability outcomes. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123862. [PMID: 38307399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical three-dimensional printing (3DP) is now in its golden age. Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the research in 3D printed pharmaceuticals due to their potential to deliver highly personalised medicines, thus revolutionising the way medicines are designed, manufactured, and dispensed. A particularly attractive 3DP technology used to manufacture medicines is stereolithography (SLA), which features key advantages in terms of printing resolution and compatibility with thermolabile drugs. Nevertheless, the enthusiasm for pharmaceutical SLA has not been followed by the introduction of novel excipients specifically designed for the fabrication of medicines; hence, the choice of biocompatible polymers and photoinitiators available is limited. This work provides an insight on how to maximise the usefulness of the limited materials available by evaluating how different formulation factors affect printability outcomes of SLA 3D printed medicines. 156 photopolymer formulations were systematically screened to evaluate the influence of factors including photoinitiator amount, photopolymer molecular size, and type and amount of liquid filler on the printability outcomes. Collectively, these factors were found highly influential in modulating the print quality of the final dosage forms. Findings provide enhanced understanding of formulation parameters informing the future of SLA 3D printed medicines and the personalised medicines revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Curti
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Daniel J Kirby
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Craig A Russell
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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2
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Inacker S, Schipplick L, Kahler P, Hampp N. Upgrading the Toolbox: Two-Photon Absorption Induced Cleavage of Coumarin Dimers for Light-Based 4D Printing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300217. [PMID: 37280769 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of light for shaping and changing matter is of high relevance in polymer and material science. Herein, a photopolymer method is presented, which comprises the combination of 3D photo-printing at 405 nm light and subsequent modification under two-photon absorption (TPA) conditions at 532 nm light, adding the fourth dimension. The TPA-triggered cycloreversion reaction of an intramolecular coumarin dimer (ICD) structure occurs within the absorbing material. The 3D-printable matrix does not show any degradation under the TPA conditions. With the presented photochemical tool of TPA processes inside absorbing 3D photo-printable matrices, new possibilities for post-printing modification, e. g. for smart materials, are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Inacker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schipplick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kahler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Wang MW, Su CK. Tuning the fabrication of knotted reactors via 3D printing techniques and materials. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341295. [PMID: 37225338 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies can customize a diverse range of devices, cross-3D printing technique/material comparisons aimed at optimizing the fabrication of analytical devices have been rare. In this study, we evaluated the surface features of the channels in knotted reactors (KRs) fabricated using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing [with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyamide, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene filaments], and digital light processing and stereolithography 3D printing with photocurable resins. Also, their ability to retain Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ions was evaluated to achieve the maximal sensitivities of these metal ions. After optimizing the techniques and materials for 3D printing of the KRs, the retention conditions, and the automatic analytical system, we observed good correlations (R > 0.9793) for the three 3D printing techniques in terms of the surface roughnesses of their channel sidewalls with respect to the signal intensities of their retained metal ions. The FDM 3D-printed PLA KR provided the best analytical performance, with the retention efficiencies of the tested metal ions all being greater than 73.9% and with the detection limits of the method ranging from 0.1 to 5.6 ng L-1. We used this analytical method to perform analyses of the tested metal ions in several reference materials (CASS-4, SLEW-3, 1643f, and 2670a). Spike analyses of complicated real samples verified the reliability and applicability of this analytical method, highlighting the possibility of tuning 3D printing techniques and materials to optimize the fabrication of mission-oriented analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Wen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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4
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Oprea S, Potolinca VO. UV protection by the inclusion of the methoxybenzophenone moieties into the backbone chain of the polyurethane structure. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
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6
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Barkane A, Platnieks O, Jurinovs M, Kasetaite S, Ostrauskaite J, Gaidukovs S, Habibi Y. UV-Light Curing of 3D Printing Inks from Vegetable Oils for Stereolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1195. [PMID: 33917193 PMCID: PMC8068002 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical resins for UV-assisted additive manufacturing (AM) are prepared from petroleum-based materials and therefore do not contribute to the growing AM industry trend of converting to sustainable bio-based materials. To satisfy society and industry's demand for sustainability, renewable feedstocks must be explored; unfortunately, there are not many options that are applicable to photopolymerization. Nevertheless, some vegetable oils can be modified to be suitable for UV-assisted AM technologies. In this work, extended study, through FTIR and photorheology measurements, of the UV-curing of epoxidized acrylate from soybean oil (AESO)-based formulations has been performed to better understand the photopolymerization process. The study demonstrates that the addition of appropriate functional comonomers like trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and the adjusting of the concentration of photoinitiator from 1% to 7% decrease the needed UV-irradiation time by up to 25%. Under optimized conditions, the optimal curing time was about 4 s, leading to a double bond conversion rate (DBC%) up to 80% and higher crosslinking density determined by the Flory-Rehner empirical approach. Thermal and mechanical properties were also investigated via TGA and DMA measurements that showed significant improvements of mechanical performances for all formulations. The properties were improved further upon the addition of the reactive diluents. After the thorough investigations, the prepared vegetable oil-based resin ink formulations containing reactive diluents were deemed suitable inks for UV-assisted AM, giving their appropriate viscosity. The validation was done by printing different objects with complex structures using a laser based stereolithography apparatus (SLA) printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Sigita Kasetaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Jolita Ostrauskaite
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, 50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (S.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (A.B.); (O.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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7
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van der Linden PJEM, Popov AM, Pontoni D. Accurate and rapid 3D printing of microfluidic devices using wavelength selection on a DLP printer. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4128-4140. [PMID: 33057528 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00767f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of microfluidics on synchrotron X-ray beamlines represents an advanced sample preparation and delivery platform for state-of-the-art X-ray characterization of micro-samples. The recent developments of 3D printing technologies have opened possibilities for rapid fabrication of complex microfluidic devices. One of the major challenges in 3D printing of microfluidic devices using a digital light processing (DLP) desktop printer is that the static liquid resin trapped in the channels, once the "ceiling" is printed, still receives small doses of light through the subsequently printed layers. This easily triggers partial polymerisation of the resin which impedes its flushing out of the channels after completion of the printing session. We show here that it is possible to gain better control over the resin polymerisation and improve the quality of the microfluidic devices by efficiently reducing the penetration depth of the UV LED light through wavelength selection combined with a careful choice of absorber and photo-initiator materials. We produced and tested several structures using a slightly modified desktop printer at 385 nm wavelength with 37 × 37 μm2 pixel resolution at a printed layer thickness of 25 μm. The structures include particle filters, mixers, droplet generators and droplet storage traps with features below 100 μm. We demonstrate crystallisation of model inorganic and organic compounds in trapped droplets and assess the feasibility of in-device X-ray diffraction experiments. This research opens the path for the use of 3D printed microfluidic devices on X-ray beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J E M van der Linden
- Partnership for Soft Condensed Matter (PSCM), ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France.
| | - Anton M Popov
- ESRF- The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Diego Pontoni
- Partnership for Soft Condensed Matter (PSCM), ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France.
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8
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Sun G, Huang Y, Li D, Fan Q, Xu J, Shao J. Blue Light Induced Photopolymerization and Cross-Linking Kinetics of Poly(acrylamide) Hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:11676-11684. [PMID: 32969661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Blue light induced photopolymerization and photo-cross-linking kinetics of acrylamide (AM), with camphorquinone/diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate (CQ/DPI) as photoinitiators, were investigated. The effects of a number of parameters, including mass fraction of CQ, DPI, and AM (wCQ, wDPI, and wAM) and light intensity (I), on photopolymerization efficiency and photogelation process were systematically studied by photo-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and photo-rheometry. Photo-DSC indicated that the maximum photopolymerization rate (Rp, max) was proportional to wCQ0.5, wDPI0.5, I0.5, and wAM, while Photo-Rheometry showed linear relationships between gel time tgel and wCQ and I, respectively, and power law relationships between tgel and wDPI and wAM, respectively. In addition, both peak cross-linking rate Rc,max, and delay time td, which were both linearly proportional to wCQ0.5, wDPI0.5, and I0.5, showed power law relationships with wAM. Furthermore, exponential patterns were observed between all these factors, wCQ, wDPI, wAM, and I and plateau modulus G'∞. Combining such correlations obtained from experimental data, an empirical model was established describing the projected mechanical properties of poly(acrylamide) hydrogels from blue light initiated photopolymerization and photo-cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yi Huang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Qinguo Fan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Shao
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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9
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Xie Z, Gao M, Lobo AO, Webster TJ. 3D Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering for Medical Applications: The Classic and the Hybrid. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1717. [PMID: 32751797 PMCID: PMC7464247 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as one of the most popular recent additive manufacturing processes, has shown strong potential for the fabrication of biostructures in the field of tissue engineering, most notably for bones, orthopedic tissues, and associated organs. Desirable biological, structural, and mechanical properties can be achieved for 3D-printed constructs with a proper selection of biomaterials and compatible bioprinting methods, possibly even while combining additive and conventional manufacturing (AM and CM) procedures. However, challenges remain in the need for improved printing resolution (especially at the nanometer level), speed, and biomaterial compatibilities, and a broader range of suitable 3D-printed materials. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the development of 3D bioprinting techniques, particularly new hybrid 3D bioprinting technologies for combining the strengths of both AM and CM, along with a comprehensive set of material selection principles, promising medical applications, and limitations and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.X.); (M.G.)
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.X.); (M.G.)
| | - Anderson O. Lobo
- LIMAV–Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, UFPI–Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, Brazil;
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.X.); (M.G.)
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10
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Nejadebrahim A, Ebrahimi M, Allonas X, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Ley C, Métral B. A new safranin based three-component photoinitiating system for high resolution and low shrinkage printed parts via digital light processing. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39709-39720. [PMID: 35541386 PMCID: PMC9076221 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing has attracted the interest of researchers in industry and academia because of its outstanding features. In this study, a new three-component photoinitiating system (PIS) consisting of safranin O (SFH+), thiol derivatives and diphenyl iodonium salt was used for the free radical photopolymerization of a diacrylate monomer (SR349) in DLP 3D printing. The photoinitiating characteristics of this PIS were evaluated and advantageously compared to those of a conventional PI (TPO) by using RT-FTIR. It is shown that the proposed PIS could be used as an efficient PIS for free radical photopolymerization. In addition, the resolution and shrinkage of printed parts in the presence of this three-component PIS were measured and compared to those printed using TPO as a photoinitiator. The resolution of printed parts was determined by using SEM and profilometry techniques. In addition, photorheometry was used to evaluate the linear shrinkage of samples. Moreover, the initiating mechanism of the three-component PIS was studied by using laser flash photolysis (LFP). A photocyclic mechanism was outlined for the three-component PIS which demonstrated this mechanism would be very beneficial for DLP 3D printing. The resolution and shrinkage of DLP 3D printed parts improve remarkably when SFH+/RSH/IOD+ is used as a photoinitiating system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Nejadebrahim
- Polymer and Color Engineering Dept., Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Ave. Tehran Iran
| | - Morteza Ebrahimi
- Polymer and Color Engineering Dept., Amirkabir University of Technology 424 Hafez Ave. Tehran Iran
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Céline Croutxé-Barghorn
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Boris Métral
- Laboratory of Molecular Photochemistry and Engineering, University of Haute Alsace 3b Rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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11
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12
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Metral B, Bischoff A, Ley C, Ibrahim A, Allonas X. Photochemical Study of a Three‐Component Photocyclic Initiating System for Free Radical Photopolymerization: Implementing a Model for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Metral
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingéniérie MacromoléculairesUniversité de Haute-Alsace 3b rue A. Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Adrien Bischoff
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingéniérie MacromoléculairesUniversité de Haute-Alsace 3b rue A. Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Christian Ley
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingéniérie MacromoléculairesUniversité de Haute-Alsace 3b rue A. Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingéniérie MacromoléculairesUniversité de Haute-Alsace 3b rue A. Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingéniérie MacromoléculairesUniversité de Haute-Alsace 3b rue A. Werner 68093 Mulhouse France
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13
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Steyrer B, Neubauer P, Liska R, Stampfl J. Visible Light Photoinitiator for 3D-Printing of Tough Methacrylate Resins. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10121445. [PMID: 29257107 PMCID: PMC5744380 DOI: 10.3390/ma10121445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithography-based additive manufacturing was introduced in the 1980s, and is still the method of choice for printing accurate plastic parts with high surface quality. Recent progress in this field has made tough photopolymer resins and cheap LED light engines available. This study presents the influence of photoinitiator selection and post-processing on the thermomechanical properties of various tough photopolymers. The influence of three photoinitiators (Ivocerin, BAPO, and TPO-L) on the double-bond conversion and mechanical properties was investigated by mid infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests. It was found that 1.18 wt % TPO-L would provide the best overall results in terms of double-bond conversion and mechanical properties. A correlation between double-bond conversion, yield strength, and glass transition temperature was found. Elongation at break remained high after post-curing at about 80-100%, and was not influenced by higher photoinitiator concentration. Finally, functional parts with 41 MPa tensile strength, 82% elongation at break, and 112 °C glass transition temperature were printed on a 405 nm DLP (digital light processing) printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Steyrer
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
| | - Philipp Neubauer
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, 1060 Wien, Austria.
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14
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Bauer J, Meza LR, Schaedler TA, Schwaiger R, Zheng X, Valdevit L. Nanolattices: An Emerging Class of Mechanical Metamaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28873250 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In 1903, Alexander Graham Bell developed a design principle to generate lightweight, mechanically robust lattice structures based on triangular cells; this has since found broad application in lightweight design. Over one hundred years later, the same principle is being used in the fabrication of nanolattice materials, namely lattice structures composed of nanoscale constituents. Taking advantage of the size-dependent properties typical of nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films, nanolattices redefine the limits of the accessible material-property space throughout different disciplines. Herein, the exceptional mechanical performance of nanolattices, including their ultrahigh strength, damage tolerance, and stiffness, are reviewed, and their potential for multifunctional applications beyond mechanics is examined. The efficient integration of architecture and size-affected properties is key to further develop nanolattices. The introduction of a hierarchical architecture is an effective tool in enhancing mechanical properties, and the eventual goal of nanolattice design may be to replicate the intricate hierarchies and functionalities observed in biological materials. Additive manufacturing and self-assembly techniques enable lattice design at the nanoscale; the scaling-up of nanolattice fabrication is currently the major challenge to their widespread use in technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bauer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Lucas R Meza
- Engineering Department, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | | | - Ruth Schwaiger
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lorenzo Valdevit
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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15
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Nikafshar S, Zabihi O, Ahmadi M, Mirmohseni A, Taseidifar M, Naebe M. The Effects of UV Light on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of a Transparent Epoxy-Diamine System in the Presence of an Organic UV Absorber. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020180. [PMID: 28772538 PMCID: PMC5459211 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite several excellent properties including low shrinkage, good chemical resistance, curable at low temperatures and the absence of byproducts or volatiles, epoxy resins are susceptible to ultra violet (UV) damage and their durability is reduced substantially when exposed to outdoor environments. To overcome this drawback, UV absorbers have been usually used to decrease the rate of UV degradation. In this present study, the effects of UV light on the chemical, mechanical and physical properties of cured epoxy structure, as well as the effect of an organic UV absorber, Tinuvin 1130, on the epoxy properties were investigated. Chemical changes in a cured epoxy system as a result of the presence and absence of Tinuvin 1130 were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. The effect of Tinuvin 1130 on the surface morphology of the epoxy systems was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Additionally, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) before and during UV radiation were measured. After an 800 h UV radiation, mechanical test results revealed that the lack of the UV absorber can lead to a ~30% reduction in tensile strength. However, in the presence of Tinuvin 1130, the tensile strength was reduced only by ~11%. It was hypothesized that the use of Tinuvin 1130, as an organic UV absorber in the epoxy-amine system, could decrease the undesirable effects, arising from exposure to UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Nikafshar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran.
| | - Omid Zabihi
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156/83111, Iran.
| | - Abdolreza Mirmohseni
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Taseidifar
- School of Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, UNSW, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia.
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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