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Zhang Y, Wang F, Zhang W, Ren S, Hou Y, Wu W. High-Selectivity Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Recyclable Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301774. [PMID: 38197219 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is an environmentally and economically beneficial process. In this study, a method has been developed for recovering LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2. Our process operates under mild conditions and with a little oxalic acid as a reducing agent, dissolving lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel completely utilizing a DES that is composed of tetrabutylammonium chloride and of monochloroacetic acid. Lithium and nickel were selectively precipitated using oxalic acid. Cobalt and manganese were precipitated as oxalates by adding an oxalic acid aqueous solution. Finally, the DES can be regenerated by evaporating the water. Importantly, valuable metals can be recovered with a 100 % yield through the process of DES recycling. This environmentally friendly and recyclable process is suitable for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuhang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yucui Hou
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Taiyuan Normal University, Shanxi, 030619, China
| | - Weize Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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2
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Fu Y, Dong X, Ebin B. Resource Recovery of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials by a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide System. Molecules 2024; 29:1638. [PMID: 38611917 PMCID: PMC11013235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing global market size of high-energy storage devices due to the boom in electric vehicles and portable electronics has caused the battery industry to produce a lot of waste lithium-ion batteries. The liberation and de-agglomeration of cathode material are the necessary procedures to improve the recycling derived from spent lithium-ion batteries, as well as enabling the direct recycling pathway. In this study, the supercritical (SC) CO2 was innovatively adapted to enable the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on facilitating the interaction with a binder and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) co-solvent. The results show that the optimum experimental conditions to liberate the cathode particles are processing at a temperature of 70 °C and 80 bar pressure for a duration of 20 min. During the treatment, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was dissolved in the SC fluid system and collected in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), as detected by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR). The liberation yield of the cathode from the current collector reaches 96.7% under optimal conditions and thus, the cathode particles are dispersed into smaller fragments. Afterwards, PVDF can be precipitated and reused. In addition, there is no hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas emission due to binder decomposition in the suggested process. The proposed SC-CO2 and co-solvent system effectively separate the PVDF from Li-ion battery electrodes. Thus, this approach is promising as an alternative pre-treatment method due to its efficiency, relatively low energy consumption, and environmental benign features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Fu
- School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Ministry of Education, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xianshu Dong
- School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
| | - Burçak Ebin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Material Recycling, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Liu Z, Liao X, Zhang Y, Li S, Ye M, Gan Q, Fang X, Mo Z, Huang Y, Liang Z, Dai W, Sun S. A highly efficient process to enhance the bioleaching of spent lithium-ion batteries by bifunctional pyrite combined with elemental sulfur. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119954. [PMID: 38169252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioleaching technologies have been shown to be an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial tool for extracting metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, conventional bioleaching methods have exhibited low efficiency in recovering metals from spent LIBs. Therefore, relied on the sustainability principle of using waste to treat waste, this study employed pyrite (FeS2) as an energy substance with reducing properties and investigated its effects in combination with elemental sulfur (S0) or FeSO4 on metals bioleaching from spent LIBs. Results demonstrated that the bioleaching efficiency was significantly higher in the leaching system constructed with FeS2 + S0, than in the FeS2 + FeSO4 or FeS2 system. When the pulp densities of FeS2, S0 and spent LIBs were 10 g L-1, 5 g L-1 and 10 g L-1, respectively, the leaching efficiency of Li, Ni, Co and Mn all reached 100%. Mechanistic analysis reveals that in the FeS2 + S0 system, the activity and acid-producing capabilities of iron-sulfur oxidizing bacteria were enhanced, promoting the generation of Fe (Ⅱ) and reducible sulfur compounds. Simultaneously, bio-acids were shown to disrupt the structure of the LIBs, thereby increasing the contact area between Fe (Ⅱ) and sulfur compounds containing high-valence metals. This effectively promoted the reduction of high-valence metals, thereby enhancing their leaching efficiency. Overall, the FeS2 + S0 bioleaching process constructed in this study, improved the leaching efficiency of LIBs while also effectively utilizing waste, providing technical support for the comprehensive and sustainable management of solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojian Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuman Zhang
- School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shoupeng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maoyou Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Qiaowei Gan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaodi Fang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhihua Mo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenyun Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wencan Dai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shuiyu Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan 528216, China.
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4
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Milian YE, Jamett N, Cruz C, Herrera-León S, Chacana-Olivares J. A comprehensive review of emerging technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168543. [PMID: 37984661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Along with the increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), the need for recycling major components such as graphite and different critical materials contained in LIB is also reaching a peak in the research community. Several authors review the different LIB recycling methodologies, including pyro- and hydrometallurgy processes. However, the characteristics, main stages, and achievements of LIB emerging recycling are still missing. This study reviews the diverse emerging approaches for recycling critical materials from spent LIB in the last five years. A classification for emerging recycling technologies is provided, including terms like development stage and eco-friendly status. The main stages of recycling LIB are opening, phase separation, and materials recovery. Among the emerging proposals with the highest industrialization potential are direct recycling techniques due to low costs and simple procedures. Concerning phase separation, froth flotation and ultrasound-assisted methods are discussed. The former divides black mass into pure anodic and cathodic materials, while ultrasonication is employed to physically detach active materials from foils or enhance binder degradation. As to materials recovery, several recent approaches show high recovery efficiency for different elements, mainly in leaching. The use of new organic acids, deep eutectic acids, and some salts are worth noting as leaching agents due to their low environmental impact. In addition, leaching methods assisted by ultrasound and microwave irradiation increase valuable metal recovery, reducing time consumption and the number of leaching reactants. As a part of the hydrometallurgy process, metallic ion purification is performed by solvent extraction and ion exchange, while selective precipitation can be achieved by specific chemical agents or electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanio E Milian
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Nathalie Jamett
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Cruz
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Sebastián Herrera-León
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; School of Engineering Science, LUT University, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Jaime Chacana-Olivares
- Centro Lithium I+D+i, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, 1270709 Antofagasta, Chile
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Wei N, He Y, Zhang G, Feng Y, Li J, Lu Q, Fu Y. Recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by self-supplied reductant roasting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117107. [PMID: 36566732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The massive spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) need to be recycled due to their increasing decommission in recent years. This paper aims to propose an effective process that uses self-supplied reductant roasting and acid leaching to recover Lithium, Nickle, Cobalt and Manganese from spent LIBs. In the absence of external carbon resources, the waste membrane from spent LIBs was used as the reductant in the self-supplied reductant roasting. A thermodynamic analysis was conducted to judge the possible reduction reaction between the cathode material and waste membrane. Then, the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time and membrane dosage on the crystal structure and phase transformation of roasting products were investigated and optimized. After the roasting process, the valence state of metals in the cathode material decreased and the structure became loose and porous. Moreover, the layer structure of the cathode material was transformed into groups of Li2CO3, Ni, Co, NiO, CoO and MnO. Further, the reduction effect of cathode powders under each roasting condition was verified under the same leaching conditions. After leaching for 30 min, the leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co and Mn were over 99% under the optimum roasting conditions. Finally, economic assessments proved that the proposed process is profitable. The whole process demonstrates an effective and positive way for recycling spent LIBs and making full use of their waste membrane, which promotes resource recovery and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining &Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Qichang Lu
- Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Yuanpeng Fu
- Taiyuan University of Technology, School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
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6
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Seif R, Salem FZ, Allam NK. E-waste recycled materials as efficient catalysts for renewable energy technologies and better environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2023:1-36. [PMID: 36691418 PMCID: PMC9848041 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-02925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waste from electrical and electronic equipment exponentially increased due to the innovation and the ever-increasing demand for electronic products in our life. The quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) produced are expected to reach 44.4 million metric tons over the next five years. Consequently, the global market for electronics recycling is expected to reach $65.8 billion by 2026. However, electronic waste management in developing countries is not appropriately handled, as only 17.4% has been collected and recycled. The inadequate electronic waste treatment causes significant environmental and health issues and a systematic depletion of natural resources in secondary material recycling and extracting valuable materials. Electronic waste contains numerous valuable materials that can be recovered and reused to create renewable energy technologies to overcome the shortage of raw materials and the adverse effects of using non-renewable energy resources. Several approaches were devoted to mitigate the impact of climate change. The cooperate social responsibilities supported integrating informal collection and recycling agencies into a well-structured management program. Moreover, the emission reductions resulting from recycling and proper management systems significantly impact climate change solutions. This emission reduction will create a channel in carbon market mechanisms by trading the CO2 emission reductions. This review provides an up-to-date overview and discussion of the different categories of electronic waste, the recycling methods, and the use of high recycled value-added (HAV) materials from various e-waste components in green renewable energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Seif
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Fatma Zakaria Salem
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Nageh K. Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835 Egypt
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7
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Chaudhary V, Lakhera P, Kim KH, Deep A, Kumar P. Insights into the Eco-Friendly Recovery Process for Valuable Metals from Waste Lithium-ion Batteries by Organic Acids Leaching. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2164650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chaudhary
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Research & development, Exigo Recycling Pvt. Ltd, 201301, Noida, India
| | - Praveen Lakhera
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 04763, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Akash Deep
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Materials Science & Sensor Applications (MSSA), Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Sector 30 C, 160030, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Research & development, Exigo Recycling Pvt. Ltd, 201301, Noida, India
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8
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Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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Chen X, Li S, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Tan X, Han W, Wang S. Recycling of LiFePO 4 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction and lithium compensation. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 136:67-75. [PMID: 34637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient exfoliation of cathode materials from current collectors for their direct regeneration is the typical bottleneck during spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) recycling due to the strong adhesion of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) binders. Ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction was innovatively applied for the selective removal of PVDF binders to recover cathode materials of LiFePO4 from current collectors and the recovered LiFePO4 was regenerated through lithium compensation, targeting for the in-situ recycling of cathode materials from spent LIBs. Experimental results suggest that the PVDF binders were adequately degraded by hydroxyl radical (·OH) generated from Fenton's reagent with reinforcement of ultrasound, and about 97% cathode materials can be scrubbed from Al foils under optimized conditions. Detailed analytical results support that the cathode materials peeled off from current collectors are free from contamination of effluent, and the recovered LiFePO4 can be directly re-fabricated as new cathode materials through lithium compensation with little reduction of electrochemical performances. And the tentative mechanism investigation for pathway of ·OH generation and chemical reactions indicates that ·OH generated from Fenton's reagent with the reinforcement of ultrasound can effectively degrade PVDF binders. This work can be a green and efficient candidate for the in-situ recycling of cathode materials of LiFePO4 from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, PR China.
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710021, PR China
| | - Youzhou Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410083, PR China
| | - Xiao Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Weijiang Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Shubin Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), Guangzhou 510655, PR China
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10
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Hu Z, Zhu N, Wei X, Zhang S, Li F, Wu P, Chen Y. Efficient separation of aluminum foil from mixed-type spent lithium-ion power batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113500. [PMID: 34388548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of spent lithium-ion power batteries (LIBs) has become an important research topic owing to the booming market for electric vehicles. However, the recovery efficiency of the alkaline solution and organic solvent methods currently used to separate Al foil from cathode materials still has room for improvement. The insufficient separation of Al foil and complexity of the battery types present obstacles to the extraction of valuable metals using simple processes. In this study, an efficient approach is developed to separate the Al foil in mixed-type spent LIBs (M-LIBs), namely, LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM), LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2O4 (LMO) LIBs, by controlled pyrolysis. Hundred percent of the Al foil was recovered at the temperature of 450 °C, holding time of 60 min, and heating rate of 10 °C/min. The purity of Al in the recovered foil was 99.41 %, 99.83 % and 99.92 %, and the recovery efficiency of the active cathode materials was 96.01 %, 99.80 % and 99.15 % for NCM, LFP and LMO, respectively, without the loss of active cathode materials. The obtained active cathode materials exhibited a favorable crystalline structure, and the average particle diameter was reduced from 300.497 to 24.316 μm with a smaller and looser morphology. The process could be well fitted with the Friedman differential equation, and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99. The efficient separation could be attributed to the complete rupture of long chain -(CH2CF2)-n bonds in the poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binder, which resulted in the formation of HF, trifluorobenzene, alkanes, and gaseous single molecule CH2CF2. Therefore, this work potentially provides an alternative approach for the efficient separation of Al foil in M-LIBs, thereby simplifying the process and achieving lower cost, reduced loss of valuable metals, and higher recovery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Sihai Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Yi C, Zhou L, Wu X, Sun W, Yi L, Yang Y. Technology for recycling and regenerating graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Xu M, Kang S, Jiang F, Yan X, Zhu Z, Zhao Q, Teng Y, Wang Y. A process of leaching recovery for cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by citric acid and salicylic acid. RSC Adv 2021; 11:27689-27700. [PMID: 35480651 PMCID: PMC9037909 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great economic and environmental value in recovering valuable metal ions from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A novel method that employs organic acid recovery using citric acid and salicylic acid was used to enhance the leaching of metal ions from the cathode materials of spent LIBs. The effects of the acid concentration, reducing agent content, solid to liquid (S : L) ratio, temperature, and leaching time were systematically analyzed and the optimal acid leaching process condition was determined through the results. The kinetics of the leaching process with different temperatures was analyzed to explore and verify the relationship between the leaching mechanism and temperature. The results of TG/DSC analysis showed that the optimum calcination temperature was 500 °C for 1 h and 600 °C for 3 h. The XRD and micromorphology analysis results showed that cathode material powders without impurities were obtained after pretreatment. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimal leaching efficiencies of the metals ions were 99.5% Co and 97% Li and the optimal corresponding condition was 1.5 M citric acid, 0.2 M salicylic acid, a 15 g L−1 S : L ratio, 6 vol% H2O2, 90 °C, and 90 min. Afterward, the infrared tests and SEM morphologies results indicated that only salicylic acid was present in the residue after filtration because of the microsolubility of the salicylic acid. Finally, it was obvious that the temperature had a great influence on the leaching process as observed through the kinetics and thermodynamics analyses, while the Ea values for Co and Li were obtained as 37.96 kJ mol−1 and 25.82 kJ mol−1 through the kinetics model. The whole process was found to be efficient and reasonable for recovering valuable metals from the industrial electrodes of spent LIBs. A new mixed organic acid of citric acid and salicylic acid is proposed to recover valuable Co and Li ions from spent LIBs. Under the optimum leaching conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Co and Li ions can reach 99.5% and 97%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Shumei Kang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xinyong Yan
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Zhongbo Zhu
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Qingping Zhao
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Yingxue Teng
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
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Duan L, Cui Y, Li Q, Wang J, Man C, Wang X. Recycling and Direct-Regeneration of Cathode Materials from Spent Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries by Hydrometallurgy: Status Quo and Recent Developments : Economic recovery methods for lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1595/205651320x15899814766688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cathodes of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rich in nonferrous metals, such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese, which are important strategic raw materials and also potential sources of environmental pollution. Finding ways to extract these valuable metals cleanly
and efficiently from spent cathodes is of great significance for sustainable development of the LIBs industry. In the light of low energy consumption, ‘green’ processing and high recovery efficiency, this paper provides an overview of different recovery technologies to recycle
valuable metals from cathode materials of spent ternary LIBs. Development trends and application prospects for different recovery strategies for cathode materials from spent ternary LIBs are also predicted. We conclude that a highly economic recovery system: alkaline solution dissolution/calcination
pretreatment → H2SO4 leaching → H2O2 reduction → coprecipitation regeneration of nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) will become the dominant stream for recycling retired NCM batteries. Furthermore, emerging advanced technologies, such as
deep eutectic solvents (DESs) extraction and one‐step direct regeneration/recovery of NCM cathode materials are preferred methods to substitute conventional regeneration systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Duan
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Yaru Cui
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Juan Wang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
| | - Chonghao Man
- Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Xinyao Wang
- School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710055 China
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14
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Recovery of metals from electroactive components of spent Li-ion batteries after leaching with formic acid. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Li J, He Y, Fu Y, Xie W, Feng Y, Alejandro K. Hydrometallurgical enhanced liberation and recovery of anode material from spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 126:517-526. [PMID: 33839403 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The efficient recycling of spent anode material (SAM) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is generally critical in terms of electronic waste recyclingas well as increasing resource shortage and environmental problems. This research reported a novel and green method to recycle lithium, copper foil, and graphite from SAM by water leaching treatment. The results indicated that 100% of graphite was exfoliated from the anode material and 92.82% leaching efficiency of lithium was obtained under the optimal conditions of 80 °C, 60 g/L, 300 rpm, and 60 min, respectively. This finding revealed that the SAM got a full liberation characteristic due to the removal of binder, which produced an ideal leaching lithium efficiency rivaling the acids' performance. The mechanism of the liberation of SAM and lithium leaching is presented based on the analysis of results. The graphite was purified and recovered after water leaching treatment. Besides, lithium was recovered in the form of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and the copper foil was recovered in a sheet. This study endeavors to develop an economical and environmentally feasible plan to recycle graphite, copper, and lithium from SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yaqun He
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weining Xie
- Advanced Analysis and Computation Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kevin Alejandro
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Chen X, Kang D, Li J, Zhou T, Ma H. Gradient and facile extraction of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries for new cathode materials re-fabrication. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121887. [PMID: 31843403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable recycling value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been supposed to be a promising alternative to alleviate the current environmental and resource issues. Reduced reagents consumption and closed-loop reutilization are still challenging in current prevailing recycling processes. This study proposed a novel recycling strategy involved with gradient extraction of valuable metals and closed-loop re-fabrication of cathode materials. Lithium was selectively recovered as lithium enriched lixivium in mild tartaric acidic medium with a high yield of 99.7 % and little co-extraction of transition metals (Ni, Co and Mn) under optimized leaching conditions. Then transition metals enriched residues can be completely dissolved in facile sulfuric acidic medium without the contamination of Li. Li2CO3 and ternary precursors were recovered from Li enriched lixivium and transition metal enriched lixivium, respectively. Finally, cathode materials of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 are refabricated using obtained products to close the recycling loop. It can be concluded that it is possible for the gradient recycling of Li and transition metals based on their inherent properties with minimized consumption of acids under facile leaching conditions, which can also facilitate metals separation process for closed-looped re-fabrication of new cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Duozhi Kang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Hongrui Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Wang W, Fang Q, Xu S. Improved recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by efficient reduction roasting and facile acid leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 102:847-855. [PMID: 31835062 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A combined process was investigated to recover valuable metals from LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries. In this approach, the cathode materials were first roasted with graphite which recycled from anode materials, and then conducted to a reductant-free sulfuric acid leaching for efficient recovery of valuable metals. The reduction roasting was meticulously investigated to control the composition of roasted products, and the physicochemical changes of the cathode materials in the reduction thermal treatment was studied by XRD, TGA, XPS, SEM and EDS analyses. The experimental results show that under the optimum processing conditions of 600 °C, 3 h, and mass ratio of cathode materials to anode graphite of 6:1, the mixed electrode materials can be transformed into the desired phase of CoO, NiO, MnO and Li2CO3 primarily. Being different from obtaining Co and Ni metallic phase in reduction roasting, producing CoO and NiO benefit to a lower energy consumption, no H2 emission in the leaching process, and more facile conditions for complete leaching. More than 99% of Ni, Co and Li were extracted, and more than 97% of Mn was leached without adding reductant under the optimum conditions: 1.05 times of theoretical H2SO4 consumption, and L/S = 6 ml·g-1 at 85 °C for 1 h. This promising process can not only make efficient use of waste anode graphite, save energy consumption, but also avoid generation of massive H2 in the subsequent facile leaching of valuable metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Xiamen Tungsten Corporation, Ltd., Xiamen 361009, China.
| | - Shengming Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab of Fine Ceramics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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