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Kim B, Kumar S, Chon B, Son HJ, Kang SO, Seo S. Facile microfluidic synthesis of monodispersed size-controllable quantum dot (QD) microbeads using custom developed QD photoresist. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17473-17481. [PMID: 37861429 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent microbeads (MBs) are widely used as next-generation biosensors for the detection of target chemicals at highly sensitive concentrations, and for imaging and tracking in vitro and in vivo. However, most known methods for producing fluorescent MBs require complicated multistep processes that result in low production rates. In this study, we report a method for fabricating micrometer-sized quantum dot microbeads (QD-MBs) using a microfluidic chip and specially designed QD photoresist (QD-PR). This on-demand lab-on-a-chip method yielded monodispersed QD-MBs ranging from 1.89 to 33 μm with a coefficient of variation of less than 10%. The size distribution of the fabricated QD-MBs was Gaussian with a peak around the mean diameter and a spread of sizes around the peak. Compared with nanoscale QDs, the fabricated QD-MBs showed no emission loss. The full-width at half-maximum of the emission peak of the QD-MBs was smaller than that of the colloidal QDs, indicating a more uniform distribution and a higher density of QDs within the MB structure. In addition, we investigated the microfluidic flow regime that yielded the most uniform and controllable QD-MB. The MBs in the dripping regime were spherical and monodisperse, with an excellent particle size distribution. In this study, we present a simple and effective strategy for producing QD-MBs with controllable sizes, which can be crucial in diverse fields such as biosensing, drug delivery, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongseok Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Samir Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bumsoo Chon
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Son
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ook Kang
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyu Seo
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Park SM, Jun BH. Synthesis and Applications of Optical Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:297. [PMID: 36678049 PMCID: PMC9862482 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As optical materials have shown outstanding physical and chemical characteristics in the bio, medical, electronics, energy and related fields of studies, the potential benefits of using these materials have been widely recognized [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Park
- Department of Urology, Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Yuan H, Chen P, Wan C, Li Y, Liu BF. Merging microfluidics with luminescence immunoassays for urgent point-of-care diagnostics of COVID-19. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116814. [PMID: 36373139 PMCID: PMC9637550 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has urged the establishment of a global-wide rapid diagnostic system. Current widely-used tests for COVID-19 include nucleic acid assays, immunoassays, and radiological imaging. Immunoassays play an irreplaceable role in rapidly diagnosing COVID-19 and monitoring the patients for the assessment of their severity, risks of the immune storm, and prediction of treatment outcomes. Despite of the enormous needs for immunoassays, the widespread use of traditional immunoassay platforms is still limited by high cost and low automation, which are currently not suitable for point-of-care tests (POCTs). Microfluidic chips with the features of low consumption, high throughput, and integration, provide the potential to enable immunoassays for POCTs, especially in remote areas. Meanwhile, luminescence detection can be merged with immunoassays on microfluidic platforms for their good performance in quantification, sensitivity, and specificity. This review introduces both homogenous and heterogenous luminescence immunoassays with various microfluidic platforms. We also summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the categorized methods, highlighting their recent typical progress. Additionally, different microfluidic platforms are described for comparison. The latest advances in combining luminescence immunoassays with microfluidic platforms for POCTs of COVID-19 are further explained with antigens, antibodies, and related cytokines. Finally, challenges and future perspectives were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yuan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Wan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Ham KM, Kim M, Bock S, Kim J, Kim W, Jung HS, An J, Song H, Kim JW, Kim HM, Rho WY, Lee SH, Park SM, Kim DE, Jun BH. Highly Bright Silica-Coated InP/ZnS Quantum Dot-Embedded Silica Nanoparticles as Biocompatible Nanoprobes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810977. [PMID: 36142888 PMCID: PMC9502493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have outstanding optical properties such as strong fluorescence, excellent photostability, broad absorption spectra, and narrow emission bands, which make them useful for bioimaging. However, cadmium (Cd)-based QDs, which have been widely studied, have potential toxicity problems. Cd-free QDs have also been studied, but their weak photoluminescence (PL) intensity makes their practical use in bioimaging challenging. In this study, Cd-free QD nanoprobes for bioimaging were fabricated by densely embedding multiple indium phosphide/zinc sulfide (InP/ZnS) QDs onto silica templates and coating them with a silica shell. The fabricated silica-coated InP/ZnS QD-embedded silica nanoparticles (SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs) exhibited hydrophilic properties because of the surface silica shell. The quantum yield (QY), maximum emission peak wavelength, and full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of the final fabricated SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs were 6.61%, 527.01 nm, and 44.62 nm, respectively. Moreover, the brightness of the particles could be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of InP/ZnS QDs in the SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs. When SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs were administered to tumor syngeneic mice, the fluorescence signal was prominently detected in the tumor because of the preferential distribution of the SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs, demonstrating their applicability in bioimaging with NPs. Thus, SiO2@InP QDs@SiO2 NPs have the potential to successfully replace Cd-based QDs as highly bright and biocompatible fluorescent nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Min Ham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Minhee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sungje Bock
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Wooyeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Jaehyun An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Company of BioSquare, Hwaseong 18449, Korea
| | | | | | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- AI-Superconvergence KIURI Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Seung-min Park
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-E.K.); (B.-H.J.)
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-E.K.); (B.-H.J.)
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Seder I, Jo A, Jun BH, Kim SJ. Movable Layer Device for Rapid Detection of Influenza a H1N1 Virus Using Highly Bright Multi-Quantum Dot-Embedded Particles and Magnetic Beads. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:284. [PMID: 35055303 PMCID: PMC8778663 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Preventing the rapid spread of viral infectious diseases has become a major concern for global health. In this study, we present a microfluidic platform that performs an immunoassay of viral antigens in a simple, automated, yet highly sensitive manner. The device uses silica particles embedded with highly bright quantum dots (QD2) and performs the immunoassay with a vertically movable top layer and a rotating bottom layer. Through the motion of the layers and the surface tension in the liquids, reagents move from top chambers to bottom chambers and mix homogeneously. A tip in the top layer with a mobile permanent magnet moves the immune complexes comprising the magnetic beads, virus particles, and QD2 between the bottom chambers. In this way, our automated device achieves a highly sensitive magnetic bead-based sandwich immunoassay for the influenza A H1N1 virus within 32.5 min. The detection limit of our method is 5.1 × 10-4 hemagglutination units, which is 2 × 103 times more sensitive than that of the conventional hemagglutination method and is comparable to PCR. Our device is useful for the rapid and sensitive detection of infectious diseases in point-of-care applications and resource-limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Seder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ahla Jo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
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Pham XH, Park SM, Ham KM, Kyeong S, Son BS, Kim J, Hahm E, Kim YH, Bock S, Kim W, Jung S, Oh S, Lee SH, Hwang DW, Jun BH. Synthesis and Application of Silica-Coated Quantum Dots in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10116. [PMID: 34576279 PMCID: PMC8468474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles with outstanding optoelectronic properties. More specifically, QDs are highly bright and exhibit wide absorption spectra, narrow light bands, and excellent photovoltaic stability, which make them useful in bioscience and medicine, particularly for sensing, optical imaging, cell separation, and diagnosis. In general, QDs are stabilized using a hydrophobic ligand during synthesis, and thus their hydrophobic surfaces must undergo hydrophilic modification if the QDs are to be used in bioapplications. Silica-coating is one of the most effective methods for overcoming the disadvantages of QDs, owing to silica's physicochemical stability, nontoxicity, and excellent bioavailability. This review highlights recent progress in the design, preparation, and application of silica-coated QDs and presents an overview of the major challenges and prospects of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Seung-Min Park
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Kyeong-Min Ham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - San Kyeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Byung Sung Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Eunil Hahm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Yoon-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sungje Bock
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Wooyeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Seunho Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- THERABEST, Co., Ltd., Seocho-daero 40-gil, Seoul 06657, Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
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Seifi T, Reza Kamali A. Antiviral performance of graphene-based materials with emphasis on COVID-19: A review. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 11:100099. [PMID: 34056572 PMCID: PMC8151376 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 has been one of the most challenging global epidemics of modern times with a large number of casualties combined with economic hardships across the world. Considering that there is still no definitive cure for the recent viral crisis, this article provides a review of nanomaterials with antiviral activity, with an emphasis on graphene and its derivatives, including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots. The possible interactions between surfaces of such nanostructured materials with coronaviruses are discussed. The antiviral mechanisms of graphene materials can be related to events such as the inactivation of virus and/or the host cell receptor, electrostatic trapping and physico-chemical destruction of viral species. These effects can be enhanced by functionalization and/or decoration of carbons with species that enhances graphene-virus interactions. The low-cost and large-scale preparation of graphene materials with enhanced antiviral performances is an interesting research direction to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Seifi
- Energy and Environmental Materials Research Centre (E2MC), School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Ali Reza Kamali
- Energy and Environmental Materials Research Centre (E2MC), School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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Kim HM, Oh C, An J, Baek S, Bock S, Kim J, Jung HS, Song H, Kim JW, Jo A, Kim DE, Rho WY, Jang JY, Cheon GJ, Im HJ, Jun BH. Multi-Quantum Dots-Embedded Silica-Encapsulated Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Highly Sensitive Exosome Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030768. [PMID: 33803623 PMCID: PMC8002883 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are attracting attention as new biomarkers for monitoring the diagnosis and prognosis of certain diseases. Colorimetric-based lateral-flow assays have been previously used to detect exosomes, but these have the disadvantage of a high limit of detection. Here, we introduce a new technique to improve exosome detection. In our approach, highly bright multi-quantum dots embedded in silica-encapsulated nanoparticles (M–QD–SNs), which have uniform size and are brighter than single quantum dots, were applied to the lateral flow immunoassay method to sensitively detect exosomes. Anti-CD63 antibodies were introduced on the surface of the M–QD–SNs, and a lateral flow immunoassay with the M–QD–SNs was conducted to detect human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) exosomes. Exosome samples included a wide range of concentrations from 100 to 1000 exosomes/µL, and the detection limit of our newly designed system was 117.94 exosome/μL, which was 11 times lower than the previously reported limits. Additionally, exosomes were selectively detected relative to the negative controls, liposomes, and newborn calf serum, confirming that this method prevented non-specific binding. Thus, our study demonstrates that highly sensitive and quantitative exosome detection can be conducted quickly and accurately by using lateral immunochromatographic analysis with M–QD–SNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
| | - Chiwoo Oh
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea; (C.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Jaehyun An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
| | - Seungki Baek
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea; (C.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Sungje Bock
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
| | | | - Hobeom Song
- BioSquare Inc., Seongnam 13209, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-W.K.)
| | - Jung-Won Kim
- BioSquare Inc., Seongnam 13209, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-W.K.)
| | - Ahla Jo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
| | - Won-Yeop Rho
- School of International Engineering and Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - Jin-Young Jang
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (H.-J.I.); (B.-H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2072-3386 (G.J.C.); +82-31-888-9187 (H.-J.I.); +82-2-450-0521 (B.-H.J.)
| | - Hyung-Jun Im
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea; (C.O.); (S.B.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (H.-J.I.); (B.-H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2072-3386 (G.J.C.); +82-31-888-9187 (H.-J.I.); +82-2-450-0521 (B.-H.J.)
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-M.K.); (J.A.); (S.B.); (J.K.); (A.J.); (D.-E.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (H.-J.I.); (B.-H.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2072-3386 (G.J.C.); +82-31-888-9187 (H.-J.I.); +82-2-450-0521 (B.-H.J.)
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