1
|
Tereshchenko V, Bulygin A, Zavodskii R, Maksyutov A, Kurilin V, Fisher M, Semenyuk N, Aladev S, Sennikov S. The murine DCs transfected with DNA-plasmid encoding CCR9 demonstrate the increased migration to CCL25 and thymic cells in vitro and to the thymus in vivo. Cytokine 2021; 142:155473. [PMID: 33647585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B220+CD11c+plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs) are known to participate in the negative selection and central tolerance induction by the capturing of self-antigens in peripheral tissues and further migration to the thymus using the CCL25-CCR9 chemotaxis axis. AIM Here we investigate the possibility of DCs migration stimulation to the thymus by the transfection with plasmid DNA-constructs encoding CCR9(pmaxCCR9) to develop a system for desired antigen delivery to the thymus for central tolerance induction. METHODS Dendritic cells(DCs) cultures were generated from UBC-GFP mice bone marrow cells expressing green fluorescent protein using the rmFlt3-L. DCs cultures were transfected with pmaxCCR9 by electroporation. The efficiency of electroporation was confirmed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. The migration of electroporated DCs was assessed in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Dendritic cells(DCs) cultures obtained from UBC-GFP mice contained both B220+pDCs and SIRPa+cDC2. According to the RT-qPCR assay, the electroporation of obtained DCs cultures with pmaxCCR9 resulted in a 94.4-fold increase of RNA encoding CCR9 compared with non-electroporated cultures. Flow cytometry data showed that DCs cultures electroporated with pmaxCCR9 contained a significantly higher frequency of DCs carrying significantly higher levels of surface CCR9. Migration dynamics of obtained DCs analyzed in vitro showed that pmaxCCR9 electroporated DCs migrated significantly more active to CCL25 and thymic cells than non-electroporated and mock-electroporated DCs. In vivo, 30 days after injection, the relative amount of the DCs electroporated with pmaxCCR9 and pmaxMHC encoding antigenic determinants in the mice thymuses was 2.02-fold higher than the relative amount of the DCs electroporated with control plasmid. CONCLUSION Thus, the electroporation of murine DCs with pmaxCCR9 stimulated its migration to CCL25 and thymic cells in vitro as well as to the thymus in vivo. The obtained DCs loaded with a desired antigen may be suggested for further evaluation of central tolerance induction ability in in vivo models of autoimmune diseases and transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Tereshchenko
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Aleksei Bulygin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman Zavodskii
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Amir Maksyutov
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Kurilin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Fisher
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey Sennikov
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goto T, Shimotai Y, Matsuzaki Y, Muraki Y, Sho R, Sugawara K, Hongo S. Effect of Phosphorylation of CM2 Protein on Influenza C Virus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:e00773-17. [PMID: 28878070 PMCID: PMC5660502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00773-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CM2 is the second membrane protein of the influenza C virus and has been demonstrated to play a role in the uncoating and genome packaging processes in influenza C virus replication. Although the effects of N-linked glycosylation, disulfide-linked oligomerization, and palmitoylation of CM2 on virus replication have been analyzed, the effect of the phosphorylation of CM2 on virus replication remains to be determined. In this study, a phosphorylation site(s) at residue 78 and/or 103 of CM2 was replaced with an alanine residue(s), and the effects of the loss of phosphorylation on influenza C virus replication were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in the packaging of the reporter gene between influenza C virus-like particles (VLPs) produced from 293T cells expressing wild-type CM2 and those from the cells expressing the CM2 mutants lacking the phosphorylation site(s). Reporter gene expression in HMV-II cells infected with VLPs containing the CM2 mutants was inhibited in comparison with that in cells infected with wild-type VLPs. The virus production of the recombinant influenza C virus possessing CM2 mutants containing a serine-to-alanine change at residue 78 was significantly lower than that of wild-type recombinant influenza C virus. Furthermore, the virus growth of the recombinant viruses possessing CM2 with a serine-to-aspartic acid change at position 78, to mimic constitutive phosphorylation, was virtually identical to that of the wild-type virus. These results suggest that phosphorylation of CM2 plays a role in efficient virus replication, probably through the addition of a negative charge to the Ser78 phosphorylation site.IMPORTANCE It is well-known that many host and viral proteins are posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation, which plays a role in the functions of these proteins. In influenza A and B viruses, phosphorylation of viral proteins NP, M1, NS1, and the nuclear export protein (NEP), which are not integrated into the membranes, affects the functions of these proteins, thereby affecting virus replication. However, it was reported that phosphorylation of the influenza A virus M2 ion channel protein, which is integrated into the membrane, has no effect on virus replication in vitro or in vivo We previously demonstrated that the influenza C virus CM2 ion channel protein is modified by N-glycosylation, oligomerization, palmitoylation, and phosphorylation and have analyzed the effects of these modifications, except phosphorylation, on virus replication. This is the first report demonstrating that phosphorylation of the influenza C virus CM2 ion channel protein, unlike that of the influenza A virus M2 protein, plays a role in virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Goto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ri Sho
- Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Furukawa T, Muraki Y, Noda T, Takashita E, Sho R, Sugawara K, Matsuzaki Y, Shimotai Y, Hongo S. Role of the CM2 protein in the influenza C virus replication cycle. J Virol 2011; 85:1322-9. [PMID: 21106743 PMCID: PMC3020500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01367-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CM2 is the second membrane protein of influenza C virus. Although its biochemical characteristics, coding strategy, and properties as an ion channel have been extensively studied, the role(s) of CM2 in the virus replication cycle remains to be clarified. In order to elucidate this role, in the present study we generated CM2-deficient influenza C virus-like particles (VLPs) and examined the VLP-producing 293T cells, VLPs, and VLP-infected HMV-II cells. Quantification of viral RNA (vRNA) in the VLPs by real-time PCR revealed that the CM2-deficient VLPs contain approximately one-third of the vRNA found in wild-type VLPs although no significant differences were detected in the expression levels of viral components in VLP-producing cells or in the number and morphology of the generated VLPs. This finding suggests that CM2 is involved in the genome packaging process into VLPs. Furthermore, HMV-II cells infected with CM2-deficient VLPs exhibited significantly reduced reporter gene expression. Although CM2-deficient VLPs could be internalized into HMV-II cells as efficiently as wild-type VLPs, a smaller amount of vRNA was detected in the nuclear fraction of CM2-deficient VLP-infected cells than in that of wild-type VLP-infected cells, suggesting that the uncoating process of the CM2-deficient VLPs in the infected cells did not proceed in an appropriate manner. Taken together, the data obtained in the present study indicate that CM2 has a potential role in the genome packaging and uncoating processes of the virus replication cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Furukawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Noda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Emi Takashita
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ri Sho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kanetsu Sugawara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimotai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Seiji Hongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan, Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan, Department of Public Health, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medical Science, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|