1
|
Clarkston K, Karns R, Jegga AG, Sharma M, Fox S, Ojo BA, Minar P, Walters TD, Griffiths AM, Mack DR, Boyle B, LeLeiko NS, Markowitz J, Rosh JR, Patel AS, Shah S, Baldassano RN, Pfefferkorn M, Sauer C, Kugathasan S, Haberman Y, Hyams JS, Denson LA, Rosen MJ. Targeted Assessment of Mucosal Immune Gene Expression Predicts Clinical Outcomes in Children with Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1735-1750. [PMID: 35665804 PMCID: PMC9683081 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to determine whether a targeted gene expression panel could predict clinical outcomes in paediatric ulcerative colitis [UC] and investigated putative pathogenic roles of predictive genes. METHODS In total, 313 rectal RNA samples from a cohort of newly diagnosed paediatric UC patients (PROTECT) were analysed by a real-time PCR microfluidic array for expression of type 1, 2 and 17 inflammation genes. Associations between expression and clinical outcomes were assessed by logistic regression. Identified prognostic markers were further analysed using existing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data sets and tissue immunostaining. RESULTS IL13RA2 was associated with a lower likelihood of corticosteroid-free remission (CSFR) on mesalamine at week 52 (p = .002). A model including IL13RA2 and only baseline clinical parameters was as accurate as an established clinical model, which requires week 4 remission status. RORC was associated with a lower likelihood of colectomy by week 52. A model including RORC and PUCAI predicted colectomy by 52 weeks (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.71). Bulk RNA-seq identified IL13RA2 and RORC as hub genes within UC outcome-associated expression networks related to extracellular matrix and innate immune response, and lipid metabolism and microvillus assembly, respectively. Adult UC single-cell RNA-seq data revealed IL13RA2 and RORC co-expressed genes were localized to inflammatory fibroblasts and undifferentiated epithelial cells, respectively, which was supported by protein immunostaining. CONCLUSION Targeted assessment of rectal mucosal immune gene expression predicts 52-week CSFR in treatment-naïve paediatric UC patients. Further exploration of IL-13Rɑ2 as a therapeutic target in UC and future studies of the epithelial-specific role of RORC in UC pathogenesis are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Clarkston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mihika Sharma
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sejal Fox
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition
| | - Babajide A Ojo
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Minar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas D Walters
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne M Griffiths
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David R Mack
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan Boyle
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neal S LeLeiko
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Markowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | - Joel R Rosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Atlantic Health, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Ashish S Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sapana Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marian Pfefferkorn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Riley Children’s Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cary Sauer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yael Haberman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA,Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Corresponding author: Michael J. Rosen, MD, MSCI, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 750 Welch Rd, Suite 116, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of cyclosporine and dexamethasone on canine T cell expression of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 216:109892. [PMID: 31446206 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine and glucocorticoids are powerful immunosuppressive agents used to treat many inflammatory diseases in dogs. Cyclosporine inhibits calcineurin-dependent pathways of T cell activation and resultant T cell cytokine production, and glucocorticoids directly inhibit genes coding for cytokines. Little work has been done comparing the effects of these agents on T cell cytokine production in dogs. Our study measured T cell interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production using flow cytometry and T cell IL-2 and IFN-γ gene expression using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in activated canine T cells incubated with cyclosporine and dexamethasone in vitro. For flow cytometric assays, diluted whole blood was cultured for 7 h in the presence of cyclosporine (10, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL) or dexamethasone (10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, 1 μg/mL, and 10 μg/mL). For qRT-PCR, whole blood was cultured for 5 h with the same drugs at the same concentrations, and RNA was then extracted from leukocytes. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR both demonstrated inhibition of IL-2 and IFN-γ that was concentration-dependent in response to cyclosporine, and was more variable for dexamethasone. Quantitative RT-PCR but not flow cytometry documented significant reduction of IL-2 expression after dexamethasone treatment, while both methods showed concentration-dependent suppression of IFN-γ. Quantitative RT-PCR also revealed additional cytokine suppression at higher cyclosporine concentrations, an effect not found using flow cytometry, and may therefore be the preferred method for cytokine determination in dogs. Suppression of IL-2 and IFN-γ in activated T cells may have potential as an indicator of the efficacy of cyclosporine and glucocorticoids in suppressing canine T cell function in vivo, and may therefore be of value for characterizing the immunosuppression induced by these drugs in clinical patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dandrieux JR, Narayanan L, Firestone S, Archer TM, Mansfield CS. Effect of immunosuppressive drugs on cytokine production in canine whole blood stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or a combination of ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:199-205. [PMID: 30663866 PMCID: PMC6498811 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A pharmacodynamic assay has been previously developed to monitor ciclosporin treatment in dogs by assessing inhibition of cytokine transcription after whole blood stimulation with 12-myristate 13-1 acetate and ionomycin (PMA/I). In this study, whole blood stimulation with either PMA/I or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to assess the effect of multiple drugs (azathioprine, ciclosporin, mycophenolate, leflunomide and prednisone) after a 7-day treatment course on production of cytokines measured with a multiplex assay in healthy dogs (n = 4 for each treatment). Interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were significantly activated by PMA/I stimulation and IL-6, IL-10 and TNFα by LPS stimulation, in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. After ciclosporin treatment, IL-10, IFNγ and TNFα production was significantly reduced after stimulation with PMA/I compared to pre-treatment. After prednisone treatment, TNFα production was significantly reduced after stimulation with PMA/I or LPS compared to pre-treatment. No significant change was observed after treatment with azathioprine, leflunomide or mycophenolate. This methodology may be useful to monitor dogs not only treated with ciclosporin, but also with prednisone or a combination of both. Further studies are needed to assess the use of this assay in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien R.S. Dandrieux
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVicAustralia
| | - Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Sustainable BioproductsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Simon Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesAsia‐Pacific Centre for Animal HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVicAustralia
| | - Todd M. Archer
- Department of Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityMSMississippi
| | - Caroline S. Mansfield
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesMelbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneWerribeeVicAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosen MJ, Karns R, Vallance JE, Bezold R, Waddell A, Collins MH, Haberman Y, Minar P, Baldassano RN, Hyams JS, Baker SS, Kellermayer R, Noe JD, Griffiths AM, Rosh JR, Crandall WV, Heyman MB, Mack DR, Kappelman MD, Markowitz J, Moulton DE, Leleiko NS, Walters TD, Kugathasan S, Wilson KT, Hogan SP, Denson LA. Mucosal Expression of Type 2 and Type 17 Immune Response Genes Distinguishes Ulcerative Colitis From Colon-Only Crohn's Disease in Treatment-Naive Pediatric Patients. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1345-1357.e7. [PMID: 28132889 PMCID: PMC5406257 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is controversy regarding the role of the type 2 immune response in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC)-few data are available from treatment-naive patients. We investigated whether genes associated with a type 2 immune response in the intestinal mucosa are up-regulated in treatment-naive pediatric patients with UC compared with patients with Crohn's disease (CD)-associated colitis or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and whether expression levels are associated with clinical outcomes. METHODS We used a real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction array to analyze messenger RNA (mRNA) expression patterns in rectal mucosal samples from 138 treatment-naive pediatric patients with IBD and macroscopic rectal disease, as well as those from 49 children without IBD (controls), enrolled in a multicenter prospective observational study from 2008 to 2012. Results were validated in real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses of rectal RNA from an independent cohort of 34 pediatric patients with IBD and macroscopic rectal disease and 17 controls from Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. RESULTS We measured significant increases in mRNAs associated with a type 2 immune response (interleukin [IL]5 gene, IL13, and IL13RA2) and a type 17 immune response (IL17A and IL23) in mucosal samples from patients with UC compared with patients with colon-only CD. In a regression model, increased expression of IL5 and IL17A mRNAs distinguished patients with UC from patients with colon-only CD (P = .001; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.72). We identified a gene expression pattern in rectal tissues of patients with UC, characterized by detection of IL13 mRNA, that predicted clinical response to therapy after 6 months (odds ratio [OR], 6.469; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.553-26.94), clinical response after 12 months (OR, 6.125; 95% CI, 1.330-28.22), and remission after 12 months (OR, 5.333; 95% CI, 1.132-25.12). CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of rectal tissues from treatment-naive pediatric patients with IBD, we observed activation of a type 2 immune response during the early course of UC. We were able to distinguish patients with UC from those with colon-only CD based on increased mucosal expression of genes that mediate type 2 and type 17 immune responses. Increased expression at diagnosis of genes that mediate a type 2 immune response is associated with response to therapy and remission in pediatric patients with UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jefferson E. Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ramona Bezold
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amanda Waddell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Margaret H. Collins
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yael Haberman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
,Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, The Edmond and Lily Safra Children’s Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Phillip Minar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert N. Baldassano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jeffrey S. Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Susan S. Baker
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center, Women and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Richard Kellermayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Joshua D. Noe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anne M. Griffiths
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel R. Rosh
- Goryeb Children’s Hospital/Atlantic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
| | - Wallace V. Crandall
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Melvin B. Heyman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of California, San Francisco
| | - David R. Mack
- Department of Pediatrics and CHEO IBD Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D. Kappelman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Markowitz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Dedrick E. Moulton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Neal S. Leleiko
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Thomas D. Walters
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Simon P. Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fellman CL, Archer TM, Stokes JV, Wills RW, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. Effects of oral cyclosporine on canine T-cell expression of IL-2 and IFN-gamma across a 12-h dosing interval. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:237-44. [PMID: 26676223 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The duration of immunosuppressive effects following oral cyclosporine in dogs is unknown. This study used flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to evaluate the effects of high-dose oral cyclosporine across a 12-h dosing interval. Expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was compared before and after 8 days of cyclosporine at 10 mg/kg every 12 h in six healthy dogs. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 8 h postdosing for analysis of unactivated and activated T-cell and whole blood cytokine expression using flow cytometry and qRT-PCR, respectively, and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h postdosing for measurement of cyclosporine concentrations. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR both demonstrated significant marked reductions in IL-2 and IFN-γ levels at 0, 2, 4, and 8 h after dosing compared to pretreatment levels (P < 0.05) for activated samples, with less consistent effects observed for unactivated samples. Both flow cytometry and qRT-PCR are viable techniques for measuring cyclosporine pharmacodynamics in dogs, yielding comparable results with activated samples. Two hours postdrug administration is the preferred time for concurrent assessment of peak drug concentration and cytokine expression, and T-cell activation is needed for optimal results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Fellman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J V Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - R W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K V Lunsford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fellman CL, Stokes JV, Archer TM, Pinchuk LM, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. Cyclosporine A affects the in vitro expression of T cell activation-related molecules and cytokines in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:175-80. [PMID: 21227512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is a powerful immunosuppressive drug that is being used with increasing frequency to treat a wide range of immune-mediated diseases in the dog. To date, ideal dosing protocols that will achieve immunosuppression with cyclosporine in dogs remain unclear, and standard methods that can measure effectiveness of immunosuppression have not been established. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of in vitro cyclosporine exposure on a panel of molecules expressed by activated T cells to ascertain their potential as biomarkers of immunosuppression in dogs. Blood was drawn from six healthy dogs, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and activated. Half of the cells were incubated with 200 ng/mL cyclosporine prior to activation, and the other half were not exposed to cyclosporine. Samples were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the expression of intracellular cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ was evaluated after 6, 12, and 24h of drug exposure. Each cytokine exhibited a time-dependent suppression profile, and all but two samples activated in the presence of cyclosporine showed lower cytokine expression than untreated controls. We also evaluated the expression of the surface T cell activation molecules CD25 and CD95 by flow cytometry after 36 h of drug exposure. Expression of these surface molecules decreased significantly when activated in the presence of cyclosporine. Our results suggest that suppressed expression of the markers related to T cell activation could potentially be utilized as an indicator of the efficacy of cyclosporine therapy in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Fellman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rumberger B, Kreutz C, Nickel C, Klein M, Lagoutte S, Teschner S, Timmer J, Gerke P, Walz G, Donauer J. Combination of immunosuppressive drugs leaves specific “fingerprint” on gene expressionin vitro. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:283-92. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970802626268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
8
|
Sommerer C, Giese T, Meuer S, Zeier M. Pharmacodynamic monitoring of calcineurin inhibitor therapy: is there a clinical benefit? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24:21-7. [PMID: 18842676 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
9
|
Clark GJ, Rao M, Ju X, Hart DNJ. Novel human CD4+
T lymphocyte subpopulations defined by CD300a/c molecule expression. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:1126-35. [PMID: 17702825 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD300c (CMRF-35A) and CD300a (CMRF-35H) molecules are leukocyte surface proteins that are part of a larger family of immunoregulatory molecules encoded by a gene complex on human chromosome 17. The CMRF-35 monoclonal antibody binds to an epitope common to both molecules, expressed on most human leukocyte populations, apart from B lymphocytes and a subpopulation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes. We describe the CMRF-35(pos) and CMRF-35(-) fractions of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The CMRF-35(pos) fraction can further be divided into CMRF-35(++) and CMRF-35(+)CD4(+) T lymphocyte subpopulations. Resting peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocytes express CD300a mRNA and very low amounts of CD300c. Activation results in an initial decrease in CD300a gene expression before an increase in both CD300a and CD300c gene expression. The up-regulated expression of these genes was associated with increased CMRF-35 binding to activated T lymphocytes. The CMRF-35(-) fraction of CD4(+) T lymphocytes proliferated to a greater extent than the CMRF-35(pos) fraction, in response to mitogens or allogeneic antigen. The poor proliferation of the CMRF-35(pos) CD4(+) in response to mitogens was explained by increased apoptosis within this subpopulation. The recall antigen, tetanus toxoid, stimulated the CMRF-35(++)CD4(+)CD45RO(+) but not the CMRF-35(-)CD4(+)CD45RO(+) subpopulation. Resting CMRF-35(++) CD4(+) lymphocytes express low levels of IFN-gamma mRNA. Within 18 h following in vitro activation, CMRF-35(++) CD4(+) lymphocytes express more IFN-gamma mRNA and protein compared with the CMRF-35(-)CD4(+) lymphocytes, however, after 24 h, both the CMRF-35(+) and CMRF-35(-)CD4(+) T lymphocytes were able to produce IFN-gamma. The CMRF-35(++)CD4(+) T lymphocyte population contains the Th(1) memory effector cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina J Clark
- DC Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Tce, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grube M, Moritz S, Obermann EC, Rezvani K, Mackensen A, Andreesen R, Holler E. CD8+ T cells Reactive to Survivin Antigen in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1053-60. [PMID: 17289902 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Survivin is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis family and is overexpressed in different types of malignancies. Cytotoxic T cells recognizing survivin epitopes can be elicited in vitro and by vaccination in patients with leukemia, breast cancer, and melanoma. We did this study to investigate whether survivin-specific CD8+ T cells occur in patients with multiple myeloma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An HLA-A2.1-binding survivin peptide was used to detect peptide-specific T cells by a quantitative real-time PCR to measure antigen-specific IFN-gamma mRNA expression in 23 patients with myeloma and 21 healthy volunteers. T cells producing IFN-gamma in response to survivin were further analyzed for expression of CD45RA and CCR7 to determine phenotypic characterization. Additional immunohistochemical analyses of survivin antigen expression in bone marrow specimens of patients was done. RESULTS T cells recognizing HLA-A2.1-binding survivin peptide were detected in 9 of 23 patients and in 1 of 21 healthy volunteers. Survivin-reactive T cells were identified as terminally differentiated effector T cells (CD8+, CD45RA+, and CCR7-). Positive survivin expression of myeloma cells in bone marrow specimens was shown in 7 of 11 patients. CONCLUSION We provide, for the first time, evidence of T cell reactivity against survivin antigen in patients with multiple myeloma. Our data suggest the immunogenicity of survivin antigen in multiple myeloma and that immunotherapeutic strategies using survivin as a target antigen might be an option for patients with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grube
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Böhler T, Nolting J, Kamar N, Gurragchaa P, Reisener K, Glander P, Neumayer HH, Budde K, Klupp J. Validation of Immunological Biomarkers for the Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Humans. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:77-86. [PMID: 17304154 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318030a40b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacodynamic monitoring (PD) can evaluate the efficacy of immunosuppressive drug therapies. In this study, the expressions of PD biomarkers [lymphocyte proliferation, CD25 and CD71 expression, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synthesis] were determined in whole-blood assays and were validated for their application in PD of immune modulators in future clinical trials. Initially, the assay conditions were re-evaluated. The measurement of T-lymphocyte proliferation and activation marker expression in whole-blood cultures resulted in optimized stimulation for 72 hours with 7.5 microg/mL concavalin A. Intracellular cytokine expression of CD3+ T-cells received optimized stimulation for 4 hours with 15 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and 0.75 microg/mL ionomycin. Statistical assay parameters (intra-assay, intra-individual, and interindividual variabilities) were determined. It was found that blood storage for up to 24 hours is possible without any change in biomarker expression. Dosage effects of immunosuppressive drugs (tacrolimus, cyclosporin A, sirolimus, mycophenolic acid, and methylprednisolone) were evaluated in vitro and the assay was applied successfully to dialysis, renal transplant, and liver transplant patients. We conclude that these biomarkers used in whole-blood assays are suitable for PD of immune modulators in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rousvoal G, Si MS, Lau M, Zhang S, Berry GJ, Flores MG, Changelian PS, Reitz BA, Borie DC. Janus kinase 3 inhibition with CP-690,550 prevents allograft vasculopathy. Transpl Int 2006; 19:1014-21. [PMID: 17081232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) mediates signal transduction from cytokine receptors using the common gamma chain. The rationally designed inhibitor of JAK3, CP-690,550, prevents acute allograft rejection in rodents and in nonhuman primates. Here we investigated the ability of CP-690,550, to prevent allograft vasculopathy in a rodent model of aorta transplantation. Aortas from AxC Irish (RT1(a)) or Lewis (RT1(l)) rats were heterotopically transplanted into the infra-renal aorta of Lewis recipients and harvested at 28 or 56 days. Treated recipients received CP-690,550 by osmotic pumps (mean drug exposure of 110 +/- 38 ng/ml). Significant intimal hyperplasia was demonstrated in untreated allografts when compared with isografts at 28 days (2.08 +/- 0.85% vs. 0.43 +/- 0.2% luminal obliteration, respectively, P = 0.001) and 56 days (5.3 +/- 2.4% vs. 0.38 +/- 0.3%, P = 0.002). Treatment caused a 51% reduction in intimal hyperplasia at day 56. CP-690,550-treated animals also had a significant reduction of donor-specific IgG production and of the gene expression for suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 and with unchanged levels of expression of RANTES, IP-10 and transforming growth factor-beta1. These results are the first to show that JAK3 blockade by CP-690,550 effectively prevents allograft vasculopathy in this rat model of aorta transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Rousvoal
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rolland-Turner M, Farré G, Boué F. Cloning of fox (Vulpes vulpes) Il2, Il6, Il10 and IFNγ and analysis of their expression by quantitative RT-PCR in fox PBMC after in vitro stimulation by Concanavalin A. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:369-75. [PMID: 16321447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune response in the fox (Vulpes vulpes), despite the success of the oral rabies vaccine is not well characterised, and specific immunological tools are needed. A quantitative RT-PCR using SyBR Green to investigate fox cytokine expression after antigen PBMC in vitro re-stimulation is presented here. First, we cloned by homology with dog cytokine sequences the fox IL2, IL6, IL10, IFNgamma and a partial 18S sequence. Fox specific primers were then defined and used to set up a species-specific quantitative RT-PCR assay using SyBR Green and 18S housekeeping gene as internal standard. The technique was validated using total RNA from fox PBMC stimulated with a polyclonal activator, Concanavaline A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Rolland-Turner
- AFSSA Nancy, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur la Rage et la Pathologie des Animaux Sauvages, B.P. 9, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Paniagua R, Si MS, Flores MG, Rousvoal G, Zhang S, Aalami O, Campbell A, Changelian PS, Reitz BA, Borie DC. Effects of JAK3 Inhibition with CP-690,550 on Immune Cell Populations and Their Functions in Nonhuman Primate Recipients of Kidney Allografts. Transplantation 2005; 80:1283-92. [PMID: 16314797 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000177643.05739.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Janus Kinase (JAK) 3 is a tyrosine kinase essential for proper signal transduction downstream of selected cytokine receptors and for robust T-cell and natural killer cells activation and function. JAK3 inhibition with CP-690,550 prevents acute allograft rejection. To provide further insight into the mechanisms of efficacy, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of CP-690,550 in vitro and in vivo in nonhuman primates. METHODS Pharmacodynamic assessments of lymphocyte activation, function, proliferation and phenotype were performed in three settings: in vitro in whole blood isolated from untransplanted cynomolgus monkeys (cynos), in vivo in blood from untransplanted cynos dosed with CP-690,550 for 8 days, and in vivo in blood from transplanted cynos immunosuppressed with CP-690,550. Cell surface activation markers expression, IL-2- enhanced IFN-gamma production, lymphocyte proliferation and immune cell phenotype analyzes were performed with multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS In vitro exposure to CP-690,550 resulted in significant reduction of IL-2-enhanced IFN-gamma production by T-cells (maximum inhibition of 55-63%), T-cell surface expression of CD25 (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50); 0.18 microM) and CD71 (IC50; 1.6 microM), and T-cell proliferative capacities measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (IC50; 0.87 microM). Similar results were observed in animals dosed with CP-690,550. In addition, transplanted animals displayed significant reduction of NK cell (90% from baseline) and T-cell numbers whereas CD8 effector memory T-cell populations were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Potent in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of the JAK3 inhibitor CP-690,550 likely contribute to its efficacy in the prevention of organ allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Paniagua
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, and Antibacterials, Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Paniagua R, Campbell A, Changelian PS, Reitz BA, Prakash C, Borie DC. Quantitative Analysis of the Immunosuppressant CP-690,550 in Whole Blood by Column-Switching High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Detection. Ther Drug Monit 2005; 27:608-16. [PMID: 16175134 DOI: 10.1097/01.ftd.0000170030.13702.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fast and accurate method to quantify the new immunosuppressive JAK3 inhibitor CP-690,550 in whole blood using a dual-pump liquid chromatography-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS) system was developed and validated in nonhuman primate blood. Before injection, blood samples were prepared by precipitation with a reagent that included methanol and acetonitrile (30:70, vol/vol) along with the internal standard (CP-istd). Column-switching LC/LC-MS analysis used online extraction followed by separation on a C8 analytic column and MS detection of the [M + H] CP-690,550 (m/z = 313.1) and CP internal standard (m/z = 288.1). Linearity was always better than r = 0.99 (n = 7) for CP-690,550 (range 2.5-750 ng/mL), with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 2.5 ng/mL. The intrarun accuracy and precision ranged from 103.0% to 105.4% and 2.7% to 4.3%, respectively (n = 5), and the interday precision ranged from 8.7% to 11.1%, and the interday accuracy ranged from 98.1% to 103.8% of nominal values (n = 14). The injection repeatability for the method was 1.3% (n = 7). Except for the LLOQ, the intraday accuracy and precision in human blood were also within 15% (n = 5). The combination of simple sample preparation and short analytic run time of this sensitive procedure makes it effective for monitoring the concentration of CP-690,550 in whole blood in organ-transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Paniagua
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang YM, Chen MH, Chen GH, Cai CJ, He XS, Lu MG, Bao WM. Kinetics of phytohemaglutinin-induced IFN-γ and TNF-α expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis B after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4574-8. [PMID: 16052691 PMCID: PMC4398711 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i29.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the association between host immunity and hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation.
METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from 40 patients with hepatitis B and underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) before and 2, 4, 8 wk after surgery. After being cultured in vitro for 72 h, the levels of INF-γ and TNF-α in culture supernatants were detected with ELISA. At the same time, the quantities of HBV DNA in serum and PBMCs were measured by real time PCR.
RESULTS: The levels of INF-γ and TNF-α in PBMC culture supernatants decreased before and 2, 4 wk after surgery in turns (INF-γ 155.52±72.32 ng/L vs 14.76±9.88 ng/L vs 13.22±10.35 ng/L, F = 6.946, P = 0.027<0.05; TNF-α 80.839±46.75 ng/L vs 18.59±17.29 ng/L vs 9.758±7.96 ng/L, F = 22.61, P = 0.0001<0.05). The levels of INF-γ and TNF-α were higher in groups with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) than in those without PHA before surgery. However, the difference disappeared following OLT. Furthermore, INF-γ and TNF-α could not be detected in most patients at wk 4 and none at wk 8 after OLT. The HBV detection rate and virus load in PBMC before and 2, 4 wk after surgery were fluctuated (HBV detected rate: 51.4%, 13.3%, 50% respectively; HBV DNA: 3.55±0.674 log(10) copies/mL vs 3.00±0.329 log(10) copies/mL vs 4.608±1.344 log(10) copies/mL, F = 7.582, P = 0.002<0.05). HBV DNA in serum was 4.48±1.463 log(10) copies/mL before surgery and <103 copies/mL after OLT except for one with 5.72±106 copies/mL 4 wk after OLT who was diagnosed as HBV recurrence. The levels of INF-γ and TNF-α were lower in patients with a high HBV load than in those with a low HBV load (HBV DNA detected/undetected in PBMCs: IFN-γ 138.08±72.44 ng/L vs 164.24±72.07 ng/L, t = 1.065, P = 0.297>0.05, TNF-α 80.75±47.30 ng/L vs 74.10±49.70 ng/L, t = 0.407, P = 0.686>0.05; HBV DNA positive/negative: IFN-γ 136.77±70.04 ng/L vs 175.27±71.50 ng/L, t = 1.702, P = 0.097>0.05; TNF-α 75.37±43.02 ng/L vs 81.53±52.46 ng/L, t = 0.402, P = 0.690>0.05).
CONCLUSION: The yielding of INF-γ and TNF-α from PBMCs is inhibited significantly by immunosuppressive agents following OLT with HBV load increased, indicating that the impaired immunity of host is associated with HBV recurrence after OLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Mei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Si MS, Reitz BA, Borie DC. Effects of the kinase inhibitor CGP41251 (PKC 412) on lymphocyte activation and TNF-α production. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1141-9. [PMID: 15914319 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CGP41251 is a serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is a novel anticancer agent. Because the kinases that CGP41251 inhibits play important roles in T lymphocyte activation, we hypothesized that this compound may have useful immunomodulatory properties. Here we characterized the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of CGP41251. The effects of CGP41251 on lymphocyte proliferation, expression of T cell activation surface markers, and intracellular calcium response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) were measured. Intracellular IL-2, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma expression in CGP41251-treated T cells stimulated by lectin was measured by flow cytometry. CGP41251 inhibited lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferation and upregulation of activation surface markers with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 0.1 microM. CGP41251, at micromolar concentrations, blunted the intracellular calcium response during PBMC activation. CGP41251 inhibited TNF-alpha production by T cells with an IC(50) of 0.5 microM and did not significantly inhibit the production of IL-2 or IFN-gamma. In conclusion, CGP41251 potently inhibits T lymphocyte activation and function and interferes with the proximal part of the T cell activation pathway. The ability of CGP41251 to selectively block T cell TNF-alpha production warrants the evaluation of this compound on other, e.g., monocyte, immune cells and in immunological conditions that are characterized by high TNF-alpha levels such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sing Si
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Flores MG, Holm B, Larson MJ, Lau MK, Si MS, Lowsky R, Rousvoal G, Grumet FC, Strober S, Hoppe R, Reitz BA, Borie DC. A technique of bone marrow collection from vertebral bodies of cynomolgus macaques for transplant studies. J Surg Res 2005; 124:280-8. [PMID: 15820259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to induce donor-specific allograft tolerance are best tested in preclinical models developed in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Most protocols prepare the recipient by infusing hematopoietic cells from the donor. We report here a procedure to isolate and characterize large numbers of bone marrow cells (BMCs) from cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) that can then successfully be transplanted into conditioned recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vertebral columns of five cynos were excised en bloc and separated into individual vertebrae. The cancelous bone was extracted with a core puncher, fractionated, filtered, centrifuged, and resuspended in transplantation media before being analyzed by flow cytometry. In two instances, the collected BMCs were reinfused into allogeneic recipients preconditioned with a nonmyeloablative regimen. Chimerism was monitored using short-tandem repeat analysis. RESULTS The mean total BMCs yield was 25.5 x 10(9) (range of 4.00 x 10(9) to 59 x 10(9)) with mean cell viability of 93.4% (range: 90-96%). CD34+ cells and CD3+ cells averaged 0.34 and 3.91% of total BMCs, respectively. This resulted in absolute cell number yields of 1.02 x 10(8) and 1.15 x 10(9) for CD34+ and CD3+ cells, respectively. Graft-versus-host disease was absent in both bone marrow infused animals, and a maximum level of chimerism of 18% was detected at 3 weeks after BMCs infusion. CONCLUSION We present here the first detailed report of a procedure to retrieve and characterize large numbers of BMCs from vertebral bodies of cynos and demonstrate that cells collected with this technique have the capability of engrafting in allogenic recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona G Flores
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5407, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|