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Zhang P, Zhu B, Du P, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Wearable and Implantable Electronics Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:722-767. [PMID: 38157565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices are designed to translate biological information into electrical signals and vice versa, thereby bridging the gap between the living biological world and electronic systems. Among different types of bioelectronics devices, wearable and implantable biosensors are particularly important as they offer access to the physiological and biochemical activities of tissues and organs, which is significant in diagnosing and researching various medical conditions. Organic conducting and semiconducting materials, including conducting polymers (CPs) and graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are some of the most promising candidates for wearable and implantable biosensors. Their unique electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties bring new possibilities to bioelectronics that could not be realized by utilizing metals- or silicon-based analogues. The use of organic- and carbon-based conductors in the development of wearable and implantable biosensors has emerged as a rapidly growing research field, with remarkable progress being made in recent years. The use of such materials addresses the issue of mismatched properties between biological tissues and electronic devices, as well as the improvement in the accuracy and fidelity of the transferred information. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in this field and provide insights into organic and carbon-based (semi)conducting materials' properties and relate these to their applications in wearable/implantable biosensors. We also provide a perspective on the promising potential and exciting future developments of wearable/implantable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikai Zhang
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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2
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Eugene-Norbert M, Cuffel A, Riou G, Jean L, Blondel C, Dehayes J, Bisson A, Giverne C, Brotin E, Denoyelle C, Poulain L, Boyer O, Martinet J, Latouche JB. Development of optimized cytotoxicity assays for assessing the antitumor potential of CAR-T cells. J Immunol Methods 2024; 525:113603. [PMID: 38147898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
CAR-T cells are T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) rendering them capable of killing tumor cells after recognition of a target antigen. CD19 CAR-T cells have revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies. Their function is typically assessed by cytotoxicity assays using human allogeneic cell lines expressing the target antigen CD19 such as Nalm-6. However, an alloreactive reaction is observed with these cells, leading to a CD19-independent killing. To address this issue, we developed a fluorescence microscopy-based potency assay using murine target cells to provide an optimized cytotoxicity assay with enhanced specificity towards CD19. Murine NIH/3T3 (3T3) fibroblast-derived cell line and EL4 T-cell lymphoma-derived cell line were used as targets (no xenoreactivity was observed after coculture with human T cells). 3T3 and EL4 cells were engineered to express eGFP (enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) and CD19 or CD22 using retroviral vectors. CD19 CAR-T cells and non-transduced (NT) control T cells were produced from several donors. After 4 h or 24 h, alloreactive cytotoxicity against CD19+ Nalm-6-GFP cells and CD19- Jurkat-GFP cells was observed with NT or CAR-T cells. In the same conditions, CAR-T but not NT cells specifically killed CD19+ but not CD19- 3T3-GFP or EL4-GFP cells. Both microscope- and flow cytometry-based assays revealed as sensitive as impedance-based assay. Using flow cytometry, we could further determine that CAR-T cells had mostly a stem cell-like memory phenotype after contact with EL4 target cells. Therefore, CD19+ 3T3-GFP or EL4-GFP cells and fluorescence microscopy- or flow cytometry-based assays provide convenient, sensitive and specific tools to evaluate CAR-T cell function with no alloreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Eugene-Norbert
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Alexis Cuffel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Gaetan Riou
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Laetitia Jean
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Clara Blondel
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Justine Dehayes
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Aurélie Bisson
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Camille Giverne
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Emilie Brotin
- Université de Caen Normandie, Unité de Service PLATON, ImpedanCELL Core Facility, Caen F-14000, France
| | - Christophe Denoyelle
- Université de Caen Normandie, Unité de Service PLATON, ImpedanCELL Core Facility, Caen F-14000, France; Université de Caen Normandie, Inserm, ANTICIPE UMR (1086), Structure Fédérative 4207 Normandie Oncologie, Normandie Univ, Caen F-14000, France; Comprehensive Cancer Center F. Baclesse, Unicancer, Caen F-14000, France
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Université de Caen Normandie, Inserm, ANTICIPE UMR (1086), Structure Fédérative 4207 Normandie Oncologie, Normandie Univ, Caen F-14000, France; Comprehensive Cancer Center F. Baclesse, Unicancer, Caen F-14000, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Jérémie Martinet
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Latouche
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Rouen F-76000, France; Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm UMR1234, FOCIS Center of Excellence PAn'THER, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen F-76000, France
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3
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Hallisey M, Dennis J, Gabriel EP, Masciarelli A, Chen J, Abrecht C, Brainard M, Marcotte WM, Dong H, Hathaway E, Tarannum M, Vergara JA, Schork AN, Tyan K, Tarantino G, Liu D, Romee R, Rahma OE, Severgnini M, Hodi FS, Baginska J. Profiling of Natural Killer Interactions With Cancer Cells Using Mass Cytometry. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100174. [PMID: 37169083 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a comprehensive method for functional assessment of the changes in immune populations and killing activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after cocultures with cancer cells using mass cytometry. In this study, a 43-marker mass cytometry panel was applied to a coculture of immune cells from healthy donors' peripheral blood mononuclear cells with diverse cancer cell lines. DNA content combined with classical CD45 surface staining was used as gating parameters for cocultures of immune cells (CD45high/DNAlow) with hematological (CD45low/DNAhigh) and solid cancer cell lines (CD45neg/DNAhigh). This strategy allows for universal discrimination of cancer cells from immune populations without the need for a specific cancer cell marker and simultaneous assessment of phenotypical changes in both populations. The use of mass cytometry allows for simultaneous detection of changes in natural killer, natural killer T cell, and T cell phenotypes and degranulation of immune populations upon target recognition, analysis of target cells for cytotoxic protein granzyme B content, and cancer cell death. These findings have broad applicability in research and clinical settings with the aim to phenotype and assess functional changes following not only NK-cancer cell interactions but also the effect of those interactions on other immune populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Hallisey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jenna Dennis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth P Gabriel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa Masciarelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte Abrecht
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha Brainard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William M Marcotte
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Hathaway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mubin Tarannum
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana A Vergara
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abigail N Schork
- Longwood Medical Area CyTOF Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin Tyan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giuseppe Tarantino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Osama E Rahma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mariano Severgnini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joanna Baginska
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
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4
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Szittner Z, Péter B, Kurunczi S, Székács I, Horváth R. Functional blood cell analysis by label-free biosensors and single-cell technologies. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Zenhausern R, Day AS, Safavinia B, Han S, Rudy PE, Won YW, Yoon JY. Natural killer cell detection, quantification, and subpopulation identification on paper microfluidic cell chromatography using smartphone-based machine learning classification. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 200:113916. [PMID: 34974261 PMCID: PMC8766938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are immune cells that defend against viral infections and cancer and are used in cancer immunotherapies. Subpopulations of NK cells include CD56dim and CD56bright which either produce cytokines or cytotoxically kill cells directly. The absolute number and proportion of these cells in peripheral blood are tied to proper immune function. Current methods of cytokine detection and proportion of NK cell subpopulations require fluorescent dyes and highly specialized equipment, e.g., flow cytometry, thus rapid cell quantification and subpopulation analysis are needed in the clinical setting. Here, a smartphone-based device and a two-component paper microfluidic chip were used towards identifying NK cell subpopulation and inflammatory markers. One unit measured flow velocity via smartphone-captured video, determining cytokine (IL-2) and total NK cell concentrations in undiluted buffy coat blood samples. The other, single flow lane unit performs spatial separation of CD56dim and CD56bright and cells over its length using differential binding of anti-CD56 nanoparticles. A smartphone microscope combined with cloud-based machine learning predictive modeling (utilizing a random forest classification algorithm) analyzed both flow data and NK cell subpopulation differentiation. Limits of detection for cytokine and cell concentrations were 98 IU/mL and 68 cells/mL, respectively, and cell subpopulation analysis showed 89% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zenhausern
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Alexander S Day
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Babak Safavinia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Seungmin Han
- Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Paige E Rudy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Young-Wook Won
- Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States.
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6
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Comparative analysis of assays to measure CAR T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:1331-1342. [PMID: 33589826 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor efficacy of genetically engineered 'living drugs', including chimeric antigen receptor and T-cell receptor T cells, is influenced by their activation, proliferation, inhibition, and exhaustion. A sensitive and reproducible cytotoxicity assay that collectively reflects these functions is an essential requirement for translation of these cellular therapeutic agents. Here, we compare various in vitro cytotoxicity assays (including chromium release, bioluminescence, impedance, and flow cytometry) with respect to their experimental setup, appropriate uses, advantages, and disadvantages, and measures to overcome their limitations. We also highlight the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) directives for a potency assay for release of clinical cell therapy products. In addition, we discuss advanced assays of repeated antigen exposure and simultaneous testing of combinations of immune effector cells, immunomodulatory antibodies, and targets with variable antigen expression. This review article should help to equip investigators with the necessary knowledge to select appropriate cytotoxicity assays to test the efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents alone or in combination.
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7
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Kute T, Stehle JR, Ornelles D, Walker N, Delbono O, Vaughn JP. Understanding key assay parameters that affect measurements of trastuzumab-mediated ADCC against Her2 positive breast cancer cells. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:810-821. [PMID: 23162748 PMCID: PMC3489736 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the antibody trastuzumab to kill HER2+ breast cancer cells is an attractive therapy because of its specificity and minimal adverse effects. However, a large fraction of HER2+ positive patients are or will become resistant to this treatment. No other markers are used to determine sensitivity to trastuzumab other than HER2 status.Using the xCELLigence platform and flow cytometry, we have compared the ability of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from normal and breast cancer patients to kill different breast cancer cell lines in the presence (i.e., ADCC) or absence of trastuzumab. Image analysis and cell separation procedures were used to determine the differential contribution of immune cell subsets to ADCC activity. The assay demonstrated that ADCC activity is dependent on the presence of trastuzumab, the level of HER2 expression on the target, and the ratio of MNCs to tumor cells. There is a wide range of ADCC activity among normal individuals and breast cancer patients for high and low HER2-expressing tumor targets. Fresh MNCs display higher ADCC levels compared with cryopreserved cells. Natural killer cells display the highest ADCC followed by monocytes. T cells and B cells were ineffective in killing. A major mechanism of killing of tumor cells involves insertion of granzyme B and caspase enzymes via the antibody attached MNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kute
- Pathology; Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC USA
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8
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Wang Y, Chan LLY, Grimaud M, Fayed A, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. High-Throughput Image Cytometry Detection Method for CAR-T Transduction, Cell Proliferation, and Cytotoxicity Assays. Cytometry A 2020; 99:689-697. [PMID: 33191639 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has drawn much attention due to its recent clinical success in B-cell malignancies. In general, the CAR-T cell discovery process consists of CAR identification, T-cell activation, transduction, and expansion, as well as assessment of CAR-T cytotoxicity. The current evaluation methods for the CAR-T discovery process can be time-consuming, low-throughput and requires the preparation of multiple sacrificial samples in order to produce kinetic data. In this study, we employed the use of a plate-based image cytometer to monitor anti-CAIX (carbonic anhydrase IX) G36 CAR-T generation and assess its cytotoxic potency of direct and selective killing against CAIX+ SKRC-59 human renal cell carcinoma cells. The transduction efficiency and cytotoxicity results were analyzed using image cytometry and compared directly to flow cytometry and Chromium 51 (51 Cr) release assays, showing that image cytometry was comparable against these conventional methods. Image cytometry method streamlines the assays required during the CAR-T cell discovery process by analyzing a plate of T cells from CAR-T generation to in vitro functional assays with minimum disruption. The proposed method can reduce assay time and uses less cell samples by imaging and analyze the same plate over time without the need to sacrifice any cells. The ability to monitor kinetic data can allow additional insights into the behavior and interaction between CAR-T and target tumor cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Advanced Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC., Lawrence, Massachusetts, 01843, USA
| | - Marion Grimaud
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Atef Fayed
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Salvo P, Vivaldi FM, Bonini A, Biagini D, Bellagambi FG, Miliani FM, Di Francesco F, Lomonaco T. Biosensors for Detecting Lymphocytes and Immunoglobulins. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E155. [PMID: 33121071 PMCID: PMC7694141 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes (B, T and natural killer cells) and immunoglobulins are essential for the adaptive immune response against external pathogens. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kits are the gold standards to detect immunoglobulins, B cells and T cells, whereas the impedance measurement is the most used technique for natural killer cells. For point-of-care, fast and low-cost devices, biosensors could be suitable for the reliable, stable and reproducible detection of immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. In the literature, such biosensors are commonly fabricated using antibodies, aptamers, proteins and nanomaterials, whereas electrochemical, optical and piezoelectric techniques are used for detection. This review describes how these measurement techniques and transducers can be used to fabricate biosensors for detecting lymphocytes and the total content of immunoglobulins. The various methods and configurations are reported, along with the advantages and current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Salvo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Federico M. Vivaldi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (F.M.M.); (F.D.F.); (T.L.)
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (F.M.M.); (F.D.F.); (T.L.)
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (F.M.M.); (F.D.F.); (T.L.)
| | - Francesca G. Bellagambi
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université Lyon 1, 5, rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Filippo M. Miliani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (F.M.M.); (F.D.F.); (T.L.)
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (F.M.M.); (F.D.F.); (T.L.)
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (D.B.); (F.M.M.); (F.D.F.); (T.L.)
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10
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Ma A, Motyka B, Gutfreund K, Shi YE, George R. A dendritic cell receptor-targeted chimeric immunotherapeutic protein (C-HBV) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:756-778. [PMID: 31687879 PMCID: PMC7227630 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections HBV-specific T cells are functionally impaired. Immunotherapy may restore HBV-specific T cell responses essential for sustained disease remission off-treatment and induction of a functional cure. Chimigen® Molecules are fusion proteins of antigen(s) with the Fc fragment of a xenotypic antibody designed to target specific receptors on dendritic cells (DCs). Here we describe the production and pre-clinical evaluation of Chimigen® HBV (C-HBV), containing HBV PreS1 and PreS2 peptide fragments, HBV core and murine Fc, produced in insect cells. C-HBV binding to immature DCs and internalization by endocytosis was FcγRII (CD32) and mannose receptor (CD206) dependent and led to increased MHC I and MHC II surface expression. Upon exposure of human T cells isolated from HBV un-infected healthy and chronically HBV-infected donors to C-HBV-pulsed mature DCs ex vivo, C-HBV induced vigorous T cell proliferation and enhanced expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and granzyme B in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Re-stimulation of C-HBV-activated T cells from chronically infected donors with HBV PreS1/PreS2 and core overlapping peptides induced IFN-γ production in both CD4+ and CD8+ populations. C-HBV-activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from chronically HBV-infected patients stimulated granzyme B production by CD4+CD25- T responder (Tresp) cells, accompanied by an increase in Annexin V staining on CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cell phenotype, consistent with apoptosis. The observed HBV-specific cellular responses induced by C-HBV ex vivo suggest that C-HBV is a promising immunotherapeutic candidate for the treatment of chronic HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Ma
- Akshaya Bio Inc., Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Klaus Gutfreund
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yuenian Eric Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Hazekawa M, Nishinakagawa T, Kawakubo-Yasukochi T, Nakashima M. Evaluation of IC 50 levels immediately after treatment with anticancer reagents using a real-time cell monitoring device. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3197-3205. [PMID: 31555392 PMCID: PMC6755379 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time cell-monitoring analysis (RTCA) system was previously developed based on the change in impedance when cells attach and spread in a culture dish coated with a gold microelectrode array. However, the potential applications of this system have not yet been fully demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the RTCA system to determine the cytotoxicity of four anticancer agents in carcinoma cells. The results were compared with those of the conventional WST-8 assay at the endpoint to determine the potential of the RTCA system as a new real-time assay method to evaluate cytotoxicity. iCELLigence was used as the RTCA system in this study. Suspensions of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines were seeded (2×104 cells/well) onto the E-plate (the culture plate of the iCELLigence system). After 24 h of culture, anticancer agents were added to each well, and changes in electrical impedance (cell index, CI) were recorded for another 72 h of culture. Cell proliferation was detected in real-time by the RTCA device in an automated, high throughput manner. Then, the IC50 profiles of the four anticancer agents were calculated based on the real-time cell index values. The results indicated that the RTCA system was useful in evaluating cytotoxic reactions immediately after the addition of the anticancer agents as it was able to record the data in real-time. Furthermore, the IC50 levels measured by the real-time assay were lower than those measured by the endpoint assay. Thus, RTCA systems can be used to evaluate chemotherapeutic agents in cancer cells as well as their side effects in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Hazekawa
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishinakagawa
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kawakubo-Yasukochi
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakashima
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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12
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Chan LLY, Wucherpfennig KW, de Andrade LF. Visualization and quantification of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity over extended time periods by image cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2019; 469:47-51. [PMID: 30951701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity is traditionally measured using the chromium release assay, which measures the fraction of radioactive 51Cr released from dying target cells co-cultured with NK cells. However, the time frame of 51Cr release assays is limited to approximately 4 h due to spontaneous release of 51Cr. In the tumor microenvironment, interactions between NK cells and tumor cells occur over extended time periods, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is modulated by cytokines produced by tumor cells and other immune cells. Here we demonstrate that the interaction of NK cells and tumor cells can be imaged and quantified over an extended period of time using a novel image cytometry method. Specifically, we imaged killing of human ZsGreen+ melanoma cells by primary human NK cells in the presence of an antibody targeting MICA and MICB on the tumor cell surface. The number of live ZsGreen+ A375 cells was counted in 96-well plates over a three day time frame, and the results were used to first calculate % specific killing at the 4 h time point to compare to 51Cr release assay. Analysis of data from the 4 h time point demonstrated that both 51Cr and image cytometry enable sensitive detection of NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Image cytometry demonstrated that the combination of the MICA/B antibody and IL-2 induced near-complete eradication of A375 melanoma cells by NK cells at later time points. This novel image cytometry based approach will be suitable for the discovery of combination therapies that enhance the cytotoxic function of NK cells against tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Li-Ying Chan
- Department of Technology R&D, Nexcelom Bioscience LLC, Lawrence, MA 01843, United States of America.
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Lucas Ferrari de Andrade
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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13
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Study on the Quality Evaluation of Compound Danshen Preparations Based on the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell-Based Assay and Pharmacodynamic Authentication. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092090. [PMID: 30134517 PMCID: PMC6225219 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To perform a preliminary study on the quality evaluation of compound Danshen preparations based on the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell-based Assay (RTCA) system and make a pharmacodynamics verification. Methods: The compound Danshen was discussed as a methodological example, and the bioactivity of the compound Danshen preparations were evaluated by real-time cell electronic analysis technology. Meanwhile, an in vivo experiment on an acute blood stasis rat model was performed in order to verify this novel evaluation through the curative effect of dissipating blood stasis. Results: We determined the cell index (CI) and IC50 of the compound Danshen preparations and produced time/dose-dependent cell response profiles (TCRPs). The quality of the three kinds of compound Danshen preparations was evaluated through the RTCA data. The trend of CI and TCRPs reflected the effect of drugs on the cell (promoting or inhibiting), and it was verified that the results correlated with the biological activity of the drugs using a pharmacodynamics experiment. Conclusion: The RTCA system can be used to evaluate the quality of compound Danshen Preparations, and it can provide a new idea and new method for quantitatively characterizing the biological activity of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs).
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14
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Cerignoli F, Abassi YA, Lamarche BJ, Guenther G, Santa Ana D, Guimet D, Zhang W, Zhang J, Xi B. In vitro immunotherapy potency assays using real-time cell analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193498. [PMID: 29499048 PMCID: PMC5834184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing understanding of the molecular interactions between immune effector cells and target tumor cells, coupled with refined gene therapy approaches, are giving rise to novel cancer immunotherapeutics with remarkable efficacy in the clinic against both solid and liquid tumors. While immunotherapy holds tremendous promise for treatment of certain cancers, significant challenges remain in the clinical translation to many other types of cancers and also in minimizing adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for functional potency assays, in vitro and in vivo, that could model the complex interaction of immune cells with tumor cells and can be used to rapidly test the efficacy of different immunotherapy approaches, whether it is small molecule, biologics, cell therapies or combinations thereof. Herein we report the development of an xCELLigence real-time cytolytic in vitro potency assay that uses cellular impedance to continuously monitor the viability of target tumor cells while they are being subjected to different types of treatments. Specialized microtiter plates containing integrated gold microelectrodes enable the number, size, and surface attachment strength of adherent target tumor cells to be selectively monitored within a heterogeneous mixture that includes effector cells, antibodies, small molecules, etc. Through surface-tethering approach, the killing of liquid cancers can also be monitored. Using NK92 effector cells as example, results from RTCA potency assay are very well correlated with end point data from image-based assays as well as flow cytometry. Several effector cells, i.e., PBMC, NK, CAR-T were tested and validated as well as biological molecules such as Bi-specific T cell Engagers (BiTEs) targeting the EpCAM protein expressed on tumor cells and blocking antibodies against the immune checkpoint inhibitor PD-1. Using the specifically designed xCELLigence immunotherapy software, quantitative parameters such as KT50 (the amount of time it takes to kill 50% of the target tumor cells) and % cytolysis are calculated and used for comparing the relative efficacy of different reagents. In summary, our results demonstrate the xCELLigence platform to be well suited for potency assays, providing quantitative assessment with high reproducibility and a greatly simplified work flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cerignoli
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yama A. Abassi
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Garret Guenther
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - David Santa Ana
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Guimet
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Wen Zhang
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Biao Xi
- ACEA Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sun Y, Jiang Y, Huang J, Chen H, Liao Y, Yang Z. CISD2 enhances the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer through the enhancement of 5-FU-induced apoptosis and the inhibition of autophagy by AKT/mTOR pathway. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2331-2346. [PMID: 28857517 PMCID: PMC5633556 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent upper gastrointestinal tumor characterized by high morbidity and mortality due to imperfect screening systems and the rapid development of resistance to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) has been recently regarded as a candidate oncogene in several types of tumors. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate its biological function and clinical significance in gastric cancer. In this study, the down‐regulated expression level of CISD2 in GC compared with adjacent normal tissues was evaluated by quantitative RT‐PCR and Western blotting. An immunohistochemical analysis indicated that CISD2 expression in GC was significantly correlated with age (P = 0.002), Lauren's classification (P = 0.001), and differentiation (P = 0.049). Two cell lines, MKN1 and BGC823, were used to analyze the role of CISD2 in gastric carcinogenesis and response to 5‐FU through CCK‐8 assays, the RT‐CES system, Transwell assays, flow cytometry, and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The overexpression of CISD2 resulted in reduced cellular growth and proliferation, inhibition of metastatic ability, and increased apoptosis. 5‐FU treatment increased endogenous as well as exogenous overexpression of CISD2 in GC cells. Further investigation revealed that CISD2 enhanced sensitivity to 5‐FU via an increase in apoptosis and inhibition of protective autophagy through the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, CISD2 is down‐regulated in gastric cancer, and its effects on the inhibition of cellular proliferation, metastatic ability, and increased chemotherapy sensitivity are mediated by antagonism to 5‐FU‐induced autophagy through the AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingming Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintuan Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuli Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Gomes SE, Simões AES, Pereira DM, Castro RE, Rodrigues CMP, Borralho PM. miR-143 or miR-145 overexpression increases cetuximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:9368-87. [PMID: 26824186 PMCID: PMC4891046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-143 and miR-145 are downregulated in colon cancer. Here, we tested the effect of restoring these miRNAs on sensitization to cetuximab in mutant KRAS (HCT116 and SW480) and wild-type KRAS (SW48) colon cancer cells. We evaluated cetuximab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the modulation of signaling pathways involved in immune effector cell-mediated elimination of cancer cells. Stable miR-143 or miR-145 overexpression increased cell sensitivity to cetuximab, resulting in a significant increase of cetuximab-mediated ADCC independently of KRAS status. Importantly, HCT116 cells overexpressing these miRNAs triggered apoptosis in result of cetuximab-mediated ADCC, effected by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p < 0.01). This was associated with increased apoptosis and caspase-3/7 activity, and reduced Bcl-2 protein expression (p < 0.01). In addition, caspase inhibition abrogated cetuximab-mediated ADCC in HCT116 cells overexpressing either miR-143 or miR-145 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, Bcl-2 silencing led to high level of cetuximab-mediated ADCC, compared to control siRNA (p < 0.05). Importantly, granzyme B inhibition, abrogated cetuximab-mediated ADCC, reducing caspase-3/7 activity (p < 0.01). Collectively, our data suggests that re-introduction of miR-143 or miR-145 may provide a new approach for development of therapeutic strategies to re-sensitize colon cancer cells to cetuximab by stimulating cetuximab-dependent ADCC to induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia E Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André E S Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diane M Pereira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui E Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Borralho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Rocca YS, Roberti MP, Juliá EP, Pampena MB, Bruno L, Rivero S, Huertas E, Sánchez Loria F, Pairola A, Caignard A, Mordoh J, Levy EM. Phenotypic and Functional Dysregulated Blood NK Cells in Colorectal Cancer Patients Can Be Activated by Cetuximab Plus IL-2 or IL-15. Front Immunol 2016; 7:413. [PMID: 27777574 PMCID: PMC5056190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with the immune response; thus, these tumors could be responsive to different immune therapy approaches. Natural killer (NK) cells are key antitumor primary effectors that can eliminate CRC cells without prior immunization. We previously determined that NK cells from the local tumor environment of CRC tumors display a profoundly altered phenotype compared with circulating NK cells from healthy donors (HD). In this study, we evaluated peripheral blood NK cells from untreated patients and their possible role in metastasis progression. We observed profound deregulation in receptor expression even in early stages of disease compared with HD. CRC-NK cells displayed underexpression of CD16, NKG2D, DNAM-1, CD161, NKp46, and NKp30 activating receptors, while inhibitory receptors CD85j and NKG2A were overexpressed. This inhibited phenotype affected cytotoxic functionality against CRC cells and interferon-γ production. We also determined that NKp30 and NKp46 are the key receptors involved in detriment of CRC-NK cells’ antitumor activity. Moreover, NKp46 expression correlated with relapse-free survival of CRC patients with a maximum follow-up of 71 months. CRC-NK cells also exhibited altered antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity function responding poorly to cetuximab. IL-2 and IL-15 in combination with cetuximab stimulated NK cell, improving cytotoxicity. These results show potential strategies to enhance CRC-NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Sol Rocca
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Paula Roberti
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Estefanía Paula Juliá
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Betina Pampena
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Luisina Bruno
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Sergio Rivero
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Eduardo Huertas
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Alejandro Pairola
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Anne Caignard
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - José Mordoh
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estrella Mariel Levy
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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18
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Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of α-Cyclodextrin Derivatives on the Caco-2 Cell Line and Human Erythrocytes. Molecules 2015; 20:20269-85. [PMID: 26569209 PMCID: PMC6332255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins, even the 6-membered α-cyclodextrin, are approved in the various pharmacopoeias as pharmaceutical excipients for solubilizing and stabilizing drugs as well as for controlling drug release. Recently α-cyclodextrin has also been marketed as health food with beneficial effects on blood lipid profiles. However, the concentration of α-cyclodextrin used may be very high in these cases, and its toxic attributes have to be seriously considered. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of various, differently substituted α-cyclodextrin derivatives and determine relationship between the structures and cytotoxicity. Three different methods were used, viability tests (MTT assay and Real Time Cell Electronic Sensing on Caco-2 cells) as well as hemolysis test on human red blood cells. The effect of α-cyclodextrin derivatives resulted in concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, so the IC50 values have been determined. Based on our evaluation, the Real Time Cell Electronic Sensing method is the most accurate for describing the time and concentration dependency of the observed toxic effects. Regarding the cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells, phosphatidylcholine extraction may play a main role in the mechanism. Our results should provide help in selecting those α-cyclodextrin derivatives which have the potential of being used safely in medical formulations.
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19
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Liu Q, Wu C, Cai H, Hu N, Zhou J, Wang P. Cell-based biosensors and their application in biomedicine. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6423-61. [PMID: 24905074 DOI: 10.1021/cr2003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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20
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Arends SJ, Damoiseaux JGMC, Duijvestijn AM, Debrus-Palmans L, Vroomen M, Boomars KA, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Reutelingsperger CPM, Cohen Tervaert JW, van Paassen P. Immunoglobulin G anti-endothelial cell antibodies: inducers of endothelial cell apoptosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension? Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 174:433-40. [PMID: 23815467 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis seems to play an important role in the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We aimed to test the hypothesis that circulating anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) of PAH patients induce EC apoptosis. Immunoglobulin (Ig)G was purified from sera of PAH patients (n = 26), patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis without PAH (n = 16), patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) without PAH (n = 58) and healthy controls (n = 14). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with patient or healthy control IgG for 24 h. Thereafter, apoptosis was quantified by annexin A5 binding and hypoploid cell enumeration by flow cytometry. Furthermore, real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES™) technology was used to monitor the effects of purified IgG from patient and healthy control IgG on HUVECs. As demonstrated previously, IgG of AECA-positive SLE nephritis patients (n = 7) induced a higher percentage of apoptosis of HUVECs compared to IgG of AECA-negative SLE nephritis patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, IgG of AECA-positive SLE nephritis patients induced a marked decrease in cell index as assessed by RT-CES™ technology. IgG of AECA-positive PAH patients (n = 12) and SSc patients (n = 13) did not alter the percentage of HUVEC apoptosis or cell index compared to IgG of AECA-negative PAH and SSc patients and healthy controls. AECA-positive PAH patients, in contrast to SLE nephritis patients, do not have circulating IgG AECA that enhances apoptosis of HUVECs in vitro. Further studies should focus on other mechanisms by which AECA may enhance EC apoptosis in PAH, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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21
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Park KH, Park H, Kim M, Kim Y, Han K, Oh EJ. Evaluation of NK cell function by flowcytometric measurement and impedance based assay using real-time cell electronic sensing system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:210726. [PMID: 24236291 PMCID: PMC3819884 DOI: 10.1155/2013/210726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system-based natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity has been introduced, it has not been evaluated using human blood samples. In present study, we measured flowcytometry based assay (FCA) and RT-CES based NK cytotoxicity and analyzed degranulation activity (CD107a) and cytokine production. In 98 healthy individuals, FCA with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at effector to target (E/T) ratio of 32 revealed 46.5 ± 2.6% cytolysis of K562 cells, and 23.5 ± 1.1% of NK cells showed increased degranulation. In RT-CES system, adherent NIH3T3 target cells were resistant to basal killing by PBMC or NK cells. NK cell activation by adding IL-2 demonstrated real-time dynamic killing activity, and lymphokine-activated PBMC (E/T ratio of 32) from 15 individuals showed 59.1 ± 6.2% cytotoxicity results after 4 hours incubation in RT-CES system. However, there was no significant correlation between FCA and RT-CES cytotoxicity. After K562 target cell stimulation, PBMC produced profound proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines/chemokines including IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, MIP-1 α β , IFN- γ , and TNF- α , and cytokine/chemokine secretion was related to flowcytometry-based NK cytotoxicity. These data suggest that RT-CES and FCA differ in sensitivity, applicability and providing information, and further investigations are necessary in variable clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungja Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Fregni G, Messaoudene M, Fourmentraux-Neves E, Mazouz-Dorval S, Chanal J, Maubec E, Marinho E, Scheer-Senyarich I, Cremer I, Avril MF, Caignard A. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of blood natural killer cells from melanoma patients at different clinical stages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76928. [PMID: 24204708 PMCID: PMC3799851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are aggressive skin tumors characterized by high metastatic potential. Immunotherapy is a valuable alternative for metastatic melanoma patients resistant to chemotherapy. Natural Killer (NK) cells are efficient anti-tumor cytotoxic effectors. We previously showed that blood NK cells from stage IV metastatic melanoma patients display decreased NK receptors and that chemotherapy modifies the functional status of blood NK cells. To investigate the role of NK cells along melanoma progression, we have here studied NK cells from patients at different stages of the disease. First, we showed that ex vivo NK cells from certain stage III-IV patients displayed low degranulation potential. Using a dynamic label-free assay, we found that immunoselected IL-2 activated blood NK cells from patients efficiently lysed melanoma cells through NKp46 and NKG2D receptors, independently to the clinical stage. Moreover, the ex vivo phenotype of circulating NK cells from 33 patients (stage I to IV) was extensively analyzed. NK cells from patients displayed higher variability in the percentages of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCR) and Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) receptor expression compared to donor NK cells. The main defect was the decreased expression of NCR1 (NKp46) by NK cells from metastatic patients. Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between the NK cell percentages of NKp46 and the duration of stage IV in melanoma patients. Finally, we showed that NK cells infiltrated primary melanomas and displayed a predominant peritumoral distribution. These results are new arguments for the development of NK-based therapies in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fregni
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Messaoudene
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Fourmentraux-Neves
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sarra Mazouz-Dorval
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Johan Chanal
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Department of Dermatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Marinho
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Scheer-Senyarich
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Diderot, Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Descartes, Department of Dermatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- Cochin Institute, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Guan N, Deng J, Li T, Xu X, Irelan JT, Wang MW. Label-free monitoring of T cell activation by the impedance-based xCELLigence system. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1035-43. [PMID: 23483079 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in maintaining the normal function of the adaptive immune response, with their dysfunction resulting in a variety of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases. Efficient and accurate detection of T cell function is therefore crucial to clinical diagnosis and development of immunomodulators. A variety of in vitro cellular systems are currently employed for analyzing T cell activation, yet all suffer from some combination of low throughput, unnatural conditions and long assay times. Label-free technologies are capable of detecting phenotypic responses to treatments under physiological conditions, thereby potentially accelerating drug discovery by facilitating the use of disease-relevant cell models for functional assessment and clinical diagnosis. The xCELLigence system is an impedance based label-free platform that allows for dynamic monitoring of subtle morphological and adhesive changes in cells, such as those induced during T cell activation. Here we describe the development and validation of a T cell activation assay based upon electrical impedance. Co-activation of Jurkat cells with anti-CD28 and anti-CD3 functional antibodies led to impedance changes that were rapidly and sensitively recorded (within 30 minutes). This phenomenon was also observed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These changes reflect morphological and adhesive alterations correlated with cytoskeletal reorganization as verified by microscopy. They were functionally dependent on canonical T cell signaling pathways, including calcium-mediated signals and Src family kinases because relevant inhibitors impaired T cell activation. Our results provide a convenient approach to measure T cell activation in real-time and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action through probing with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Guan
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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24
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Niles AL, Moravec RA, Riss TL. Update on in vitro cytotoxicity assays for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:655-69. [PMID: 23506147 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.6.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND in vitro cytotoxicity testing provides a crucial means of ranking compounds for consideration in drug discovery. The choice of using a particular viability or cytotoxicity assay technology may be influenced by specific research goals. OBJECTIVE Although the high-throughput screening (HTS) utility is typically dependent upon sensitivity and scalability, it is also impacted by signal robustness and resiliency to assay interferences. Further consideration should be given to data quality, ease-of-use, reagent stability, and matters of cost-effectiveness. METHODS Here we focus on three main classes of assays that are at present the most popular, useful, and practical for HTS drug discovery efforts. These methods measure: i) viability by metabolism reductase activities; ii) viability by bioluminescent ATP assays; or iii) cytotoxicity by enzymes 'released' into culture medium. Multi-parametric technologies are also briefly discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Each of these methods has its relative merits and detractions; however multi-parametric methods using both viability and cytotoxicity markers may mitigate the inherent shortcomings of single parameter measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Niles
- Senior Research Scientist Promega Corporation, Research and Development, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, USA +1 608 247 4330, ext. 1447 ; +1 608 298 4818 ;
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25
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Garcia SN, Gutierrez L, McNulty A. Real-time cellular analysis as a novel approach for in vitro cytotoxicity testing of medical device extracts. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:2097-106. [PMID: 23412941 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity measurements are often performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of medical device materials. Here, we describe the use of a real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) system for the investigation of biocompatibility of medical devices by comparing RTCA results to two distinct methods described in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines. Mouse L-929 fibroblast proliferation was assessed every 15 min from 24 to 100 h during the pretreatment and postextract addition period. Simultaneously, we performed quantitative cytotoxicity analyses using water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) and qualitatively scored cytotoxicity by examining changes in morphology at 24-h intervals. The RTCA uses electrical impedance to measure cell viability quantified as a normalized cellular index (CI) which was converted in this study to a reactivity grade. Results from microscopic analyses were expressed as a reactivity grade, based on morphology as defined by the ISO 10993-5:2009. There was a clear correlation between addition of cytotoxic agents and, both, decreased normalized CI and concomitant cell layer destruction observed by microscopy. Results obtained from the colorimetric WST-1 assays also correlated with normalized CI at various time points tested. The results indicate that RTCA allows for automated and accurate assessment of biocompatibility of medical devices and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N Garcia
- Applied Sciences, Kinetic Concepts, Inc., San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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26
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Li G, Lai F, Fang Y. Modulating cell-cell communication with a high-throughput label-free cell assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:6-15. [PMID: 22357603 DOI: 10.1177/2211068211424548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput label-free cell assay for modulating cell-cell communication is demonstrated with the Epic® system, a resonant waveguide grating sensor platform. Natural killer (NK) cells are known to be able to recognize abnormal cells (e.g., cancer cells and cells presenting intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM1] through cell surface receptors) and kill them. In this study, the effect of effecter cells NK92MI on two kinds of target cells, cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and Chinese hamster ovarian cells overexpressing ICAM1 (CHO-ICAM1), was examined. Living target cells' response to NK92MI cells was monitored in real time and measured as wavelength shift in picometers. The authors showed that the detectability of target cell response is affected by multiple factors: the ratio of effecter cells to target cells (E/T), the interaction time of the two types of cells, and the target cell type. For example, with the effecter cells NK92MI and the same incubation time of 16 h, a minimal E/T ratio of 1 is required to detect HeLa cell response, whereas an E/T of 0.5 is sufficient to detect CHO-ICAM1 cell response. The authors confirmed that NK92MI cell-mediated target cell cytotoxicity results in negative optical signals and is associated with apoptosis mainly through caspase pathways. Distinct optical signals could be generated with the pretreatment of the target cells with various known pharmaceutical reagents, making the assay useful for discovering new chemicals that may affect cell-cell communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshan Li
- Corning Inc., Biochemical Technologies, Corning, NY 14831, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Development of specific immunotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) will require identification of antigens selectively or exclusively expressed on CRC cells and strategies to induce and enhance immune responses against these antigenic targets. Cancer-testis (C-T) antigens are proving to be excellent targets for immunotherapy of solid tumors such as melanoma, but their clinical utility for treatment of CRC has to date been limited by their infrequent expression in CRC cells. Here we report that the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC) induces expression of NY-ESO-1 and other C-T genes in CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo in a dose-dependent manner but has negligible effects on the expression of C-T genes in normal nontransformed cells such as fibroblasts. The induction by DAC of NY-ESO-1 expression in CRC cells persists over 100 days after DAC exposure and is associated with increased levels of NY-ESO-1 protein. CRC cells exposed to DAC at concentrations that can be readily achieved in vivo are rendered susceptible to major histocompatibility complex-restricted recognition by CD8 NY-ESO-1-specific T cells. We also demonstrate that retroviral transduction of polyclonal peripheral blood T cells from a metastatic CRC patient with the T-cell receptor α-chain and β-chain genes encoding a human leukocyte antigen-A2-restricted, NY-ESO-1157-165-specific T-cell receptor can be used to generate both CD8 and CD4 NY-ESO-1157-165-specific T cells that selectively recognize DAC-treated CRC but not nontransformed cells. Collectively, these results suggest that the combination of epigenetic modulation and adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T lymphocytes may enable specific immunotherapy for CRC.
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28
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Hvastkovs EG, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Metabolic toxicity screening using electrochemiluminescence arrays coupled with enzyme-DNA biocolloid reactors and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2012; 5:79-105. [PMID: 22482786 PMCID: PMC3399491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
New chemicals or drugs must be guaranteed safe before they can be marketed. Despite widespread use of bioassay panels for toxicity prediction, products that are toxic to a subset of the population often are not identified until clinical trials. This article reviews new array methodologies based on enzyme/DNA films that form and identify DNA-reactive metabolites that are indicators of potentially genotoxic species. This molecularly based methodology is designed in a rapid screening array that utilizes electrochemiluminescence (ECL) to detect metabolite-DNA reactions, as well as biocolloid reactors that provide the DNA adducts and metabolites for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. ECL arrays provide rapid toxicity screening, and the biocolloid reactor LC-MS approach provides a valuable follow-up on structure, identification, and formation rates of DNA adducts for toxicity hits from the ECL array screening. Specific examples using this strategy are discussed. Integration of high-throughput versions of these toxicity-screening methods with existing drug toxicity bioassays should allow for better human toxicity prediction as well as more informed decision making regarding new chemical and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G. Hvastkovs
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858;
| | - John B. Schenkman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269;
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06269;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269;
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29
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate many important physiological functions and
are considered as one of the most successful therapeutic targets for a broad spectrum of
diseases. The design and implementation of high-throughput GPCR assays that allow the
cost-effective screening of large compound libraries to identify novel drug candidates are
critical in early drug discovery. Early functional GPCR assays depend primarily on the
measurement of G-protein-mediated 2nd messenger generation. Taking advantage of the
continuously deepening understanding of GPCR signal transduction, many
G-protein-independent pathways are utilized to detect the activity of GPCRs, and may
provide additional information on functional selectivity of candidate compounds. With the
combination of automated imaging systems and label-free detection systems, such assays are
now suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS). In this review, we summarize the most
widely used GPCR assays and recent advances in HTS technologies for GPCR drug
discovery.
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30
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Jakobsche CE, McEnaney PJ, Zhang AX, Spiegel DA. Reprogramming urokinase into an antibody-recruiting anticancer agent. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:316-21. [PMID: 22098560 DOI: 10.1021/cb200374e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic compounds for controlling or creating human immunity have the potential to revolutionize disease treatment. Motivated by challenges in this arena, we report herein a strategy to target metastatic cancer cells for immune-mediated destruction by targeting the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPAR are overexpressed on the surfaces of a wide range of invasive cancer cells and are believed to contribute substantially to the migratory propensities of these cells. The key component of our approach is an antibody-recruiting molecule that targets the urokinase receptor (ARM-U). This bifunctional construct is formed by selectively, covalently attaching an antibody-binding small molecule to the active site of the urokinase enzyme. We demonstrate that ARM-U is capable of directing antibodies to the surfaces of target cancer cells and mediating both antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against multiple human cancer cell lines. We believe that the reported strategy has the potential to inform novel treatment options for a variety of deadly, invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Jakobsche
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
| | - Patrick J. McEnaney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
| | - Andrew X. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
| | - David A. Spiegel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
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31
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Halai R, Cooper MA. Using label-free screening technology to improve efficiency in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:123-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.651121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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32
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Fu H, Fu W, Sun M, Shou Q, Zhai Y, Cheng H, Teng L, Mou X, Li Y, Wan S, Zhang S, Xu Q, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhu J, Wang X, Xu X, Lv G, Jin L, Guo W, Ke Y. Kinetic Cellular Phenotypic Profiling: Prediction, Identification, and Analysis of Bioactive Natural Products. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6518-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Fu
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingjiao Sun
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yunyan Zhai
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Teng
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuying Wan
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinqin Xu
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jenny Zhu
- ACEA Biosciences Incorporated, San Diego, California 92126, United States
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- ACEA Biosciences Incorporated, San Diego, California 92126, United States
| | - Xiao Xu
- ACEA Biosciences Incorporated, San Diego, California 92126, United States
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wensheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Atienzar FA, Tilmant K, Gerets HH, Toussaint G, Speeckaert S, Hanon E, Depelchin O, Dhalluin S. The use of real-time cell analyzer technology in drug discovery: defining optimal cell culture conditions and assay reproducibility with different adherent cellular models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:575-87. [PMID: 21518825 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111402825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of impedance-based label-free technology applied to drug discovery is nowadays receiving more and more attention. Indeed, such a simple and noninvasive assay that interferes minimally with cell morphology and function allows one to perform kinetic measurements and to obtain information on proliferation, migration, cytotoxicity, and receptor-mediated signaling. The objective of the study was to further assess the usefulness of a real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) platform based on impedance in the context of quality control and data reproducibility. The data indicate that this technology is useful to determine the best coating and cellular density conditions for different adherent cellular models including hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and hybrid neuroblastoma/neuronal cells. Based on 31 independent experiments, the reproducibility of cell index data generated from HepG2 cells exposed to DMSO and to Triton X-100 was satisfactory, with a coefficient of variation close to 10%. Cell index data were also well reproduced when cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to 21 compounds three times (correlation >0.91, p < 0.0001). The data also show that a cell index decrease is not always associated with cytotoxicity effects and that there are some confounding factors that can affect the analysis. Finally, another drawback is that the correlation analysis between cellular impedance measurements and classical toxicity endpoints has been performed on a limited number of compounds. Overall, despite some limitations, the RTCA technology appears to be a powerful and reliable tool in drug discovery because of the reasonable throughput, rapid and efficient performance, technical optimization, and cell quality control.
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Quereda JJ, Martínez-Alarcón L, Mendoça L, Majado MJ, Herrero-Medrano JM, Pallarés FJ, Ríos A, Ramírez P, Muñoz A, Ramis G. Validation of xCELLigence real-time cell analyzer to assess compatibility in xenotransplantation with pig-to-baboon model. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:3239-43. [PMID: 20970663 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the use of a microelectronic real-time cell analyzer system (RTCA) we developed a complement-mediated antibody cytotoxicity assay to investigate the compatibility of a graft and a recipient in pig-to-baboon xenotransplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fibroblasts isolated from the skin of five hCD55, hCD59, and hCD46 transgenic pigs (TP) were cultured in 96 microelectronic well plates for 17 hours. Then, we added to each microwell 20 μL of normal sera from nine healthy adult olive baboons (Papio anubis)-three males and six females. The evolution of the cell culture was assessed every 3 minutes during the pretreatment period, at 11 hours postaddition, and every 30 minutes from 12 to 96 hours. Simultaneously, we performed a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Fibroblasts from wild-type (WT) pigs were used as positive controls and microwells without serum addition from each TP as negative controls. The RTCA results were expressed as a normalized cellular index (NCI). RESULTS Differences were observed between the five TP fibroblasts and the WT fibroblasts, with greater cytotoxicity on WT cells. Among TP, a higher cytolytic level was observed in males than females. The MTT results correlated with NCI at different times, with the minimum NCI and with the time to for NCI recovery before serum addition. The correlation was lower than that previously reported in environmental toxicity assays. CONCLUSIONS RTCA allows a long-term assessment of the immunocytotoxic effect of baboon sera on pig cells, providing a suitable tool to perform compatibility tests for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Quereda
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau gene confer increased susceptibility to natural killer cells of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2011; 30:2622-32. [PMID: 21258414 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is involved in the development of sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). VHL interferes with angiogenesis and also controls cell adhesion and invasion. Therapies that target VHL-controlled genes are currently being evaluated in RCC patients. RCC is a immunogenic tumor and treatment with interleukin-2 (IL2) or interferon (IFN)-α results in regression in some patients. We used two renal tumor cell lines (RCC6 and RCC4) carrying VHL loss-of-function mutations to investigate the role of mutant VHL in susceptibility to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. The RCC6 and RCC4 cell lines were transfected with the wild-type gene to restore the function of VHL. The presence of the gene in RCC cells downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and subsequently decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Relative to control transfectants and parental cells, pVHL-transfected cell lines activated resting and IL2-activated NK cells less strongly, as assessed by IFNγ secretion, NK degranulation and cell lysis. NKG2A, a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I-specific inhibitory NK receptor, controls the lysis of tumor targets. We show that HLA-I expression in RCC-pVHL cells is stronger than that in parental and controls cells, although the expression of activating receptor NK ligands remains unchanged. Blocking NKG2A/HLA-I interactions substantially increased lysis of RCC-pVHL, but had little effect on the lysis of VHL-mutated RCC cell lines. In addition, in response to IFNα, the exponential growth of RCC-pVHL was inhibited more than that of RCC-pE cells, indicating that VHL mutations may be involved in IFNα resistance. These results indicate that a decreased expression of HLA-I molecules in mutated VHL renal tumor cells sensitizes them to NK-mediated lysis. These results suggest that combined immunotherapy with anti-angiogenic drugs may be beneficial for patients with mutated VHL.
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36
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Fregni G, Perier A, Pittari G, Jacobelli S, Sastre X, Gervois N, Allard M, Bercovici N, Avril MF, Caignard A. Unique functional status of natural killer cells in metastatic stage IV melanoma patients and its modulation by chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2628-37. [PMID: 21224372 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy is an alternative for metastatic melanoma patients resistant to chemotherapy. Natural killer (NK) cells are powerful antileukemia effectors and their role in solid tumors is suspected. NK cell activation is regulated by a balance between activating receptors, which detect stress molecules on tumor cells, and HLA-I specific inhibitory receptors. Here, we studied the phenotype and function of NK cells in stage IV metastatic melanoma patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Circulating NK cells from 35 healthy donors and 51 patients were studied: 24 patients before chemotherapy (prechemotherapy), 17 patients 1 month after 1 to 4 lines of chemotherapy (postchemotherapy), and 10 patients analyzed pre- and postchemotherapy. NK functionality was carried out toward 2 primary metastatic melanoma cell lines, analyzed for the expression of NK receptor ligands. RESULTS NK cells from prechemotherapy patients exhibit an NKp46(dim)/NKG2A(dim) phenotype. In contrast, NK cells from postchemotherapy patients display high expression of NKp46 and NKG2A receptors. Purified NK cells from patients are efficiently activated in response to melanoma cells. Melanoma cells express different level of NKG2D ligands and HLA-I molecules. In agreements with their phenotype, NK cells from pre- and postchemotherapy patients present distinct functional status toward these primary melanoma cells. A dynamic label free assay was used to determine the pathways involved in the lysis of melanoma cells by IL-2-activated NK cells. NKG2D, NCR (natural cytotoxicity receptor), and DNAM-1 are involved in the NK-mediated lysis of melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new arguments and clues to design NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fregni
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Nantes, France
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Wu C, Ye H, Bai W, Li Q, Guo D, Lv G, Yan H, Wang X. New potential anticancer agent of carborane derivatives: selective cellular interaction and activity of ferrocene-substituted dithio-o-carborane conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 22:16-25. [PMID: 21162536 DOI: 10.1021/bc100158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The large diversity of structures and unique bonding modes of organometallic complexes make them possible to act as promising candidate therapeutic agents. In this study, the new type of ferrocene-substituted dithio-o-carborane conjugates (FcSB1, FcSB2, and FcSBCO) has been synthesized, and their in vitro antineoplastic activities have been explored by means of the electrochemical study, the real time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system, and biological assays. The conjugate-cell interactions were first monitored by electrochemistry, and the results show different cell uptake efficiency for FcSB1, FcSB2, and FcSBCO toward target cells. Both the highly hydrophobic ferrocenyl and carboranyl groups render the conjugates able to rapidly enter cells and exert acute cytotoxicity after 4 h incubation in serum-free media. However, FcSB1, FcSB2, and FcSBCO display different inhibition efficiencies toward SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cancer cells via the G(0)/G(1) arrest mechanism in a physiological environment. The anticancer activity is in the order FcSB2 > FcSB1 > FcSBCO, which is parallel to the order of the redox potentials of the ferrocenyl groups in the three complexes. In particular, FcSB1 and FcSB2 display a potent selective inhibition effect on the proliferation of the cancer cell lines SMMC-7721 and HepG2, but almost no effect on the normal cell line, the human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cells. Thus, these results may provide some clues for use of the ferrocene-carborane conjugates in developing anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), Southeast University, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytometry in cell necrobiology revisited. Recent advances and new vistas. Cytometry A 2010; 77:591-606. [PMID: 20235235 PMCID: PMC2975392 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade has passed since publication of the last review on "Cytometry in cell necrobiology." During these years we have witnessed many substantial developments in the field of cell necrobiology such as remarkable advancements in cytometric technologies and improvements in analytical biochemistry. The latest innovative platforms such as laser scanning cytometry, multispectral imaging cytometry, spectroscopic cytometry, and microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip solutions rapidly emerge as highly advantageous tools in cell necrobiology studies. Furthermore, we have recently gained substantial knowledge on alternative cell demise modes such as caspase-independent apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD), autophagy, necrosis-like PCD, or mitotic catastrophe, all with profound connotations to pathogenesis and treatment. Although detection of classical, caspase-dependent apoptosis is still the major ground for the advancement of cytometric techniques, there is an increasing demand for novel analytical tools to rapidly quantify noncanonical modes of cell death. This review highlights the key developments warranting a renaissance and evolution of cytometric techniques in the field of cell necrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Bioelectronics Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Li J, Guo D, Wang X, Wang H, Jiang H, Chen B. The Photodynamic Effect of Different Size ZnO Nanoparticles on Cancer Cell Proliferation In Vitro. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2010; 5:1063-71. [PMID: 20671778 PMCID: PMC2893699 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have widely been used in the field of biological and biomedicine, such as tissue imaging, diagnosis and cancer therapy. In this study, we explored the cytotoxicity and photodynamic effect of different-sized ZnO nanoparticles to target cells. Our observations demonstrated that ZnO nanoparticles exerted dose-dependent and time-dependent cytotoxicity for cancer cells like hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. Meanwhile, it was observed that UV irradiation could enhance the suppression ability of ZnO nanoparticles on cancer cells proliferation, and these effects were in the size-dependent manner. Furthermore, when ZnO nanoparticles combined with daunorubicin, the related cytotoxicity of anticancer agents on cancer cells was evidently enhanced, suggesting that ZnO nanoparticles could play an important role in drug delivery. This may offer the possibility of the great potential and promising applications of the ZnO nanoparticles in clinical and biomedical areas like photodynamic cancer therapy and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung WU Laboratory), Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Wu C, Shi L, Li Q, Jiang H, Selke M, Ba L, Wang X. Probing the dynamic effect of cys-CdTe quantum dots toward cancer cells in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:82-8. [PMID: 19961203 DOI: 10.1021/tx900291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of quantum dots (QDs) in various biomedical areas requires detailed studies of their toxicity. We report a new strategy for probing the biocompatibility of these nanocrystals, namely, a dynamic investigation of cellular uptake images, cell growth curves, metabolic activity changes, and apoptosis aspects of cadmium telluride QDs capped with cysteamine (Cys-CdTe QDs) on human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells. We used a real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system in combination with fluorescence microscopy, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-zyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. As observed from fluorescence images and RT-CES system results, Cys-CdTe QDs can readily bind on the cell plasma membrane and then enter into the cancer cell, causing decreased adherence of cancer cells during the initial 6-12 h, while the metabolic activity apparently decreased. After 24 h, the metabolic activity of the cancer cells was significantly reduced, with continued reduction in metabolic activity observed at even longer incubation times. Moreover, FCM observation and DNA fragmentation analysis clearly indicate apoptosis-related phenomena when SMMC-7721 cells were treated with the Cys-CdTe QDs. Thus, our study reveals details of the cellular aging and death process induced by Cys-CdTe QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wu
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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41
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Abstract
Dynamic cellular responses to carbon nanotubes were monitored by a real-time cell electronic sensing assay. This approach is based on the parallel impedance measurement of attached cells using electronic sensors integrated in wells of 96-well E-plate. It measures the real-time multiparameter index of cell growth named cell index (CI), which reflects the cell proliferation, morphology, attachment, and spreading. The label-free, real-time, and high-throughput assay overcomes many drawbacks in current optical based cytotoxicity assays in carbon nanotubes research, and enables dynamic monitoring of cellular responses to carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Mu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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42
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Kute TE, Savage L, Stehle JR, Kim-Shapiro JW, Blanks MJ, Wood J, Vaughn JP. Breast tumor cells isolated from in vitro resistance to trastuzumab remain sensitive to trastuzumab anti-tumor effects in vivo and to ADCC killing. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1887-96. [PMID: 19340424 PMCID: PMC11030142 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of model systems of trastuzumab (Herceptin) resistance is of great importance since the humanized monoclonal antibody is now used as first line therapy with paclitaxel in patients with metastatic Her2 overexpressing breast cancer, and the majority of their tumors has innate resistance or develops acquired resistance to the treatment. Previously, we selected trastuzumab-resistant clonal cell lines in vitro from trastuzumab-sensitive parental BT-474 cells and showed that cloned trastuzumab-resistant cell lines maintain similar levels of the extracellular Her2 receptor, bind trastuzumab as efficiently as the parental cells, but continue to grow in the presence of trastuzumab and display cell cycle profiles and growth rates comparable to parental cells grown in the absence of trastuzumab (Kute et al. in Cytometry A 57:86-93, 2004). We now show that trastuzumab-resistant and trastuzumab-sensitive cells both surprisingly display trastuzumab-mediated growth inhibition in athymic nude mice. This demonstrates that resistance developed in vitro is not predictive of resistance in vivo. The observation that in vitro resistant cells are sensitive to trastuzumab in vivo could be explained by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Therefore, both parental and trastuzumab-resistant cells were assayed for ADCC in real time on electroplates with and without trastuzumab in the presence of a natural killer cell line (NK-92), and granulocyte or mononuclear cellular fractions isolated from human peripheral blood. Mononuclear cells and NK-92 cells were more effective in killing both parental and trastuzumab-resistant cells in the presence of trastuzumab. Both trastuzumab-resistant cells and trastuzumab-sensitive cells showed similar susceptibility to ADCC despite displaying divergent growth responses to trastuzumab. The granulocyte fraction was able to kill these cells with equal efficacy in the presence or absence of trastuzumab. These results support a model of trastuzumab tumor cell killing in vivo mediated primarily by ADCC from the mononuclear fraction of innate immune cells and suggest that in the clinical setting not only should changes in signaling transduction pathways be studied in acquired tumor resistance to trastuzumab, but also mechanisms by which tumors impede immune function should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Kute
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Lori Savage
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - John R. Stehle
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | | | - Michael J. Blanks
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - James Wood
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - James P. Vaughn
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
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43
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Guo D, Wu C, Li J, Guo A, Li Q, Jiang H, Chen B, Wang X. Synergistic Effect of Functionalized Nickel Nanoparticles and Quercetin on Inhibition of the SMMC-7721 Cells Proliferation. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 4:1395-1402. [PMID: 20651919 PMCID: PMC2893715 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of functionalized nickel (Ni) nanoparticles capped with positively charged tetraheptylammonium on cellular uptake of drug quercetin into hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMMC-7721) has been explored in this study via microscopy and electrochemical characterization as well as MTT assay. Meanwhile, the influence of Ni nanoparticles and/or quercetin on cell proliferation has been further evaluated by the real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) study. Our observations indicate that Ni nanoparticles could efficiently improve the permeability of cancer cell membrane, and remarkably enhance the accumulation of quercetin in SMMC-7721 cells, suggesting that Ni nanoparticles and quercetin would facilitate the synergistic effect on inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadong Guo
- State Key Lab of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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44
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Qavi AJ, Washburn AL, Byeon JY, Bailey RC. Label-free technologies for quantitative multiparameter biological analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:121-35. [PMID: 19221722 PMCID: PMC2667559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the postgenomic era, information is king and information-rich technologies are critically important drivers in both fundamental biology and medicine. It is now known that single-parameter measurements provide only limited detail and that quantitation of multiple biomolecular signatures can more fully illuminate complex biological function. Label-free technologies have recently attracted significant interest for sensitive and quantitative multiparameter analysis of biological systems. There are several different classes of label-free sensors that are currently being developed both in academia and in industry. In this critical review, we highlight, compare, and contrast some of the more promising approaches. We describe the fundamental principles of these different methods and discuss advantages and disadvantages that might potentially help one in selecting the appropriate technology for a given bioanalytical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Adam L. Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ji-Yeon Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
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45
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Al-Ahmadi W, Al-Ghamdi M, al-Haj L, Al-Mohanna FA, Silverman RH, Khabar KSA. RNase L downmodulation of the RNA-binding protein, HuR, and cellular growth. Oncogene 2009; 28:1782-91. [PMID: 19252527 PMCID: PMC3071643 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease L (RNase L) is an intracellular enzyme that is vital in innate immunity, but also is a tumor suppressor candidate. Here, we show that overexpression of RNase L decreases cellular growth and downmodulates the RNA-binding protein, HuR, a regulator of cell-cycle progression and tumorigenesis. The effect is temporal, occurring in specific cell-cycle phases and correlated with the cytoplasmic localization of RNase L. Both cellular growth and HuR were increased in RNASEL-null mouse fibroblast lines when compared to wild-type cells. Moreover, the stability of HuR mRNA was enhanced in RNASEL-null cells. The HuR 3' untranslated region (UTR), which harbors U-rich and adenylate-uridylate-rich elements, was potently responsive to RNase L when compared to control 3' UTR. Our results may offer a new explanation to the tumor suppressor function of RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijdan Al-Ahmadi
- Program in Biomolecular Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Ghamdi
- Program in Biomolecular Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifa al-Haj
- Program in Biomolecular Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Futwan A. Al-Mohanna
- Program in Biomolecular Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A
| | - Khalid S. A. Khabar
- Program in Biomolecular Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A
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Wu CH, Wu DH, Liu X, Guoyiqibayi G, Guo DD, Lv G, Wang XM, Yan H, Jiang H, Lu ZH. Ligand-Based Neutral Ruthenium(II) Arene Complex: Selective Anticancer Action. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:2352-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - De-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Gulnisa Guoyiqibayi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Da-Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Gang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Zu-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Laboratory), Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China, and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Joint Laboratory of Metal Chemistry, Nanjing University−Jin Chuan Group Ltd., Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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Mizobuchi Y, Matsuzaki K, Kuwayama K, Kitazato K, Mure H, Kageji T, Nagahiro S. REIC/Dkk-3 induces cell death in human malignant glioma. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:244-53. [PMID: 18443132 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of glioma to more malignant phenotypes results from the stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations and the consequent disruption of the apoptotic pathway and augmentation of survival signaling. REIC/Dkk-3, a member of the human Dickkopf (Dkk) family, plays a role as a suppressor of the growth of several human cancers; however, to date it has not been identified in brain tumors. We compared the gene and protein expression of REIC/Dkk-3 in human malignant glioma and normal brain tissues using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. We also performed small interfering REIC/Dkk-3 (siREIC/Dkk-3) knockdown and REIC/Dkk-3 overexpression experiments to examine the role of REIC/Dkk-3 in human malignant glioma cells in vitro. In brain tissue from patients with malignant glioma, the gene and protein expression of REIC/Dkk-3 was lower than in normal brain tissue and was related to the malignancy grade. In the primary glioblastoma cell line, REIC/Dkk-3 transfection led to apoptosis owing to the activation of phosphorylated JUN, caspase-9, and caspase-3 and the reduction of beta-catenin; in REIC/Dkk-3 knockdown experiments, cell growth was augmented. Our results suggest that REIC/Dkk-3 regulates the growth and survival of these cells in a caspase-dependent and -independent way via modification of the Wnt signaling pathway. Our work is the first documentation that the gene and protein expression of REIC/Dkk-3 is down-regulated in human malignant glioma. Our demonstration of the mechanisms underlying REIC/Dkk-3-induced cell death indicates that REIC/Dkk-3 plays a pivotal role in the biology of human malignant glioma and suggests that REIC/Dkk-3 is a promising candidate for molecular target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mizobuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan 770-8503.
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A cell-microelectronic sensing technique for profiling cytotoxicity of chemicals. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 615:80-7. [PMID: 18440366 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cell-microelectronic sensing technique is developed for profiling chemical cytotoxicity and is used to study different cytotoxic effects of the same class chemicals using nitrosamines as examples. This technique uses three human cell lines (T24 bladder, HepG2 liver, and A549 lung carcinoma cells) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells in parallel as the living components of the sensors of a real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) method for dynamic monitoring of chemical toxicity. The RT-CES technique measures changes in the impedance of individual microelectronic wells that is correlated linearly with changes in cell numbers during t log phase of cell growth, thus allowing determination of cytotoxicity. Four nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), were examined and unique cytotoxicity profiles were detected for each nitrosamine. In vitro cytotoxicity values (IC(50)) for NDPhA (ranging from 0.6 to 1.9 mM) were significantly lower than the IC(50) values for the well-known carcinogen NDMA (15-95 mM) in all four cell lines. T24 cells were the most sensitive to nitrosamine exposure among the four cell lines tested (T24>CHO>A549>HepG2), suggesting that T24 may serve as a new sensitive model for cytotoxicity screening. Cell staining results confirmed that administration of the IC(50) concentration from the RT-CES experiments inhibited cell growth by 50% compared to the controls, indicating that the RT-CES method provides reliable measures of IC(50). Staining and cell-cycle analysis confirmed that NDPhA caused cell-cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, whereas NDMA did not disrupt the cell cycle but induced cell death, thus explaining the different cytotoxicity profiles detected by the RT-CES method. The parallel cytotoxicity profiling of nitrosamines on the four cell lines by the RT-CES method led to the discovery of the unique cytotoxicity of NDPhA causing cell-cycle arrest. This study demonstrates a new approach to comprehensive testing of chemical toxicity.
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49
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Spegel C, Heiskanen A, Skjolding L, Emnéus J. Chip Based Electroanalytical Systems for Cell Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Peters MF, Knappenberger KS, Wilkins D, Sygowski LA, Lazor LA, Liu J, Scott CW. Evaluation of cellular dielectric spectroscopy, a whole-cell, label-free technology for drug discovery on Gi-coupled GPCRs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:312-9. [PMID: 17307886 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106298637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CDS) is an emerging technology capable of detecting a range of whole-cell responses in a label-free manner. A new CDS-based instrument, CellKey, has been developed that is optimized for G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) detection and has automated liquid handling in microplate format, thereby making CDS accessible to lead generation/optimization drug discovery. In addition to having sufficient throughput, new assay technologies must pass rigorous standards for assay development, signal window, dynamic range, and reproducibility to effectively support drug discovery SAR studies. Here, the authors evaluated CellKey with 3 different G(i)-coupled GPCRs for suitability in supporting SAR studies. Optimized assay conditions compatible with the precision, reproducibility, and throughput required for routine screening were quickly achieved for each target. Across a 1000-fold range in compound potencies, CellKey results correlated with agonist and antagonist data obtained using classical methods ([(35)S]GTPgammaS binding and cAMP production). For partial agonists, relative efficacy measurements also correlated with GTPgammaS data. CellKey detection of positive allosteric modulators appeared superior to GTPgammaS methodology. Agonist and antagonist activity could be accurately quantified under conditions of low receptor expression. CellKey is a new technology platform that uses label-free detection in a homogeneous assay that is unaffected by color quenching and is easily integrated into existing microtiter-based compound testing and data analysis procedures for drug discovery.
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