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Kanaparthi D, Lampe M, Krohn JH, Zhu B, Klingl A, Lueders T. The reproduction of gram-negative protoplasts and the influence of environmental conditions on this process. iScience 2023; 26:108149. [PMID: 37942012 PMCID: PMC10628739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protoplasts are known to reproduce independently of canonical molecular biological processes. Although their reproduction is thought to be influenced by environmental conditions, the growth of protoplasts in their natural habitat has never been empirically studied. Here, we studied the life cycle of protoplasts in their native environment. Contrary to the previous perception that protoplasts reproduce in an erratic manner, cells in our study reproduced in a defined sequence of steps, always leading to viable daughter cells. Their reproduction can be explained by an interplay between intracellular metabolism, the physicochemical properties of cell constituents, and the nature of cations in the growth media. The efficiency of reproduction is determined by the environmental conditions. Under favorable environmental conditions, protoplasts reproduce with nearly similar efficiency to cells that possess a cell wall. In short, here we demonstrate the simplest method of cellular reproduction and the influence of environmental conditions on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kanaparthi
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, BayCeer, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Garching, Germany
| | - Marko Lampe
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hagen Krohn
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
- Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, Garching, Germany
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, BayCeer, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Regions, CAS, Changsha, China
| | - Andreas Klingl
- Department of Biology, LMU, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lueders
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, BayCeer, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Wu SC, Jan HM, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Rathgeber MF, Stowell CS, Murdock KL, Patel KR, Nakahara H, Stowell CJ, Nahm MH, Arthur CM, Cummings RD, Stowell SR. Whole microbe arrays accurately predict interactions and overall antimicrobial activity of galectin-8 toward distinct strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5324. [PMID: 37005394 PMCID: PMC10067959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial glycan microarrays (MGMs) populated with purified microbial glycans have been used to define the specificity of host immune factors toward microbes in a high throughput manner. However, a limitation of such arrays is that glycan presentation may not fully recapitulate the natural presentation that exists on microbes. This raises the possibility that interactions observed on the array, while often helpful in predicting actual interactions with intact microbes, may not always accurately ascertain the overall affinity of a host immune factor for a given microbe. Using galectin-8 (Gal-8) as a probe, we compared the specificity and overall affinity observed using a MGM populated with glycans harvested from various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to an intact microbe microarray (MMA). Our results demonstrate that while similarities in binding specificity between the MGM and MMA are apparent, Gal-8 binding toward the MMA more accurately predicted interactions with strains of S. pneumoniae, including the overall specificity of Gal-8 antimicrobial activity. Taken together, these results not only demonstrate that Gal-8 possesses antimicrobial activity against distinct strains of S. pneumoniae that utilize molecular mimicry, but that microarray platforms populated with intact microbes present an advantageous strategy when exploring host interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mary L Vallecillo-Zúniga
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew F Rathgeber
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Caleb S Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kaleb L Murdock
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kashyap R Patel
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carter J Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Connie M Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Glycomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, National Center for Functional Glycomics, 630E New Research Building, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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3
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Dhingra S, Gaur V, Bhattacharya J, Saha S. Photoinduced micropatterning on biodegradable aliphatic polyester surfaces for anchoring dual brushes and its application in bacteria and cell patterning. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:83-98. [PMID: 36226487 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01477g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In view of intrinsic challenges encountered in surface patterning on actual biomaterials such as the ones based on biodegradable polymers, we have demonstrated an innovative strategy to create micro-patterns on the surface of tartaric acid based aliphatic polyester P (poly(hexamethylene 2,3-O-isoprpylidentartarate)) without significant loss of its molecular weight. Around 10 wt% PAG (photoacid generator, 2-(4-methoxystyryl)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine) was purposefully encapsulated in a polyester matrix comprising of P and PLA (polylactide) at a ratio of 5 : 95. With the help of a photomask, selective areas of the matrix were exposed to UV radiation at 395 nm for 25 min to trigger the acid release from PAG entrapped unmasked areas for generating hydroxyl functionality that was later converted to an ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) initiating moiety on the irradiated domain of P. In subsequent steps, spatio-selective surface modification by surface initiated ATRP was carried out to generate an alternate pattern of polyPEGMA (poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) and polyDMAPS (poly(3-dimethyl-(methacryloyloxyethyl)ammonium propane sulfonate)) brushes on the matrix. The patterned surface modified with dual brushes was found to be antifouling in nature (rejection of >97% of proteins). Strikingly, an alternate pattern of live bacterial cells (E. coli and S. aureus) was evident and a relatively high population of bacteria was found on the polyPEGMA brush modified domain. However, a complete reverse pattern was visible in the case of L929 mouse fibroblast cells, i.e., cells were found to predominantly adhere to and proliferate on the zwitterionic brush modified surface. An attempt was made to discuss a plausible mechanism of selective cell adhesion on the zwitterionic brush domain. This novel strategy employed on the biodegradable polymer surface provides an easy and straightforward way to micro-pattern various cells, bacteria, etc. on biodegradable substrates which hold great potential to function as biochips, diagnostics, bacteria/cell microarrays, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Dhingra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
| | - Vidit Gaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | | | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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4
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Campanero-Rhodes MA, Palma AS, Menéndez M, Solís D. Microarray Strategies for Exploring Bacterial Surface Glycans and Their Interactions With Glycan-Binding Proteins. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2909. [PMID: 32010066 PMCID: PMC6972965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surfaces are decorated with distinct carbohydrate structures that may substantially differ among species and strains. These structures can be recognized by a variety of glycan-binding proteins, playing an important role in the bacteria cross-talk with the host and invading bacteriophages, and also in the formation of bacterial microcolonies and biofilms. In recent years, different microarray approaches for exploring bacterial surface glycans and their recognition by proteins have been developed. A main advantage of the microarray format is the inherent miniaturization of the method, which allows sensitive and high-throughput analyses with very small amounts of sample. Antibody and lectin microarrays have been used for examining bacterial glycosignatures, enabling bacteria identification and differentiation among strains. In addition, microarrays incorporating bacterial carbohydrate structures have served to evaluate their recognition by diverse host/phage/bacterial glycan-binding proteins, such as lectins, effectors of the immune system, or bacterial and phagic cell wall lysins, and to identify antigenic determinants for vaccine development. The list of samples printed in the arrays includes polysaccharides, lipopoly/lipooligosaccharides, (lipo)teichoic acids, and peptidoglycans, as well as sequence-defined oligosaccharide fragments. Moreover, microarrays of cell wall fragments and entire bacterial cells have been developed, which also allow to study bacterial glycosylation patterns. In this review, examples of the different microarray platforms and applications are presented with a view to give the current state-of-the-art and future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Asunción Campanero-Rhodes
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angelina Sa Palma
- UCIBIO, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Abstract
A micro-level technique so-called “microfluidic technology or simply microfluidic” has gained a special place as a powerful tool in bioengineering and biomedical engineering research due to its core advantages in modern science and engineering. Microfluidic technology has played a substantial role in numerous applications with special reference to bioscience, biomedical and biotechnological research. It has facilitated noteworthy development in various sectors of bio-research and upsurges the efficacy of research at the molecular level, in recent years. Microfluidic technology can manipulate sample volumes with precise control outside cellular microenvironment, at micro-level. Thus, enable the reduction of discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro environments and reduce the overall reaction time and cost. In this review, we discuss various integrations of microfluidic technologies into biotechnology and its paradigmatic significance in bio-research, supporting mechanical and chemical in vitro cellular microenvironment. Furthermore, specific innovations related to the application of microfluidics to advance microbial life, solitary and co-cultures along with a multiple-type cell culturing, cellular communications, cellular interactions, and population dynamics are also discussed.
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6
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Li J, Zhai X, Ding C, Liu Y, Dong Q, Xu D, Wang X, Qiu J, Zhang Q, Pan J, Liu Q. Development of a Bacterial Macroarray for the Rapid Screening of Targeted Antibody-Secreted Hybridomas. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:190-198. [PMID: 30304643 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218804990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hybridoma screening is a key step for the successful generation of high-affinity analyte-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). This work presents an innovative screening method, known as a bacterial macroarray, generated by contact printing of hybridoma cell supernatant samples on a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane initially coated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled bacteria. Given that bacterial fixation will be influenced by complex bacterial surface structures, we selected both gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Cronobacter sakazakii) to optimize the fixation conditions for binding to the NC membrane, such as the aperture of the NC membrane, the concentration of bacteria, the dosage of glycerin in the spotting buffer, and the fixation time and temperature. As a result, we found that a better bacterial macroarray could be developed when the spotting buffer, containing 1011 CFU mL-1 of FITC-labeled bacteria and 15% (V/V) glycerol, was spotted onto a 0.45 µm NC membrane with an incubation of 2 h at 37 °C. Finally, we verified the stability and specificity of the prepared bacterial macroarray by detecting cell cultures with the addition of two MAbs ( Escherichia coli O157:H7 MAb E7 and Cronobacter sakazakii MAb 1E9) to simulate the screening experiments. Here, we describe a bacterial macroarray to efficiently screen the targeted antibody-secreted hybridomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - XuZhao Zhai
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chengchao Ding
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- 2 Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingli Dong
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiang Wang
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingxuan Qiu
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Pan
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- 1 School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China.,3 Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
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7
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Kim JJ, Reátegui E, Hopke A, Jalali F, Roushan M, Doyle PS, Irimia D. Large-scale patterning of living colloids for dynamic studies of neutrophil-microbe interactions. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1514-1520. [PMID: 29770423 PMCID: PMC5995581 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first white blood cells to respond to microbes and to limit their invasion of the body. However, the growth of the microbes into colonies often challenges the neutrophils ability to contain them. To study the interactions between neutrophils and microbial colonies, we designed an assay for arranging microbes in clusters of controlled size (i.e. living colloids). The patterned microbes in the living colloid are mechanically trapped inside the wells and fully accessible to neutrophils. Using the assay, we studied the interactions between human neutrophils and Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, two common human pathogens. We also probed the susceptibility of C. albicans colloids to caspofungin, a common antifungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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8
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Recent Advances in Genetic Technique of Microbial Report Cells and Their Applications in Cell Arrays. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:182107. [PMID: 26436087 PMCID: PMC4576000 DOI: 10.1155/2015/182107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell arrays have attracted consistent attention for their ability to provide unique global data on target analytes at low cost, their capacity for readily detectable and robust cell growth in diverse environments, their high degree of convenience, and their capacity for multiplexing via incorporation of molecularly tailored reporter cells. To highlight recent progress in the field of microbial cell arrays, this review discusses research on genetic engineering of reporter cells, technologies for patterning live cells on solid surfaces, cellular immobilization in different polymers, and studies on their application in environmental monitoring, disease diagnostics, and other related fields. On the basis of these results, we discuss current challenges and future prospects for novel microbial cell arrays, which show promise for use as potent tools for unraveling complex biological processes.
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9
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Liang T, Chen Z, Li J, Yue Z, Lv J, Jiang Q, Yi C. Ultrasensitive detection and rapid identification of multiple foodborne pathogens with the naked eyes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 71:186-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Wold ED, McBride R, Axup JY, Kazane SA, Smider VV. Antibody microarrays utilizing site-specific antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:807-11. [PMID: 25884500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein arrays are typically made by random absorption of proteins to the array surface, potentially limiting the amount of properly oriented and functional molecules. We report the development of a DNA encoded antibody microarray utilizing site-specific antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates that can be used for cell immobilization as well as the detection of genes and proteins. This technology allows for the facile generation of antibody microarrays while circumventing many of the drawbacks of conventionally produced antibody arrays. We demonstrate that this method can be used to capture and detect SK-BR-3 cells (Her2+ breast cancer cells) at concentrations as low as 10(2) cells/mL (which is equivalent to 10 cells per 100 μL array) without the use of microfluidics, which is 100- to 10(5)-fold more sensitive than comparable techniques. Additionally, the method was shown to be able to detect cells in a complex mixture, effectively immobilizing and specifically detecting Her2+ cells at a concentration of 10(2) SK-BR-3 cells/mL in 4 × 10(6) white blood cells/mL. Patients with a variety of cancers can have circulating tumor cell counts of between 1 and 10(3) cells/mL in whole blood, well within the range of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie A Kazane
- ‡California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Drachuk I, Suntivich R, Calabrese R, Harbaugh S, Kelley-Loughnane N, Kaplan DL, Stone M, Tsukruk VV. Printed Dual Cell Arrays for Multiplexed Sensing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:287-294. [DOI: 10.1021/ab500085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Drachuk
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rattanon Suntivich
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rossella Calabrese
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Svetlana Harbaugh
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Directorate of Human Effectiveness, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Directorate of Human Effectiveness, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Morley Stone
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Directorate of Human Effectiveness, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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12
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Palacios-Cuesta M, Cortajarena AL, García O, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Patterning of individual Staphylococcus aureus bacteria onto photogenerated polymeric surface structures. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the fabrication of bacterial surface arrays by using photolithographic techniques having in addition some particularly interesting features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palacios-Cuesta
- Department of Chemistry and Properties of Polymers
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros
- (ICTP-CSIC)
- 28006-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia) & CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit “Unidad de Nanobiotecnología”
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Olga García
- Department of Chemistry and Properties of Polymers
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros
- (ICTP-CSIC)
- 28006-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Properties of Polymers
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros
- (ICTP-CSIC)
- 28006-Madrid
- Spain
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13
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Papp K, Szittner Z, Prechl J. Life on a microarray: assessing live cell functions in a microarray format. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2717-25. [PMID: 22391673 PMCID: PMC11115177 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microarray technology outgrew the detection of simple intermolecular interactions, as incubation of slides with living cells opened new vistas. Cell-based array technology permits simultaneous detection of several different cell surface molecules, allowing the complex characterization of cells with an amount of information that is hardly assessed by any other technique. Furthermore, binding of cells to printed antibodies or ligands may induce their activation, and consequently the outcome of these interactions, such as phosphorylation, gene expression, secretion of various products; differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of the cells are also measurable on arrays. Moreover, since cells can be transfected with printed vectors, over- or under-expression of selected genes is also achievable simultaneously, creating a nice tool for assessing the function of a given gene. The enormously high-throughput cell-based microarray technology enables testing the effect of external stimuli on a scale that was earlier unthinkable. This review summarizes the possible applications of cell-based arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Papp
- Immunology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-ELTE, Pázmány P.s. 1/C, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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14
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Use of nitrocellulose membranes as a scaffold in cell culture. Cytotechnology 2012; 65:71-81. [PMID: 22717658 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-012-9458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrocellulose membranes, one of the most important and oldest cellulose derivatives, are commonly used for nucleic acid and protein detection in research and diagnostic applications. However, a limited number of studies have explored whether they can act as scaffolds for cell growth. In this study, we investigated this polymeric material for its ability to support the growth of human cells. Eight established cell lines were examined for adherence, growth, spread, and survival on nitrocellulose membranes by optical microscopy after hematoxylin and eosin and/or immunocytochemical staining and by scanning electron microscopy. Apoptosis and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also assessed. All cells readily adhered to and spread on the surface of nitrocellulose membranes as well as coverslips, and the cells maintained the expression of digestive system-specific genes. No significant change was detected in apoptosis or leakage of LDH from cells grown on nitrocellulose membranes. These results suggested that nitrocellulose membranes have a suitable cytocompatibility towards human cells and that they might be used for tissue-engineering scaffolds. Moreover, we demonstrate an additional and underused property of nitrocellulose of specific relevance to microscopic imaging, as it can be rendered virtually transparent, thus the cells growing on such membranes can be observed directly under an optical microscope after staining.
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15
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Label-free detection of surface markers on stem cells by oblique-incidence reflectivity difference microscopy. Biotechniques 2011; 50:381-8. [PMID: 21781038 DOI: 10.2144/000113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional fluorescence microscopy is routinely used to detect cell surface markers through fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. However, fluorophore-conjugation of antibodies alters binding properties such as strength and specificity of the antibody in often uncharacterized ways. Here we present a method using an oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) microscope for label-free, real-time detection of cell surface markers, and apply it to analysis of stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1) on stem cells. Mouse stem cells express SSEA1 on their surfaces, and the level of SSEA1 decreases when the cells start to differentiate. In this study, we immobilized mouse stem cells and non-stem cells (control) on a glass surface as a microarray and reacted the cell microarray with unlabeled SSEA1 antibodies. By monitoring the reaction with an OI-RD microscope in real time, we confirmed that the SSEA1 antibodies bind only to the surface of the stem cells and not to the surface of non-stem cells. From the binding curves, we determined the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of the antibody with the SSEA1 markers on the stem cell surface. Thus, the OI-RD microscope can be used to detect binding affinities between cell surface markers and unlabeled antibodies bound to the cells; this information could be useful for determination of stem cell stages.
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16
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Abstract
Glycans as Biomarkers: Status and PerspectivesProtein glycosylation is a ubiquitous and complex co- and post-translational modification leading to glycan formation, i.e. oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to peptide backbones. The significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is widely recognized. Thus, glycans are considered as unique structures to diagnose, predict susceptibility to and monitor the progression of disease. In the »omics« era, the glycome, a glycan analogue of the proteome and genome, holds considerable promise as a source of new biomarkers. In the design of a strategy for biomarker discovery, new principles and platforms for the analysis of relatively small amounts of numerous glycoproteins are needed. Emerging glycomics technologies comprising different types of mass spectrometry and affinity-based arrays are next in line to deliver new analytical procedures in the field of biomarkers. Screening different types of glycomolecules, selection of differentially expressed components, their enrichment and purification or identification are the most challenging parts of experimental and clinical glycoproteomics. This requires large-scale technologies enabling high sensitivity, proper standardization and validation of the methods to be used. Further progress in the field of applied glycoscience requires an integrated systematic approach in order to explore properly all opportunities for disease diagnosis.
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De Marni ML, Monegal A, Venturini S, Vinati S, Carbone R, de Marco A. Antibody purification-independent microarrays (PIM) by direct bacteria spotting on TiO2-treated slides. Methods 2011; 56:317-25. [PMID: 21736943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of effective conventional antibody microarrays depends on the availability of high quality material and on the correct accessibility of the antibody active moieties following their immobilization on the support slide. We show that spotting bacteria that expose recombinant antibodies on their external surface directly on nanostructured-TiO(2) or epoxy slides (purification-independent microarray - PIM) is a simple and reliable alternative for preparing sensitive and specific microarrays for antigen detection. Variable domains of single heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) against fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) were used to capture the antigen diluted in serum or BSA solution. The FGFR1 detection was performed by either direct antigen labeling or using a sandwich system in which FGFR1 was first bound to its antibody and successively identified using a labeled FGF. In both cases the signal distribution within each spot was uniform and spot morphology regular. The signal-to-noise ratio of the signal was extremely elevated and the specificity of the system was proved statistically. The LOD of the system for the antigen was calculated being 0.4ng/mL and the dynamic range between 0.4ng/mL and 10μg/mL. The microarrays prepared with bacteria exposing antibodies remain fully functional for at least 31 days after spotting. We finally demonstrated that the method is suitable for other antigen-antibody pairs and expect that it could be easily adapted to further applications such as the display of scFv and IgG antibodies or the autoantibody detection using protein PIMs.
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18
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Abstract
The coming of age of whole‐cell biosensors, combined with the continuing advances in array technologies, has prepared the ground for the next step in the evolution of both disciplines – the whole‐cell array. In the present review, we highlight the state‐of‐the‐art in the different disciplines essential for a functional bacterial array. These include the genetic engineering of the biological components, their immobilization in different polymers, technologies for live cell deposition and patterning on different types of solid surfaces, and cellular viability maintenance. Also reviewed are the types of signals emitted by the reporter cell arrays, some of the transduction methodologies for reading these signals and the mathematical approaches proposed for their analysis. Finally, we review some of the potential applications for bacterial cell arrays, and list the future needs for their maturation: a richer arsenal of high‐performance reporter strains, better methodologies for their incorporation into hardware platforms, design of appropriate detection circuits, the continuing development of dedicated algorithms for multiplex signal analysis and – most importantly – enhanced long‐term maintenance of viability and activity on the fabricated biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Elad
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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19
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Kool J, de Kloe G, Denker AD, van Altena K, Smoluch M, van Iperen D, Nahar TT, Limburg RJ, Niessen WMA, Lingeman H, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, Smit AB, Irth H. Nanofractionation Spotter Technology for Rapid Contactless and High-Resolution Deposition of LC Eluent for Further Off-Line Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 83:125-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102001g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kool
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdien de Kloe
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud D. Denker
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas van Altena
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Smoluch
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Iperen
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Tariq T. Nahar
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Limburg
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M. A. Niessen
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Lingeman
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus Irth
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
The development of rapid, accurate, and sensitive diagnostic methods for detecting pathogens is the basis for treating, controlling, and eradicating infectious diseases of veterinary importance. Scientific and technological advancements have revolutionized the field of veterinary diagnostics. Genome sequencing has allowed efficient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays to be developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. The integration of advances in biochemistry, proteomics, engineering, and medicine offers enormous potential for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral, microbial, genetic, and metabolic disease. In the future, polymerase chain reaction assays, microarray testing, genomic analysis, and metabolic profiling will be accomplished in a rapid, portable, sensitive, and cost-efficient manner.
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21
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Choi CH, Lee JH, Hwang TS, Lee CS, Kim YG, Yang YH, Huh KM. Preparation of bacteria microarray using selective patterning of polyelectrolyte multilayer and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) diblock copolymer. Macromol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-010-0314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Elad T, Lee JH, Gu MB, Belkin S. Microbial cell arrays. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 117:85-108. [PMID: 20625955 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The coming of age of whole-cell biosensors, combined with the continuing advances in array technologies, has prepared the ground for the next step in the evolution of both disciplines - the whole cell array. In the present chapter, we highlight the state-of-the-art in the different disciplines essential for a functional bacterial array. These include the genetic engineering of the biological components, their immobilization in different polymers, technologies for live cell deposition and patterning on different types of solid surfaces, and cellular viability maintenance. Also reviewed are the types of signals emitted by the reporter cell arrays, some of the transduction methodologies for reading these signals, and the mathematical approaches proposed for their analysis. Finally, we review some of the potential applications for bacterial cell arrays, and list the future needs for their maturation: a richer arsenal of high-performance reporter strains, better methodologies for their incorporation into hardware platforms, design of appropriate detection circuits, the continuing development of dedicated algorithms for multiplex signal analysis, and - most importantly - enhanced long term maintenance of viability and activity on the fabricated biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Elad
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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23
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Uttamchandani M, Neo JL, Ong BNZ, Moochhala S. Applications of microarrays in pathogen detection and biodefence. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 27:53-61. [PMID: 19008003 PMCID: PMC7114317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microarray is a platform with wide-ranging potential in biodefence. Owing to the high level of throughput attainable through miniaturization, microarrays have accelerated the ability to respond in an epidemic or crisis. Extending beyond diagnostics, recent studies have applied microarrays as a research tool towards understanding the etiology and pathogenicity of dangerous pathogens, as well as in vaccine development. The original emphasis was on DNA microarrays, but the range now includes protein, antibody and carbohydrate microarrays, and research groups have exploited this diversity to further extend microarray applications in the area of biodefence. Here, we discuss the impact and contributions of the growing range of microarrays and emphasize the concepts that might shape the future of biodefence research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Uttamchandani
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, 117510, Singapore.
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24
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Seidel M, Niessner R. Automated analytical microarrays: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1521-44. [PMID: 18504563 PMCID: PMC7080066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microarrays provide a powerful analytical tool for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a single experiment. The specific affinity reaction of nucleic acids (hybridization) and antibodies towards antigens is the most common bioanalytical method for generating multiplexed quantitative results. Nucleic acid-based analysis is restricted to the detection of cells and viruses. Antibodies are more universal biomolecular receptors that selectively bind small molecules such as pesticides, small toxins, and pharmaceuticals and to biopolymers (e.g. toxins, allergens) and complex biological structures like bacterial cells and viruses. By producing an appropriate antibody, the corresponding antigenic analyte can be detected on a multiplexed immunoanalytical microarray. Food and water analysis along with clinical diagnostics constitute potential application fields for multiplexed analysis. Diverse fluorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemical, and label-free microarray readout systems have been developed in the last decade. Some of them are constructed as flow-through microarrays by combination with a fluidic system. Microarrays have the potential to become widely accepted as a system for analytical applications, provided that robust and validated results on fully automated platforms are successfully generated. This review gives an overview of the current research on microarrays with the focus on automated systems and quantitative multiplexed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seidel
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377, München, Germany.
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25
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Gubbins MJ, Berry JD, Schmidt L, Cabral T, Kabani A, Tsang RS. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2007; 26:98-103. [PMID: 17451358 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2006.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Having the capacity to detect and identify pathogens that can be employed in a bioterror attack is critical from both a public health and defence perspective. Immunodiagnostic assays are useful tools for enhancing such detection capabilities. In order to develop an immunodiagnostic assay for the detection of Francisella tularensis, a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) was developed, using the live vaccine strain (LVS) of F. tularensis as the inoculating antigen. A single MAb, F94G2-1, which is specific for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of this bacterium was developed and characterized. An indirect ELISA using purified LPS was effective in determining reactivity of the MAb against its target. An immunodotblot and a manually printed antigen microarray were also tested as suitable detection methods. Both assays showed that MAb F94G2-1 has excellent specificity for F. tularensis LPS and demonstrate the utility of using the same MAb in a variety of immunodiagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gubbins
- Division of Vaccine Preventable Bacterial Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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26
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Blixt O, Hoffmann J, Svenson S, Norberg T. Pathogen specific carbohydrate antigen microarrays: a chip for detection of Salmonella O-antigen specific antibodies. Glycoconj J 2007; 25:27-36. [PMID: 17558551 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A Salmonella O-antigen microarray was developed by covalent coupling of oligosaccharide antigens specific for serogroups Salmonella enterica sv. Paratyphi (group A), Typhimurium (group B) and Enteritidis (group D). Antibodies were correctly detected in sera from patients with culture verified salmonellosis. High serogroup-specificity was seen with the disaccharide antigens. With the larger antigens, containing the backbone sequence Manalpha1-2Rhaalpha1-2Gal (MRG), common backbone-specific antibodies (O-antigen 12) were also detected. This is "proof of principle" that pathogen-specific carbohydrate antigen microarrays constitute a novel technology for rapid and specific serological diagnosis in either individual patients or larger sero-epidemiological and vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Blixt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Glycan Array Synthesis Core D, Consortium for Functional Glycomics. The Scripps Research Institute, CB 248A 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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27
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Mesci A, Carlyle JR. A rapid and efficient method for the generation and screening of monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface antigens. J Immunol Methods 2007; 323:78-87. [PMID: 17433358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of desired specificity to cell surface antigens can serve as a valuable tool to study protein expression and function. However, traditional approaches to mAb generation usually involve large-scale protein purification and intensive screening, and may not result in mAb specificities to the native protein of interest. We describe a simple, inexpensive, high-throughput method for the generation and screening of hybridomas secreting mAb specific for cell surface receptors. Intact reporter cells expressing a CD3zeta-fusion receptor of the protein of interest are plated in 96-well arrays of captured, plate-bound hybridoma supernatants. A mAb to the protein of interest generates a signal leading to reporter-cell expression of beta-galactosidase, and enzyme activity can be screened in a single day using a non-radioactive substrate. Importantly, a single cell line can be used for immunization, screening, semi-quantitative affinity comparisons, and subsequent screening for physiological ligand expression, if the protein of interest is a receptor. We describe an application of this approach to generate mAb specific for a protein of previously unknown expression and undocumented function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruz Mesci
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
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28
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Papp K, Szekeres Z, Terényi N, Isaák A, Erdei A, Prechl J. On-chip Complement Activation Adds an Extra Dimension to Antigen Microarrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:133-40. [PMID: 17071944 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.t600036-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody profiling on antigen microarrays helps us in understanding the complexity of responses of the adaptive immune system. The technique, however, neglects another, evolutionarily more ancient apparatus, the complement system, which is capable of both recognizing and eliminating antigen and serves to provide innate defense for the organism while cooperating with antibodies on multiple levels. Complement components interact with both foreign substances and self molecules, including antibodies, and initiate a cascade of proteolytic cleavages that lead to the covalent attachment of complement components to molecules in nanometer proximity. By refining the conditions of antibody profiling on antigen arrays we made use of this molecular tagging to identify antigens that activate the complement system. Antigen arrays were incubated with serum under conditions that favor complement activation, and the deposited complement C3 fragments were detected by fluorescently labeled antibodies. We used genetically C3-deficient mice or inhibition of the complement cascade to prove that the technique requires complement activation for the binding of C3 to features of the array. We demonstrate that antigens on the array can initiate complement activation both by antibody-dependent or -independent ways. Using two-color detection, antibody and complement binding to the relevant spots was measured simultaneously. The effect of adjuvants on the quality of the immune response and binding of autoantibodies to DNA with concomitant complement activation in the serum of mice suffering from systemic autoimmune disease was readily measurable by this new method. We propose that measurement of complement deposition on antigen microarrays supplements information from antibody binding measurements and provides an extra, immune function-related fingerprint of the tested serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Papp
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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