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Kupke P, Brucker J, Wettengel JM, Protzer U, Wenzel JJ, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Werner JM. Cytokine Response of Natural Killer Cells to Hepatitis B Virus Infection Depends on Monocyte Co-Stimulation. Viruses 2024; 16:741. [PMID: 38793623 PMCID: PMC11125674 DOI: 10.3390/v16050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major driver of chronic hepatic inflammation, which regularly leads to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Immediate innate immune cell response is crucial for the rapid clearance of the infection. Here, natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in direct cytotoxicity and the secretion of antiviral cytokines as well as regulatory function. The aim of this study was to further elucidate NK cell responses triggered by an HBV infection. Therefore, we optimized HBV in vitro models that reliably stimulate NK cells using hepatocyte-like HepG2 cells expressing the Na+-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and HepaRG cells. Immune cells were acquired from healthy platelet donors. Initially, HepG2-NTCP cells demonstrated higher viral replication compared to HepaRG cells. Co-cultures with immune cells revealed increased production of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α by NK cells, which was no longer evident in isolated NK cells. Likewise, the depletion of monocytes and spatial separation from target cells led to the absence of the antiviral cytokine production of NK cells. Eventually, the combined co-culture of isolated NK cells and monocytes led to a sufficient cytokine response of NK cells, which was also apparent when communication between the two immune cell subpopulations was restricted to soluble factors. In summary, our study demonstrates antiviral cytokine production by NK cells in response to HBV+ HepG2-NTCP cells, which is dependent on monocyte bystander activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kupke
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Brucker
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jochen M. Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health/Helmholtz Munich, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health/Helmholtz Munich, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen J. Wenzel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J. Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K. Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens M. Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Dons'koi BV, Baksheev SM, Sudoma IO, Palyha IE, Khazhylenko KG, Zabara DV, Anoshko YI, Dosenko VE, Dubrovsky EI. A Blinded Investigation: Accentuated NK Lymphocyte CD335 (NKp46) Expression Predicts Pregnancy Failures. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111845. [PMID: 37296696 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM NKp46 is an NK cell receptor uniquely expressed by NK cells and a small subset of innate lymphoid cells. In our previous studies, we suggested a tight connection between the activity of NK cells and the expression of NKp46 and supported the clinical significance of NKp46 expression in NK cells in women with reproductive failures. In this study, we investigated the expression of NKp46 in NK cells in the peripheral blood of women in early pregnancy and analyzed its association with pregnancy loss. METHODS In a blinded study, we examined blood samples and analyzed the subsequent pregnancy outcomes from 98 early pregnant women (5th-7th week of gestation-w.g.) and 66 women in the 11th-13th week of pregnancy who served as controls. We studied the expression of NKp46 and the levels of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (aCL). The results of aCL were shared with the clinic, while the expression of NKp46 was blinded and not analyzed until the end of the study. RESULTS A misbalance in the NKp46+NK cells subpopulations was associated with an unfavorable ongoing pregnancy. A decreased level of NKp46high cells (<14%) was strongly associated with miscarriage. A decreased level of the double-bright subpopulation (NKp46hightCD56++) also was a negative prognostic factor for the pregnancy course, but its increased level (>4%) was strongly associated with a successful pregnancy course. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that accentuated levels of NKp46+NK cells lead to a negative prognosis for early pregnancy courses in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Dons'koi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Named after Academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody Str. 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Private Enterprise "First Social Medical Laboratory "ESCULAB"", 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | | | - Irina O Sudoma
- NADIYA Clinic, 03037 Kyiv, Ukraine
- LELEKA Maternity Hospital, 04075 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor E Palyha
- Klinika Reproduktsiyi Lyudyny "Al'ternatyva", 79041 Lviv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dariia V Zabara
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Named after Academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody Str. 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslava I Anoshko
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Named after Academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody Str. 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Viktor E Dosenko
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Evgen I Dubrovsky
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Named after Academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody Str. 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of General and Molecular Pathophysiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02000 Kyiv, Ukraine
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3
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Field EK, Hartzheim A, Terry J, Dawson G, Haydt N, Neuman-Lee LA. Reptilian Innate Immunology and Ecoimmunology: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going? Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1557-1571. [PMID: 35833292 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reptiles, the only ectothermic amniotes, employ a wide variety of physiological adaptations to adjust to their environments but remain vastly understudied in the field of immunology and ecoimmunology in comparison to other vertebrate taxa. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the current state of research on reptilian innate immunology by conducting an extensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles published across the four orders of Reptilia (Crocodilia, Testudines, Squamata, and Rhynchocephalia). Using our compiled dataset, we investigated common techniques, characterization of immune components, differences in findings and type of research among the four orders, and immune responses to ecological and life-history variables. We found that there are differences in the types of questions asked and approaches used for each of these reptilian orders. The different conceptual frameworks applied to each group has led to a lack of unified understanding of reptilian immunological strategies, which, in turn, have resulted in large conceptual gaps in the field of ecoimmunology as a whole. To apply ecoimmunological concepts and techniques most effectively to reptiles, we must combine traditional immunological studies with ecoimmunological studies to continue to identify, characterize, and describe the reptilian immune components and responses. This review highlights the advances and gaps that remain to help identify targeted and cohesive approaches for future research in reptilian ecoimmunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Field
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Alyssa Hartzheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Jennifer Terry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Grant Dawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Natalie Haydt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Lorin A Neuman-Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
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4
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Hasan MZ, Höltermann C, Petersen B, Schrod A, Mätz-Rensing K, Kaul A, Salinas G, Dressel R, Walter L. Detailed phenotypic and functional characterization of CMV-associated adaptive NK cells in rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028788. [PMID: 36518759 PMCID: PMC9742600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research on adaptive NK cells in rhesus macaques suffered from the lack of specific antibodies to differentiate between inhibitory CD94/NKG2A and stimulatory CD94/NKG2C heterodimeric receptors. Recently we reported an expansion of NKG2C receptor-encoding genes in rhesus macaques, but their expression and functional role on primary NK cells remained unknown due to this deficit. Thus, we established monoclonal antibodies 4A8 and 7B1 which show identical specificities and bind to both NKG2C-1 and NKG2C-2 but neither react with NKG2C-3 nor NKG2A on transfected cells. Using a combination of 4A8 and Z199 antibodies in multicolor flow cytometry we detected broad expression (4-73%) of NKG2C-1 and/or NKG2C-2 (NKG2C-1/2) on primary NK cells in rhesus macaques from our breeding colony. Stratifying our data to CMV-positive and CMV-negative animals, we noticed a higher proportion (23-73%) of primary NK cells expressing NKG2C-1/2 in CMV+ as compared to CMV- macaques (4-5%). These NKG2C-1/2-positive NK cells in CMV+ macaques are characterized by lower expression of IL12RB2, ZBTB16, SH2D1B, but not FCER1G, as well as high expression of IFNG, indicating that antibody 4A8 detects CMV-associated adaptive NK cells. Single cell RNA seq data of 4A8-positive NK cells from a rhCMV-positive macaque demonstrated that a high proportion of these adaptive NK cells transcribe in addition to NKG2C-1 and NKG2C-2 also NKG2C-3, but interestingly NKG2A as well. Remarkably, in comparison to NKG2A, NKG2C-1 and in particular NKG2C-2 bind Mamu-E with higher avidity. Primary NK cells exposed to Mamu-E-expressing target cells displayed strong degranulation as well as IFN-gamma expression of 4A8+ adaptive NK cells from rhCMV+ animals. Thus, despite co-expression of inhibitory and stimulatory CD94/NKG2 receptors the higher number of different stimulatory NKG2C receptors and their higher binding avidity to Mamu-E outreach inhibitory signaling via NKG2A. These data demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of the CMV-driven development of NKG2C-positive adaptive NK cells with particular molecular signatures in primates and with changes in gene copy numbers and ligand-binding strength of NKG2C isotypes. Thus, rhesus macaques represent a suitable and valuable nonhuman primate animal model to study the CMV-NKG2C liaison in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahidul Hasan
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,PhD program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Höltermann
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,PhD program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beatrix Petersen
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Schrod
- Animal Husbandry, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Core Unit for Integrative Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Lutz Walter,
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5
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Song AY, Kim H, Kim JM, Hwang SH, Ko DH, Kim HS. Bispecific Antibody Designed for Targeted NK Cell Activation and Functional Assessment for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:42370-42381. [PMID: 34486371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells serve as key innate effectors and their activity has been considered a prognostic biomarker in diverse human diseases. Currently, NK cell functional assays have several problems primarily related to adequate preparation, labeling, or treatment of target cells, which are cumbersome and often hamper consistent sensitivity for NK cells. Here, bispecific antibodies (BsAb's) targeting NKG2D and 2B4 receptors, whose combination mounts selective cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production of NK cells, are developed as acellular, consistent, and easy-to-use strategies for assessing NK cell functions. These NK cell activator BsAb's (NKABs) are constructed in symmetric dual bivalent formats with different interdomain spacings [immunoglobulin G (IgG)-single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and dual-variable domain (DVD)-Ig] and kappa constant (Cκ)-scFv format linking two scFv's with a Cκ domain. These NKABs are specific and superior to a combination of monospecific antibodies for NK cell activation. NKAB elicits both direct cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production via integration of NKG2D and 2B4 signals. Moreover, stimulation with NKAB IgG-scFv and Cκ-scFv reveals defective NK cell functions in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease involving 2B4 dysfunction in NK cells and multiple myeloma in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood, respectively. Hence, this work provides a proof of concept that NKAB facilitates the reliable and comprehensive measurement of NK cell function in clinical settings for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyori Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Ko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center (SCIRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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6
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Evaluation of natural killer cell assay performance on shipped blood specimens. J Immunol Methods 2021; 495:113049. [PMID: 33819446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Documenting the importance of NK cell function as a biomarker for diseases and physiologic conditions including myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), will require assays amenable to clinical implementation and standardization. Research studies typically perform NK functional assays on the day of sample collection. This pilot study was conducted to compare assay formats and specimen processing to identify those that are most tolerant of conditions required for shipping and amenable to standardization as shown by inter-assay and inter-laboratory correlation of results. We compared performance within and between assays that measure NK cell function using direct cytotoxicity [chromium-51 release (CRCA) or fluorescence (Flow Cytometry Cytotoxicity Assay, FCCA)] or an indirect surrogate marker (CD107a surface expression)]. Additional variables for within/between assay comparisons included time of testing (same day as specimen collection or next day within 24 h), specimen types [whole blood or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)], and processing method (fresh or cryopreserved). Statistical measures included number of samples tested in assay conditions (n), medians (x͂), interquartile range (IQR), Pearson correlation coefficient (R2), and correlation p-value (p). Samples came from 3 clinics and included 31 participants. Same day testing was only available for the subset of participants enrolled from the site of the laboratory performing CRCA. Results from same day CRCA testing of whole blood were considered the gold standard [n = 10, x͂=10.0%, IQR = 7.2%], and correlated well with PBMCs isolated next day [n = 26, x͂= 15.6%, IQR = 13.1%] [R2 = 0.59, p = 0.03]. Next day CRCA results were compromised using whole blood or frozen PBMCs. Next day FCCA cytotoxicity in PBMC [n = 30, x͂=34.1%, IQR = 15.5%] correlated with same day CRCA PMBC [R2 = 0.8, p = 0.001] and next day CRCA PMBC [R2 = 0.5, p < 0.0001]. CD107a expression after induction by PMA and ionomycin did not correlate with other cytotoxicity measures. NK function can be measured in PBMCs isolated after overnight shipping/storage at ambient temperature and CRCA and FCCA results on this sample type are well correlated.
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7
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Kim JM, Yi E, Cho H, Choi WS, Ko DH, Yoon DH, Hwang SH, Kim HS. Assessment of NK Cell Activity Based on NK Cell-Specific Receptor Synergy in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Whole Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218112. [PMID: 33143099 PMCID: PMC7662667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes endowed with a unique ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer and virus-infected cells. Given their key contribution to diverse diseases, the measurement of NK cell activity (NKA) has been used to estimate disease prognosis or the effect of therapeutic treatment. Currently, NKA assays are primarily based on cumbersome procedures related to careful labeling and handling of target cells and/or NK cells, and they require a rapid isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which often necessitates a large amount of blood. Here, we developed an ELISA-based whole blood (WB) NKA assay involving engineered target cells (P815-ULBP1+CD48) providing defined and synergistic stimulation for NK cells via NKG2D and 2B4. WB collected from healthy donors (HDs) and patients with multiple myeloma (MM) was stimulated with P815-ULBP1+CD48 cells combined with IL-2. Thereafter, it utilized the serum concentrations of granzyme B and IFN-γ originating in NK cells as independent and complementary indicators of NKA. This WB NKA assay demonstrated that MM patients exhibit a significantly lower NKA than HDs following stimulation with P815-ULBP1+CD48 cells and had a good correlation with the commonly used flow cytometry-based PBMC NKA assay. Moreover, the use of P815-ULBP1+CD48 cells in relation to assessing the levels of NKG2D and 2B4 receptors on NK cells facilitated the mechanistic study and led to the identification of TGF-β1 as a potential mediator of compromised NKA in MM. Thus, our proposed WB NKA assay facilitates the reliable measurement of NKA and holds promise for further development as both a clinical and research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
| | - Eunbi Yi
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
| | - Hyungwoo Cho
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (D.H.Y.)
| | - Woo Seon Choi
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
| | - Dae-Hyun Ko
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (H.C.); (D.H.Y.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.-H.H.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Asan Medical Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.M.K.); (E.Y.); (W.S.C.)
- Stem Cell Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.H.); (H.S.K.)
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8
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Kim J, Phan MTT, Kweon S, Yu H, Park J, Kim KH, Hwang I, Han S, Kwon MJ, Cho D. A Flow Cytometry-Based Whole Blood Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Assay Using Overnight Cytokine Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1851. [PMID: 32922399 PMCID: PMC7457041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Measurement of natural killer (NK) cell function has important clinical utility in several diseases. Although the flow cytometry (FC)-based 4-h NK cytotoxicity assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the clinical laboratory has been used for this purpose, this assay requires large amounts of blood and a rapid PBMC isolation step. Here, we developed an FC-based overnight NK cytotoxicity assay using whole blood (WB), and applied it to patients with liver diseases. Methods: Peripheral blood of healthy volunteers (n = 28) and patients with liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 19) and liver cirrhosis (n = 7), was analyzed for complete blood count, absolute NK cell count, and NK cell activity (NKA). NKA was evaluated in three assay types: an FC-based overnight WB NK cytotoxicity assay using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled K562 cells in the presence of various cytokine combinations [including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-18, and IL-21], an FC-based 4-h PBMC NK cytotoxicity assay, and an FC-based CD107a degranulation assay using WB and PBMCs. Results: Optimal cytokine combinations for NK cell activation in WB were determined (IL-2/IL-18, IL-2/IL-21, and IL-2/IL-18/IL-21). A good correlation was observed between WB and PBMC NK cytotoxicity assays; absolute NK cell counts were better correlated with the WB NK cytotoxicity assay than with the PBMC NK cytotoxicity assay. This WB NK cytotoxicity assay showed that patients with liver diseases had significantly lower NK cytotoxicity than healthy volunteers, under stimulation with various cytokines (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The proposed FC-based overnight WB NK cytotoxicity assay correlates well with the conventional 4-h PBMC NK cytotoxicity assay, demonstrating future potential as a supportive assay for clinical laboratory research and observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minh-Trang Thi Phan
- Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SoonHo Kweon
- Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - HongBi Yu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Hee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ilwoong Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konkuk University Chungju Hospital, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Sangbin Han
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Samsung Medical Center, Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Market M, Tennakoon G, Ng J, Scaffidi M, de Souza CT, Kennedy MA, Auer RC. A Method of Assessment of Human Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Function in Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2020; 11:963. [PMID: 32508837 PMCID: PMC7251181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of data on human Natural Killer (NK) cell phenotype and function has been generated using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). However, cryopreservation can have adverse effects on PBMCs. In contrast, investigating immune cells in whole blood can reduce the time, volume of blood required, and potential artefacts associated with manipulation of the cells. Whole blood collected from healthy donors and cancer patients was processed by three separate protocols that can be used independently or in parallel to assess extracellular receptors, intracellular signaling protein phosphorylation, and intracellular and extracellular cytokine production in human NK cells. To assess extracellular receptor expression, 200 μL of whole blood was incubated with an extracellular staining (ECS) mix and cells were subsequently fixed and RBCs lysed prior to analysis. The phosphorylation status of signaling proteins was assessed in 500 μL of whole blood following co-incubation with interleukin (IL)-2/12 and an ECS mix for 20 min prior to cell fixation, RBC lysis, and subsequent permeabilization for staining with an intracellular staining (ICS) mix. Cytokine production (IFNγ) was similarly assessed by incubating 1 mL of whole blood with PMA-ionomycin or IL-2/12 prior to incubation with ECS and subsequent ICS antibodies. In addition, plasma was collected from stimulated samples prior to ECS for quantification of secreted IFNγ by ELISA. Results were consistent, despite inherent inter-patient variability. Although we did not investigate an exhaustive list of targets, this approach enabled quantification of representative ECS surface markers including activating (NKG2D and DNAM-1) and inhibitory (NKG2A, PD-1, TIGIT, and TIM-3) receptors, cytokine receptors (CD25, CD122, CD132, and CD212) and ICS markers associated with NK cell activation following stimulation, including signaling protein phosphorylation (p-STAT4, p-STAT5, p-p38 MAPK, p-S6) and IFNγ in both healthy donors and cancer patients. In addition, we compared extracellular receptor expression using whole blood vs. cryopreserved PBMCs and observed a significant difference in the expression of almost all receptors. The methods presented permit a relatively rapid parallel assessment of immune cell receptor expression, signaling protein activity, and cytokine production in a minimal volume of whole blood from both healthy donors and cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Ng
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Jung YS, Park JH, Park DI, Sohn CI, Lee JM, Kim TI. Impact of Smoking on Human Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Large Cohort Study. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:13-20. [PMID: 32266175 PMCID: PMC7113411 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported a decrease in the natural killer (NK) cell activity in smokers. However, large-scale data on the relationship between NK cell activity and smoking are unavailable. A cross-sectional study was performed on 12,249 asymptomatic examinees who underwent an NK cell activity test, between January 2016 and May 2017. The test quantitated the amount of interferon-γ secreted into the plasma by NK cells, using a patented stimulatory cytokine. The mean age of the study population was 39.1 years, and the proportions of “never”, “former”, and “current” smokers were 65.5%, 20.9%, and 13.6%, respectively. Current smokers (1,422 pg/mL) had a lower median level of NK cell activity than never smokers (1,504 pg/mL, P = 0.039) and former smokers (1,791 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Among current smokers, NK cell activity decreased with increase in the number of cigarettes smoked among current smokers (median, 1,537, 1,429, and 1,175 pg/mL at <10, 10-19, and ≥ 20 pack-years, respectively; P < 0.001). Additionally, it decreased linearly with increasing quartiles of cotinine levels (median, 1,707, 1,636, 1,348, and 1,292 pg/mL at cotinine levels < 292, 292-879, 880-1,509, and ≥ 1,510 ng/mL, respectively; r = –0.122, P < 0.001). NK cell activity was lower in current smokers. It also decreased with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked, and it was negatively correlated with cotinine levels among current smokers. Our findings indicate a clear relationship between smoking and decreased NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Suk Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Il Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Il Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases and Brain Korea 1 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Il Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei Cancer Prevention Center, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Dons'koi BV, Osypchuk DV, Chernyshov VP. Enumeration of peripheral blood NKp46 positive NK lymphocytes reflects NK cytotoxic activity in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2019; 474:112639. [PMID: 31404551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses. The monitoring of NK cells function is important in various physiological and pathological conditions. Different approaches have been used to directly or indirectly evaluate NK cells activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the number of NK cells and cytotoxic activity of NK cells and to determine whether NKp46+NK cells reflect NK cytotoxicity status. In our study, we retrospectively analyzed laboratory data on NK cytotoxicity and NK lymphocyte levels of 4896 infertile women which underwent routine immunology investigation after IVF failures. In healthy women, NKp46 expression was assessed on NK cells (n = 214) and cytotoxicity activity was evaluated with regard to NKp46 expression. We found that despite a significant correlation coefficient (n = 4689, r = 0.447), the correlation with cytotoxicity is maintained only within the zones with a low or high NK cells frequency. NK cells frequency has no significant prognostic value for their cytotoxicity - within the medium NK frequency zone the samples may have any cytotoxicity, both reduced and elevated. However, our data demonstrate that NKp46+NK cells frequency correlates with cytotoxicity activity even more significantly than the NK cells frequency (n = 214, r = 0.67 and r = 0.62, respectively) and has significant prognostic value for the abnormal NK cytotoxicity status indications, both low and increased. Our results further support an important role of NKp46 in NK cells killing and afford grounds for using the measurement of the NKp46+NK cells frequency as an alternative method for abnormal NK cytotoxicity status indication, which is responsive, simple and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Dons'koi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody str 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariia V Osypchuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody str 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Viktor P Chernyshov
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody str 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
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12
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Madkaikar MR, Shabrish S, Kulkarni M, Aluri J, Dalvi A, Kelkar M, Gupta M. Application of Flow Cytometry in Primary Immunodeficiencies: Experience From India. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1248. [PMID: 31244832 PMCID: PMC6581000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a clinically and immunologically heterogeneous group of disorders of immune system. Diagnosis of these disorders is often challenging and requires identification of underlying genetic defects, complemented by a comprehensive evaluation of immune system. Flow cytometry, with its advances in the last few decades, has emerged as an indispensable tool for enumeration as well as characterization of immune cells. Flow cytometric evaluation of the immune system not only provides clues to underlying genetic defects in certain PIDs and helps in functional validation of novel genetic defects, but is also useful in monitoring immune responses following specific therapies. India has witnessed significant progress in the field of flow cytometry as well as PID over last one decade. Currently, there are seven Federation of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (FPID) recognized centers across India, including two Indian Council of Medical research (ICMR) funded centers of excellence for diagnosis, and management of PIDs. These centers offer comprehensive care for PIDs including flow cytometry based evaluation. The key question which always remains is how one selects from the wide array of flow cytometry based tests available, and whether all these tests should be performed before or after the identification of genetic defects. This becomes crucial, especially when resources are limited and patients have to pay for the investigations. In this review, we will share some of our experiences based on evaluation of a large cohort of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, severe combined immunodeficiency, and chronic granulomatous disease, and the lessons learned for optimum use of this powerful technology for diagnosis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Rajan Madkaikar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Snehal Shabrish
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Manasi Kulkarni
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Jahnavi Aluri
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Aparna Dalvi
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Madhura Kelkar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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13
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Abstract
The use of impedance-based label free cell analysis is increasingly popular and has many different applications. Here, we report that a real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) can be used to study the stimulation of Natural Killer (NK) cells. Engagement of NK cells via plate-bound antibodies directed against different activating surface receptors could be measured in real time using the label-free detection of impedance. The change in impedance was dependent on early signal transduction events in the NK cells as it was blocked by inhibitors of Src-family kinases and by inhibiting actin polymerization. While CD16 was the only receptor that could induce a strong change in impedance in primary NK cells, several activating receptors induced changes in impedance in expanded NK cells. Using PBMCs we could detect T cell receptor-mediated T cell activation and CD16-mediated NK cell activation in the same sample. Performing a dose-response analysis for the Src-family kinases inhibitor PP1 we show that T cells are more sensitive to inhibition compared to NK cells. Our data demonstrate that the RTCA can be used to detect physiological activation events in NK cells in a label-free and real-time fashion.
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14
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Lee J, Park KH, Ryu JH, Bae HJ, Choi A, Lee H, Lim J, Han K, Park CH, Jung ES, Oh EJ. Natural killer cell activity for IFN-gamma production as a supportive diagnostic marker for gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70431-70440. [PMID: 29050291 PMCID: PMC5642566 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Decreased Natural killer cell activity (NKA) for interferon-gamma production (NKA-IFNγ) has been reported in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of NKA-IFNγ for gastric cancer (GC). RESULTS NKA-IFNγ levels were decreased in 261 GC patients with all stages of tumor compared to those in 48 healthy donors (P < 0.001), and lower levels of NKA-IFNγ were associated with higher GC stages. NKA-IFNγ levels were also associated with clinicopathological parameters including tumor size, depth of invasion, and lymph node metastasis. NKA-INFγ assay had better diagnostic value (AUC = 0.822) compared to serum CEA (0.624) or CA19-9 assay (0.566) (P < 0.001). Using different cut-off levels, serum CEA and CA19-9 showed sensitivities of 6.1-14.2% and 4.2-28.0%, respectively, which were much lower than that of NKA-IFNγ (55.6-66.7%). METHODS This study included 261 patients with newly diagnosed GC and 48 healthy donors. NKA for IFNγ was determined by enzyme immunoassay after incubation of whole blood, and diagnostic performance was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS NK cell activities for IFNγ production could be used as a supportive non-invasive tumor marker for GC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmi Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeong Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aeran Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,SamKwang Medical Laboratories, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyang Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungja Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cho Hyun Park
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Moeckel J, Staiger N, Mackensen A, Meidenbauer N, Ullrich E. Sunitinib does not impair natural killer cell function in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1089-1096. [PMID: 28693278 PMCID: PMC5494766 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the available treatment options have expanded, the survival of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains poor. As patients with RCC lack responsiveness to chemotherapy or radiation, therapeutic options predominantly include surgical interventions and immunomodulatory approaches, including the administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as sunitinib. Natural killer (NK) cells have been reported to be key players in TKI-mediated off-target effects on the immune system. However, only limited information is available regarding the possible impact of sunitinib on the function of NK cells of individual patients. The present study reports on the immunomonitoring results of three patients with metastatic RCC who underwent sunitinib treatment. These results were compared with age-matched, healthy controls in terms of the immune status of T, B and NK cells, focusing on functional in vitro analyses of NK cells. In all three patients, NK cell number, subset distribution and function, as measured by cluster of differentiation 107a degranulation, did not exhibit any significant alterations as a result of sunitinib treatment. These results indicate that sunitinib does not negatively affect NK cell function, which supports the pursuit of therapeutic modalities that combine immunomodulation and NK cell-stimulating approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Moeckel
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Staiger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Meidenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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Wagner J, Pfannenstiel V, Waldmann A, Bergs JWJ, Brill B, Huenecke S, Klingebiel T, Rödel F, Buchholz CJ, Wels WS, Bader P, Ullrich E. A Two-Phase Expansion Protocol Combining Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21 Improves Natural Killer Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity against Rhabdomyosarcoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:676. [PMID: 28659917 PMCID: PMC5466991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue malignancy in children. Despite intensive research in recent decades the prognosis for patients with metastatic or relapsed diseases has hardly improved. New therapeutic concepts in anti-tumor therapy aim to modulate the patient’s immune system to increase its aggressiveness or targeted effects toward tumor cells. Besides surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, immune activation by direct application of cytokines, antibodies or adoptive cell therapy are promising approaches. In the last years, adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells came into the focus of translational medicine, because of their high cytotoxic potential against transformed malignant cells. A main challenge of NK cell therapy is that it requires a high amount of functional NK cells. Therefore, ex vivo NK cell expansion protocols are currently being developed. Many culturing strategies are based on the addition of feeder or accessory cells, which need to be removed prior to the clinical application of the final NK cell product. In this study, we addressed feeder cell-free expansion methods using common γ-chain cytokines, especially IL-15 and IL-21. Our results demonstrated high potential of IL-15 for NK cell expansion, while IL-21 triggered NK cell maturation and functionality. Hence, we established a two-phase expansion protocol with IL-15 to induce an early NK cell expansion, followed by short exposure to IL-21 that boosted the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against RMS cells. Further functional analyses revealed enhanced degranulation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. In a proof of concept in vivo study, we also observed a therapeutic effect of adoptively transferred IL-15 expanded and IL-21 boosted NK cells in combination with image guided high precision radiation therapy using a luciferase-transduced RMS xenograft model. In summary, this two-phased feeder cell-free ex vivo culturing protocol combined efficient expansion and high cytolytic functionality of NK cells for treatment of radiation-resistant RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Wagner
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viktoria Pfannenstiel
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anja Waldmann
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Judith W J Bergs
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Brill
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Winfried S Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Children's Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Cosan F, Aktas Cetin E, Akdeniz N, Emrence Z, Cefle A, Deniz G. Natural Killer Cell Subsets and Their Functional Activity in Behçet's Disease. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:419-432. [PMID: 28388249 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1288240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behçet's disease (BD) is a rare, chronic autoinflammatory disorder of unknown origin. Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the major immunoregulatory cell groups of the innate immune system, but their role in BD pathogenesis is not well documented. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the role of NK cell subsets and their cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity in patients with BD. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group consisted of BD patients who had only mucocutaneous involvement, and they were compared with healthy subjects. BD patients were divided into two groups according to their frequencies of oral ulcerations. NK cell cytotoxicity was determined using CD107a expression and a CFSE-based cytotoxicity test. Expression of NK cell receptors and surface markers and the intracellular IL-5, IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ levels in CD16+ NK cells were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Although the cytokine secretion pattern was different, no difference was obtained in cytotoxic activity, expression of activatory receptors, or degranulation of NK cells. CONCLUSION Increases in NK1/NK2 ratio and CD16+IFN-γ+ NK1 cells might support the idea of a biased IFN-γ dominant immune response in the mucocutaneous involvement of BD pathogenesis. Although the cytokine secretion pattern was different, no difference was obtained in cytotoxic activity, expression of activatory receptors, or degranulation of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Cosan
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Kocaeli University , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- c Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Department of Immunology , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- c Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Department of Immunology , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Zeliha Emrence
- d Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Department of Genetics , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ayse Cefle
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology , Kocaeli University , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- c Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine (Aziz Sancar DETAE), Department of Immunology , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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18
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Madelon N, Puga Yung GL, Seebach JD. Human anti-pig NK cell and CD8 + T-cell responses in the presence of regulatory dendritic cells. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:479-489. [PMID: 27862343 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC) play a major role in natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation leading to cell-mediated xenogeneic responses. In contrast, the use of in vitro differentiated regulatory DC may represent an attractive approach to protect porcine endothelial cells (pEC) from human cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we evaluated the potential of human regulatory DC to reduce xenogeneic NK cell and CTL responses to pEC. METHODS Human monocytes were differentiated into DC with GM-CSF and IL-4 in the absence or presence of rapamycin or IL-10. The effect of regulatory DC on xenogeneic NK cell and CTL responses was evaluated by analyzing phenotype, IFNγ production, degranulation, and cytotoxicity by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS Upon maturation with LPS, Rapa-DC and IL-10-DC displayed different phenotypes and cytokine production profiles. In contrast to untreated DC, both Rapa-DC and IL-10-DC induced significantly less IFNγ production and NK cell degranulation in response to pEC, but did not affect NK cell-mediated pEC lysis. Low production of IL-18 by Rapa-DC, and of IL-12 by IL-10-DC were linked to the deficient IFNγ production by NK cells as shown by partial reversion of IFNγ production upon cytokine reconstitution. In contrast to untreated DC efficiently generating xenoantigen-specific CTL, priming of CTL in the presence of IL-10-DC was impaired as shown by lower IFNγ production and cytotoxicity of CTL in response to pEC. CONCLUSION Both Rapa-DC and IL-10-DC controlled human anti-porcine NK cell responses, in particular IFNγ production, whereas IL-10-DC presented stronger regulatory properties of anti-porcine CTL responses. These in vitro findings indicate that regulatory DC could be a useful tool to promote xenograft tolerance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Madelon
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gisella L Puga Yung
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Division of Immunology and Allergology, Department of Medical Specialties, University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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A Modified NK Cell Degranulation Assay Applicable for Routine Evaluation of NK Cell Function. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3769590. [PMID: 27413758 PMCID: PMC4931065 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3769590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play important role in innate immunity against tumors and viral infections. Studies show that lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1, CD107a) is a marker for degranulation of NK and cytotoxic T cells and its expression is a sensitive marker for the cytotoxic activity determination. The conventional methods of determination of CD107a on NK cells involve use of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or pure NK cells and K562 cells as stimulants. Thus, it requires large volume of blood sample which is usually difficult to obtain in pediatric patients and patients with cytopenia and also requires specialized laboratory for maintaining cell line. We have designed a flow cytometric assay to determine CD107a on NK cells using whole blood, eliminating the need for isolation of PBMC or isolate NK cells. This assay uses phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore (Ca2+-ionophore) instead of K562 cells for stimulation and thus does not require specialized cell culture laboratory. CD107a expression on NK cells using modified NK cell degranulation assay compared to the conventional assay was significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). It was also validated by testing patients diagnosed with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) with defect in exocytosis. This assay is rapid, cost effective, and reproducible and requires significantly less volume of blood which is important for clinical evaluation of NK cells.
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20
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Hou H, Mao L, Wang J, Liu W, Lu Y, Yu J, Zhou Y, Mao L, Wang F, Sun Z. Establishing the reference intervals of NK cell functions in healthy adults. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:637-642. [PMID: 27236137 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in host defense against microbial pathogens. Establishing the reference intervals (RIs) of NK cell functions would be valuable in assessing the immune status of hosts. We evaluated the NK cell activity in healthy adults. We further established and validated the RIs of representative NK cell functions. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cytokine production and CD107a degranulation of NK cells. Levels of soluble IFN-γ in the culture supernatants were evaluated by ELISA. Our results demonstrated that the intracellular IFN-γ production of NK cells was positively correlated with CD107a expression and soluble IFN-γ levels. There were no significant differences in NK cell functions between different age and gender groups. The mean values and RIs of representative NK cell functions are as following: IFN-γ(+) NK cells (%): 28.09 (11.3-51.95); CD107a(+) NK cells (%): 17.90 (9.852-27.56); soluble IFN-γ (pg/ml): 330.4 (41.38-717.8). In addition, the intracellular IFN-γ production and degranulation activity of NK cells in patients with colorectal cancer were significantly lower than that in healthy adults. Our study has established the RIs of NK cell functions in healthy adults, which might be used for monitoring the immune status of the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lie Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfang Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyan Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Natural Killer Lymphocytes Are Dysfunctional in Kidney Transplant Recipients on Diagnosis of Cancer. Transplantation 2016; 99:2422-30. [PMID: 26798861 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of cancer is increased after solid organ transplantation. Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the tumor immune response. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional multicentre matched case-control study including 42 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) on diagnosis of cancer and 41 KTRs without cancer. Extensive phenotyping of NK cells populations and functional tests of NK cells were performed. RESULTS Kidney transplant recipients with cancer had a higher incidence of acute rejection (P = 0.02) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (P = 0.03) than controls. They had more lymphopenia than control KTRs (1020/mm3 +/- 32 vs 1218/mm3 +/- 34; P = 0.001) including a CD4+ lymphopenia (P = 0.01). Total CD3-/CD56+ NK cell counts were similar in both groups. However, KTRs with cancer had a lower frequency of the cytokine-enriched CD56bright NK cell subset (P = 0.001). The percentage of NK cells expressing NKp46 was decreased in KTRs with cancer (45% vs 53 %, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the ability of NK cells to degranulate CD107a+ cytolytic vesicles was reduced (11% vs 22%; P = 0.02), and the percentage of NK cells secreting IFN[gamma] was decreased (7.5% vs 28.8%; P = 0.01) in KTRs with cancer. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal an imbalance between NK cell subpopulations and functional NK cell defects in KTRs at the diagnosis of malignancy, including a decreased expression of NKp46 and decreased numbers of NK cells producing INF[gamma]. This study highlights the role of NKp46, a major activating NK cell receptor, which could be considered as a potential marker during immunological follow-up of KTRs.
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Gong C, Ni Z, Yao C, Zhu X, Ni L, Wang L, Zhu S. A High-Throughput Assay for Screening of Natural Products that Enhanced Tumoricidal Activity of NK Cells. Biol Proced Online 2015; 17:12. [PMID: 26516316 PMCID: PMC4625435 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-015-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, immunotherapy has shown a lot of promise in cancer treatment and different immune cell types are involved in this endeavor. Among different immune cell populations, NK cells are also an important component in unleashing the therapeutic activity of immune cells. Therefore, in order to enhance the tumoricidal activity of NK cells, identification of new small-molecule natural products is important. Despite the availability of different screening methods for identification of natural products, a simple, economic and high-throughput method is lacking. Hence, in this study, we have developed a high-throughput assay for screening and indentifying natural products that can enhance NK cell-mediated killing of cancer cells. RESULTS We expanded human NK cell population from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by culturing these PBMCs with membrane-bound IL-21 and CD137L engineered K562 cells. Next, expanded NK cells were co-cultured with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with or without natural products and after 24 h of co-culturing, harvested supernatants were analyzed for IFN-γ secretions by ELISA method. We screened 502 natural products and identified that 28 candidates has the potential to induce IFN-γ secretion by NK cells to varying degrees. Among the 28 natural product candidates, we further confirmed and analyzed the potential of one molecule, andrographolide. It actually increased IFN-γ secretion by NK cells and enhanced NK cell-mediated killing of NSCLC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that this IFN-γ based high-throughput assay for screening of natural products for NK cell tumoricidal activity is a simple, economic and reliable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Gong
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
| | - Zhongya Ni
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
| | - Chao Yao
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
| | - Lulu Ni
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
| | - Shiguo Zhu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Road, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China
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Mhatre S, Madkaikar M, Desai M, Ghosh K. Spectrum of perforin gene mutations in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) patients in India. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 54:250-7. [PMID: 25577959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited perforin deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that causes severe form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL2). The main aim of this study was to analyze the nature of gene mutations in a cohort of Indian patients with FHL2 and to utilize this knowledge for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. METHODS 13 HLH patients with abnormal perforin expression on NK cells by flow cytometry were included in the study. The entire coding region and intronic splice sites of the PRF1 gene were sequenced from the genomic DNA of these patients. RESULTS 10 patients from the present series had an early presentation with severe clinical manifestations, while 3 had a delayed onset with unusual presenting features viz Hodgkin's lymphoma, tuberculosis and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sequence analysis revealed 11 different mutations (8 novel and 3 previously reported) spread over the entire coding region of PRF1 gene. Missense mutation Trp129Ser in heterozygous state was present in all the 3 patients with a delayed onset of the disease. CONCLUSION A wide heterogeneity was observed in the nature of mutations in Indian FHL2 patients. Molecular characterization of PRF1 gene was not only used in the confirmation of diagnosis but also in genetic counseling and pre-natal diagnosis in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Mhatre
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Kanjaksha Ghosh
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, 13th floor KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of PRF1 gene have been identified in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type-2 (FHL-2) patients, and it has been reported as the commonest gene defect causing FHL. Patients with severe perforin deficiency usually present within first 1 year of life and with severe clinical manifestations. OBSERVATION We report 4 cases of severe perforin deficiency presenting with delayed onset and unusual clinical presentations viz., B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the Hodgkin lymphoma, tuberculosis, and the Still disease. Three of these 4 cases showed a common heterozygous missense mutation (p.Trp129Ser). Two of these patients expired because of uncontrolled hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, one patient had 3 relapses while on therapy and one patient was in remission on maintenance therapy. CONCLUSION This study shows variety of clinical manifestations of perforin deficiency and although the onset of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is delayed in these patients, the outcome remains poor as in classical severe perforin deficiency patients.
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Robinet P, Baychelier F, Fontaine T, Picard C, Debré P, Vieillard V, Latgé JP, Elbim C. A polysaccharide virulence factor of a human fungal pathogen induces neutrophil apoptosis via NK cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5332-42. [PMID: 24790151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that sheds galactosaminogalactan (GG) into the environment. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and NK cells are both part of the first line of defense against pathogens. We recently reported that GG induces PMN apoptosis. In this study, we show that PMN apoptosis occurs via a new NK cell-dependent mechanism. Reactive oxygen species, induced by the presence of GG, play an indispensable role in this apoptotic effect by increasing MHC class I chain-related molecule A expression at the PMN surface. This increased expression enables interaction between MHC class I chain-related molecule A and NKG2D, leading to NK cell activation, which in turn generates a Fas-dependent apoptosis-promoting signal in PMNs. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the crosstalk between PMNs and NK cells is essential to GG-induced PMN apoptosis. NK cells might thus play a role in the induction of PMN apoptosis in situations such as unexplained neutropenia or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Robinet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, INSERM U1135, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Florence Baychelier
- INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, INSERM U1135, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Capucine Picard
- Centre D'étude des Déficits Immunitaires, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, L'hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, 75743 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U980, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France; and
| | - Patrice Debré
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, INSERM U1135, F-75013 Paris, France; Département d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, INSERM U1135, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carole Elbim
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S CR7, INSERM U1135, F-75013 Paris, France;
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Prall SP, Muehlenbein MP. Testosterone and Immune Function in Primates: A Brief Summary with Methodological Considerations. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lee SB, Cha J, Kim IK, Yoon JC, Lee HJ, Park SW, Cho S, Youn DY, Lee H, Lee CH, Lee JM, Lee KY, Kim J. A high-throughput assay of NK cell activity in whole blood and its clinical application. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:584-90. [PMID: 24561245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system and have the ability to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization. Malignant tumors and viruses have developed, however, strategies to suppress NK cells to escape from their responses. Thus, the evaluation of NK cell activity (NKA) could be invaluable to estimate the status and the outcome of cancers, viral infections, and immune-mediated diseases. Established methods that measure NKA, such as (51)Cr release assay and CD107a degranulation assay, may be used to determine NK cell function, but they are complicated and time-consuming because they require isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or NK cells. In some cases these assays require hazardous material such as radioactive isotopes. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a simple assay that uses whole blood instead of PBMC or isolated NK cells. This novel assay is suitable for high-throughput screening and the monitoring of diseases, because it employs serum of ex vivo stimulated whole blood to detect interferon (IFN)-γ secreted from NK cells as an indicator of NKA. After the stimulation of NK cells, the determination of IFNγ concentration in serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provided a swift, uncomplicated, and high-throughput assay of NKA ex vivo. The NKA results microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer patients was showed significantly lower NKA, 263.6 ± 54.5 pg/mL compared with healthy subjects, 867.5 ± 50.2 pg/mL (p value <0.0001). Therefore, the NKA could be utilized as a supportive diagnostic marker for microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet-byul Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhoe Cha
- ATGen Co. Ltd., Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-kyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Chun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Joon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Heyja Lee
- ATGen Co. Ltd., Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee D, Kim D, Kim Y, Park KH, Oh EJ, Kim Y, Kim B. A Negative Dielectrophoresis and Gravity-Driven Flow-Based High-Throughput and High-Efficiency Cell-Sorting System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:60-74. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068213498385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bere A, Tayib S, Kriek JM, Masson L, Jaumdally SZ, Barnabas SL, Carr WH, Allan B, Williamson AL, Denny L, Passmore JAS. Altered phenotype and function of NK cells infiltrating human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated genital warts during HIV infection. Clin Immunol 2013; 150:210-9. [PMID: 24440646 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals experience more persistent HPV infections and are less likely to resolve genital warts. This study compared phenotype and functions of NK and T cells from genital warts and blood from 67 women. We compared in vitro functional responses of NK and T cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. HIV+ women had significantly lower frequencies of CD4 T cells in warts (p = 0.001) and blood (p = 0.001). While the distribution of NK cell subsets was similar, HIV+ women tended to have lower frequencies of CD56(Dim) NK cells in both blood (p = 0.0001) and warts (p = 0.006) than HIV- women. Wart NK cells from HIV+ women expressed significantly lower CD107a and produced IFN-γ. HAART status was not associated with differences in NK cell functionality. We conclude that wart NK cells from HIV+ women have defects in their ability to degranulate and/or secrete IFN-γ, which may provide insights into why HIV+ women fail to spontaneously resolve genital warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Bere
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shahila Tayib
- Dept. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jalan Taming Sari, Taiping Hospital, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jean-Mari Kriek
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindi Masson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameem Z Jaumdally
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaun L Barnabas
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William H Carr
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Allan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynette Denny
- Dept Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Park KH, Park H, Kim M, Kim Y, Han K, Oh EJ. Evaluation of NK cell function by flowcytometric measurement and impedance based assay using real-time cell electronic sensing system. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:210726. [PMID: 24236291 PMCID: PMC3819884 DOI: 10.1155/2013/210726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system-based natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity has been introduced, it has not been evaluated using human blood samples. In present study, we measured flowcytometry based assay (FCA) and RT-CES based NK cytotoxicity and analyzed degranulation activity (CD107a) and cytokine production. In 98 healthy individuals, FCA with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at effector to target (E/T) ratio of 32 revealed 46.5 ± 2.6% cytolysis of K562 cells, and 23.5 ± 1.1% of NK cells showed increased degranulation. In RT-CES system, adherent NIH3T3 target cells were resistant to basal killing by PBMC or NK cells. NK cell activation by adding IL-2 demonstrated real-time dynamic killing activity, and lymphokine-activated PBMC (E/T ratio of 32) from 15 individuals showed 59.1 ± 6.2% cytotoxicity results after 4 hours incubation in RT-CES system. However, there was no significant correlation between FCA and RT-CES cytotoxicity. After K562 target cell stimulation, PBMC produced profound proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines/chemokines including IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, MIP-1 α β , IFN- γ , and TNF- α , and cytokine/chemokine secretion was related to flowcytometry-based NK cytotoxicity. These data suggest that RT-CES and FCA differ in sensitivity, applicability and providing information, and further investigations are necessary in variable clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungja Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jee Oh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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Li Q, Mei Q, Huyan T, Xie L, Che S, Yang H, Zhang M, Huang Q. Effects of simulated microgravity on primary human NK cells. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:703-14. [PMID: 23919749 PMCID: PMC3746215 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of microgravity on lymphocytes have been demonstrated in previous studies. However, research on the effects of microgravity on human natural killer (NK) cells remains exceedingly limited. In this study, we demonstrated that NK cell cytotoxicity was significantly decreased under simulated microgravity (SMG) conditions (p<0.05). Several processes, including apoptosis, receptor expression, and cytokine secretion, were investigated in human NK cells under SMG. We observed decreased cytotoxicity, concurrent with increased apoptosis and necrosis, in NK cells after exposure to SMG (p<0.05). Additionally, interferon (IFN)-γ and perforin expression decreased significantly, and the expression of granzyme-B was only slightly reduced. Meanwhile, SMG selectively inhibited the expression of certain surface receptors on NK cells. Specifically, the expression of NKG2A and NKG2D were significantly downregulated under SMG, but the expression of NKp30 and NKp44 was not affected. We also found that interleukin (IL)-15 alone or in combination with IL-12 could counteract the inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity under SMG. Our findings indicate that human NK cells were sensitive to SMG, as reflected by their decreased cytotoxicity. Factors such as increased early apoptosis and late apoptosis/necrosis and the decreased expression of INF-γ, cytolytic proteins, and cell surface receptors may be responsible for the loss of cytotoxicity in human NK cells under SMG. A combination of IL-12 and IL-15 may be useful as a therapeutic strategy for overcoming the effects of microgravity on human NK cells during long space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
| | - Qibing Mei
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
| | - Ting Huyan
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
| | - Su Che
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaan Xi Province, P.R. China
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Berrou J, Fougeray S, Venot M, Chardiny V, Gautier JF, Dulphy N, Toubert A, Peraldi MN. Natural killer cell function, an important target for infection and tumor protection, is impaired in type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62418. [PMID: 23638076 PMCID: PMC3636194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) are highly susceptible to infection and have an increased incidence of some tumors, possibly due to immune system dysfunction. In the innate cellular immune system, Natural Killer (NK) lymphocytes are important effectors responsible for controlling infections and combating tumor development. We analyzed NK cell subsets in 51 patients with long-standing T2D. Compared with healthy blood donors, diabetic patients showed a profound decrease in both NKG2D-positive NK cells (44% vs. 55.5%, P<0.01) and NKp46-positive cells (26% vs. 50%, P<0.01). Decreased expression of these receptors was associated with functional defects, such as reduced NK degranulation capacity when challenged with the tumor target cell line K562 (10.3 vs. 15.8%, P<0.05). This defect could be restored in vitro by stimulating NK cells from T2D patients with IL-15 (P<0.05). NKG2D expression was found to be negatively correlated with HBA1c level (r=-0.50; P=0.009), suggesting that sustained hyperglycemia could directly influence NK cell defects. We demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, an important mediator in diabetes-associated complications, was inducible in vitro in normal NK cells and that tunicamycin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in NKG2D expression (P<0.05). Furthermore, markers of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) BiP, PDI and sXBP1 mRNAs were significantly increased in NK cells from T2D patients (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.05, respectively), indicating that ER stress is activated in vivo through both PERK and IRE1 sensors. These results demonstrate for the first time defects in NK cell-activating receptors NKG2D and NKp46 in T2D patients, and implicate the UPR pathway as a potential mechanism. These defects may contribute to susceptibility to infections and malignancies and could be targetted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannig Berrou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 940, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis Centre d’Investigations Biomédicales “H-O-G”, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Fougeray
- INSERM U775, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marion Venot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 940, Paris, France
| | - Victor Chardiny
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 940, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dulphy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 940, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis Centre d’Investigations Biomédicales “H-O-G”, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 940, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis Centre d’Investigations Biomédicales “H-O-G”, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Peraldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR 940, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Nephrology and Transplantation Department Paris, France
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Demas GE, Zysling DA, Beechler BR, Muehlenbein MP, French SS. Beyond phytohaemagglutinin: assessing vertebrate immune function across ecological contexts. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:710-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sensitive and viable quantification of inside-out signals for LFA-1 activation in human cytotoxic lymphocytes by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2011; 366:106-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Claus M, Watzl C. Evaluation of human natural killer cell activities in whole blood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 7:Unit7.39. [PMID: 21053306 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0739s91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells of the innate immune system. Activation of NK cells results in their cytotoxic activity against locally attached target cells and leads to the secretion of cytokines. These activities are usually measured in purified NK cells or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this unit, we describe a protocol to measure NK cell cytotoxicity (lysis of (51)Cr labeled target cells), degranulation (externalization of CD107a), and cytokine production (intracellular FACS analysis of IFN-γ) in whole-blood samples. Using these protocols, it is possible to perform a comprehensive analysis of NK cell function with as little as 3.5 ml of heparinized whole blood.
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Lichtfuss GF, Meehan AC, Cheng WJ, Cameron PU, Lewin SR, Crowe SM, Jaworowski A. HIV inhibits early signal transduction events triggered by CD16 cross-linking on NK cells, which are important for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:149-58. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Exposure of NK cells to intravenous immunoglobulin induces IFNγ release and degranulation but inhibits their cytotoxic activity. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:393-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Matsushima H, Morimoto K. The modulation of immunological activities in human NK cells by extracts of ginkgo. Environ Health Prev Med 2009; 14:361-5. [PMID: 19756929 PMCID: PMC2767495 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-009-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between extracts of ginkgo and the immune system by determining changes in natural killer (NK) cell activity and surface markers in human NK cells and by analyzing for surface markers. METHODS Natural killer cell activity was determined in peripheral blood samples of three subjects who received ginkgo daily (250 ml/day; (ginkgo concentration 40 mg/ml) for 14 days by the non-radioisotopic Europium (non-RI Eu) release assay. Peripheral blood samples were taken three times during the study period: before ginkgo sample ingestion, on day 7 after ginkgo ingestion, and on day 14 after ginkgo ingestion). The peripheral blood samples were also analyzed for surface markers (CD56, CD3, CD19, CD20, CD4, CD8) using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACScalibur). RESULTS The non-RI Eu release assay revealed that the ingestion of ginkgo extracts elevated NK cell activity in the subjects, with the highest activity recorded following treatment with an extract at a concentration of 400-800 μg/ml. The analysis for surface markers using the FACScalibur showed that the expression of CD56 (NK cell surface marker) was elevated and the expression of CD19 had dropped in our subjects by day 14 of ginkgo ingestion. There was no significant difference in surface markers after 7 days of ginkgo ingestion. CONCLUSION Ginkgo extracts were found to affect immunological activities and surface markers (CD56) in human NK cells. Our results also reveal an optimal range of ginkgo concentration-from 400 to 800 μg/ml-within which its immunopotentiating activity is highest. It took at least 2 weeks to affect surface markers in human NK cells after ginkgo ingestion, and surface markers were not affected after 7 days of ginkgo ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsushima
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
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Fuggetta MP, Lanzilli G, Fioretti D, Rinaldi M. In vitro end points for the assessment of cellular immune response-modulating drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:473-93. [PMID: 23485082 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902821632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of immunotoxicology and the development of a battery of immune-function assays to screen potential immunotoxic compounds have been increasingly used in the past. Immunotoxic outcome generally seems appropriate to evaluate the risk in drug development. Improving this approach is possible, by using methods now available, to study the effect of a chemical compound on the immune system. OBJECTIVE The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the current and recent methodologies for testing the immunological effect and immunotoxic risks in drug candidates. METHODS The methodological details here discussed include a synthetic description of the immunocompetent cells in cell-mediated immunity and the choice of the most appropriate assay (bioassays, immunoassays, molecular biology techniques, flow cytometry). CONCLUSION This review offers an assessment of in vitro models to study the toxic impact of (bio)pharmaceuticals on cellular immune system and aid drug scientists in understanding the significance and the methods to approach immunotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Fuggetta
- Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy +39 06 4993 4610 ; +39 06 4993 4257 ;
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