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Guttman-Yassky E, Kabashima K, Staumont-Salle D, Nahm WK, Pauser S, Da Rosa JC, Martel BC, Madsen DE, Røpke M, Arlert P, Steffensen L, Blauvelt A, Reich K. Targeting IL-13 with tralokinumab normalizes type 2 inflammation in atopic dermatitis both early and at 2 years. Allergy 2024; 79:1560-1572. [PMID: 38563683 DOI: 10.1111/all.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tralokinumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically neutralizes interleukin (IL)-13, a key driver of skin inflammation and barrier abnormalities in atopic dermatitis (AD). This study evaluated early and 2-year impacts of IL-13 neutralization on skin and serum biomarkers following tralokinumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe AD. METHODS Skin biopsies and blood samples were evaluated from a subset of patients enrolled in the Phase 3 ECZTRA 1 (NCT03131648) and the long-term extension ECZTEND (NCT03587805) trials. Gene expression was assessed by RNA sequencing; protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunoassay. RESULTS Tralokinumab improved the transcriptomic profile of lesional skin by Week 4. Mean improvements in the expression of genes dysregulated in AD were 39% at Week 16 and 85% at 2 years with tralokinumab, with 15% worsening at Week 16 with placebo. At Week 16, tralokinumab significantly decreased type 2 serum biomarkers (CCL17/TARC, periostin, and IgE), reduced epidermal thickness versus placebo, and increased loricrin coverage versus baseline. Two years of tralokinumab treatment significantly reduced expression of genes in the Th2 (IL4R, IL31, CCL17, and CCL26), Th1 (IFNG), and Th17/Th22 (IL22, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9) pathways as well as increased expression of epidermal differentiation and barrier genes (CLDN1 and LOR). Tralokinumab also shifted atherosclerosis signaling pathway genes (SELE, IL-37, and S100A8) toward non-lesional expression. CONCLUSION Tralokinumab treatment improved epidermal pathology, reduced systemic markers of type 2 inflammation, and shifted expression of key AD biomarkers in skin towards non-lesional levels, further highlighting the key role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of AD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03131648, NCT03587805.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Delphine Staumont-Salle
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lille, INFINITE (Institute for Translational Research) U1286 Inserm, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Walter K Nahm
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Joel Correa Da Rosa
- Mount Sinai Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristian Reich
- Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Zhang L, Li L, Zhou M, Zhou QY, Tang JH, Liang M, Liu Q, Fu XF. Association of serum YKL-40 and DPP4 with T2-high asthma in Chinese adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37169. [PMID: 38335422 PMCID: PMC10860958 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the utility of serum YKL-40 and serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) as biomarkers for distinguishing between type 2 (T2)-high and T2-low asthma in the Chinese population. Additionally, we sought to explore the associations of serum YKL-40 and DPP4 levels with asthma characteristics and conventional markers. A real-world observational cross-sectional study was conducted, involving a total of 75 adult asthma patients. We collected general information, including demographics and medical history. Measurements included complete blood count, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), post-bronchodilator spirometry, serum YKL-40 and serum DPP4 levels. Asthma endotypes, T2-high and T2-low, were defined through a comprehensive review of existing literature and expert group discussions. Logistic and linear regression models were employed. Our findings indicated no significant association between serum YKL-40 or serum DPP4 levels and T2-high asthma across all models. In the fully adjusted model, their odds ratios (OR) were 0.967 (95% CI: 0.920-1.017) and 0.997 (95% CI: 0.993-1.001), respectively. Notably, serum YKL-40 exhibited a positive correlation with FeNO (β = 0.382, 95% CI: 0.230-0.533) after adjusting for confounding factors. This association, however, diminished in patients under 40 years old (P = .24), males (P = .25), and those with FEV1%pred of 80% or higher (P = .25). Serum DPP4 demonstrated a negative correlation with FEV1/FVC in the fully adjusted model (β: -0.005, 95% CI: -0.009, -0.000). Among Chinese adult asthma patients, a positive correlation was observed between serum YKL-40 levels and FeNO in females aged over 40 with FEV1%pred less than 80%. Additionally, a weak negative correlation was found between serum DPP4 levels and FEV1/FVC. However, neither serum YKL-40 nor serum DPP4 levels exhibited the capability to differentiate between T2-high and T2-low asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian-Yun Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Hong Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Fu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Yubei District of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
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3
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Abstract
Biomarkers may be diagnostic of asthma, they may predict or reflect response to therapy or they may identify patients at risk of asthma exacerbation. A biomarker is most often measured in biologic fluids that are sampled using relatively non-invasive sampling techniques such as blood, sputum, urine or exhaled breath. Biomarkers should be stable, readily quantifiable and their measurement should be reproducible and not confounded by other host factors, or the presence of comorbidities. However, asthma comprises multiple molecular endotypes and single, sensitive, specific, biomarkers reflecting these endotypes may not exist. Combining biomarkers may improve their predictive capability in asthma. The most well-established endotypes are those described as Type2 and non-Type2 asthma. Clinical trials established the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and blood eosinophil counts as key biomarkers of response to corticosteroid or targeted anti-inflammatory therapy in Type2 asthma. However, these biomarkers may have limited value in the management of asthma in real-life settings or routine clinical practise. Biomarkers for Type2 asthma are not well described or validated and more research is needed. Breathomics has provided evidence to propose a number of exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as surrogate biomarkers for airway inflammatory phenotypes, disease activity and adherence to therapy. Analysis of urinary eicosanoids has identified eicosanoids related to Type2 and non-Type2 inflammation. Future clinical trials will be important in determining how exhaled VOCs or urinary eicosanoid profiles can be used to direct precision treatments. Their future clinical use will also depend on developing simplified instrumentation for biomarker analysis at the point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK -
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4
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Landegren U, Hammond M. Cancer diagnostics based on plasma protein biomarkers: hard times but great expectations. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:1715-1726. [PMID: 33012111 PMCID: PMC8169444 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer diagnostics based on the detection of protein biomarkers in blood has promising potential for early detection and continuous monitoring of disease. However, the currently available protein biomarkers and assay formats largely fail to live up to expectations, mainly due to insufficient diagnostic specificity. Here, we discuss what kinds of plasma proteins might prove useful as biomarkers of malignant processes in specific organs. We consider the need to search for biomarkers deep down in the lowest reaches of the proteome, below current detection levels. In this regard, we comment on the poor molecular detection sensitivity of current protein assays compared to nucleic acid detection reactions, and we discuss requirements for achieving detection of vanishingly small amounts of proteins, to ensure detection of early stages of malignant growth through liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landegren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala University and SciLifeLabUppsalaSweden
| | - Maria Hammond
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala University and SciLifeLabUppsalaSweden
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5
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Sada M, Watanabe M, Inui T, Nakamoto K, Hirata A, Nakamura M, Honda K, Saraya T, Kurai D, Kimura H, Ishii H, Takizawa H. Ruxolitinib inhibits poly(I:C) and type 2 cytokines-induced CCL5 production in bronchial epithelial cells: A potential therapeutic agent for severe eosinophilic asthma. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:363-373. [PMID: 33534941 PMCID: PMC8127547 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Severe eosinophilic asthma is characterized by airway eosinophilia and corticosteroid‐resistance, commonly overlapping with type 2 inflammation. It has been reported that chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) is involved in the exacerbation of asthma by RNA virus infections. Indeed, treatment with a virus‐associated ligand and a T helper type 2 cell (Th2) cytokine can synergistically stimulate CCL5 production in bronchial epithelial cells. We aimed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying CCL5 production in this in vitro model and to assess the potential of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) as a novel therapeutic target via the use of ruxolitinib. Methods We stimulated primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and BEAS‐2B cells with poly(I:C) along with interleukin‐13 (IL‐13) or IL‐4, and assessed CCL5 production. We also evaluated the signals involved in virus‐ and Th2‐cytokine‐induced CCL5 production and explored a therapeutic agent that attenuates the CCL5 production. Results Poly(I:C) stimulated NHBE and BEAS‐2B cells to produce CCL5. Poly(I:C) and IL‐13 increased CCL5 production. Poly(I:C)‐induced CCL5 production occurred via the TLR3–IRF3 and IFNAR/JAK1–phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathways, but not the IFNAR/JAK1–STATs pathway. In addition, IL‐13 did not augment poly(I:C)‐induced CCL5 production via the canonical IL‐13R/IL‐4R/JAK1–STAT6 pathway but likely via subsequent TLR3‐IRF3‐IFNAR/JAK1‐PI3K pathways. JAK1 was identified to be a potential therapeutic target for severe eosinophilic asthma. The JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, was demonstrated to more effectively decrease CCL5 production in BEAS‐2B cells than fluticasone propionate. Conclusion We have demonstrated that JAK1 is a possible therapeutic target for severe corticosteroid‐resistant asthma with airway eosinophilia and persistent Th2‐type inflammation, and that ruxolitinib has potential as an alternative pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Nakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masuo Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Lyly A, Laulajainen-Hongisto A, Gevaert P, Kauppi P, Toppila-Salmi S. Monoclonal Antibodies and Airway Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9477. [PMID: 33322143 PMCID: PMC7763928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, biologics, are a relatively new treatment option for severe chronic airway diseases, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this review, we focus on the physiological and pathomechanisms of monoclonal antibodies, and we present recent study results regarding their use as a therapeutic option against severe airway diseases. Airway mucosa acts as a relative barrier, modulating antigenic stimulation and responding to environmental pathogen exposure with a specific, self-limited response. In severe asthma and/or CRS, genome-environmental interactions lead to dysbiosis, aggravated inflammation, and disease. In healthy conditions, single or combined type 1, 2, and 3 immunological response pathways are invoked, generating cytokine, chemokine, innate cellular and T helper (Th) responses to eliminate viruses, helminths, and extracellular bacteria/fungi, correspondingly. Although the pathomechanisms are not fully known, the majority of severe airway diseases are related to type 2 high inflammation. Type 2 cytokines interleukins (IL) 4, 5, and 13, are orchestrated by innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and Th subsets leading to eosinophilia, immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses, and permanently impaired airway damage. Monoclonal antibodies can bind or block key parts of these inflammatory pathways, resulting in less inflammation and improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Lyly
- Inflammation Centre, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 160, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Anu Laulajainen-Hongisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Paula Kauppi
- Heart and Lung Center, Pulmonary Department, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Inflammation Centre, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 160, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
- Medicum, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Foerster J, Molęda A. Virus-Like Particle-Mediated Vaccination against Interleukin-13 May Harbour General Anti-Allergic Potential beyond Atopic Dermatitis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040438. [PMID: 32294982 PMCID: PMC7232523 DOI: 10.3390/v12040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP)-based anti-infective prophylactic vaccination has been established in clinical use. Although validated in proof-of-concept clinical trials in humans, no VLP-based therapeutic vaccination against self-proteins to modulate chronic disease has yet been licensed. The present review summarises recent scientific advances, identifying interleukin-13 as an excellent candidate to validate the concept of anti-cytokine vaccination. Based on numerous clinical studies, long-term elimination of IL-13 is not expected to trigger target-related serious adverse effects and is likely to be safer than combined targeting of IL-4/IL-13. Furthermore, recently published results from large-scale trials confirm that elimination of IL-13 is highly effective in atopic dermatitis, an exceedingly common condition, as well as eosinophilic esophagitis. The distinctly different mode of action of a polyclonal vaccine response is discussed in detail, suggesting that anti-IL-13 vaccination has the potential of outperforming monoclonal antibody-based approaches. Finally, recent data have identified a subset of follicular T helper cells dependent on IL-13 which selectively trigger massive IgE accumulation in response to anaphylactoid allergens. Thus, prophylactic IL-13 vaccination may have broad application in a number of allergic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Allergic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/prevention & control
- Humans
- Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Ligands
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/therapeutic use
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8
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Combining single molecule counting with bead-based multiplexing to quantify biological inflammation time course following skeletal muscle injury. Methods 2019; 158:77-80. [PMID: 30472249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead-based analysis methods allow for the exploration of a variety of complex biological processes. In particular, these techniques can be applied to better understand how peripheral muscle injury contributes to systemic inflammation. Understanding how these two processes affect one another can give additional insight concerning how changes in inflammation effect readiness to perform in exercise and work environments. The present method sought to combine the strengths of bead-based multiplexing with the precision and low-end detection of single molecule counting (SMC) methods. We used performance of an extreme aerobic exercise session (i.e. half-marathon race) to cause a defined quantity of lower body muscle injury and a systemic inflammatory response lasting up to 24 h. Using a high-sensitivity, multiplex assay (Milliplex; Millipore-Sigma) we were able to identify 9 of 21 cytokines that were significantly elevated at either 4 or 24 h post half-marathon performance. Despite the known role of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the pro-inflammatory response, they did not appear to change based on the multiplex analysis. We thus, conducted further analysis using an SMC assay and found increases in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α at 4 h compared to 24 h post exercise. This method approach demonstrates how combining two common, bead-based protein assays can increase the amount of meaningful biological information that can be collected. We anticipate that this approach will be useful in a variety of inflammation-associated disease states.
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9
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Carlyle BC, Trombetta BA, Arnold SE. Proteomic Approaches for the Discovery of Biofluid Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Dementias. Proteomes 2018; 6:32. [PMID: 30200280 PMCID: PMC6161166 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias are highly complex disorders driven by vicious cycles of intersecting pathophysiologies. While most can be definitively diagnosed by the presence of disease-specific pathology in the brain at postmortem examination, clinical disease presentations often involve substantially overlapping cognitive, behavioral, and functional impairment profiles that hamper accurate diagnosis of the specific disease. As global demographics shift towards an aging population in developed countries, clinicians need more sensitive and specific diagnostic tools to appropriately diagnose, monitor, and treat neurodegenerative conditions. This review is intended as an overview of how modern proteomic techniques (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and advanced capture-based technologies) may contribute to the discovery and establishment of better biofluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease, and the limitations of these techniques. The review highlights some of the more interesting technical innovations and common themes in the field but is not intended to be an exhaustive systematic review of studies to date. Finally, we discuss clear reporting principles that should be integrated into all studies going forward to ensure data is presented in sufficient detail to allow meaningful comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky C Carlyle
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Bianca A Trombetta
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Neurology, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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10
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Pavord ID, Afzalnia S, Menzies-Gow A, Heaney LG. The current and future role of biomarkers in type 2 cytokine-mediated asthma management. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:148-160. [PMID: 28134501 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessment and management of asthma is complicated by the heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie its clinical presentation, which are not necessarily reflected in standardized management paradigms and which necessitate an individualized approach to treatment. This is particularly important with the emerging availability of a variety of targeted forms of therapy that may only be appropriate for use in particular patient subgroups. The identification of biomarkers can potentially aid diagnosis and inform prognosis, help guide treatment decisions and allow clinicians to predict and monitor response to treatment. Biomarkers for asthma have been identified from a variety of sources, including airway, exhaled breath and blood. Biomarkers from exhaled breath include fractional exhaled nitric oxide, measurement of which can help identify patients most likely to benefit from inhaled corticosteroids and targeted anti-immunoglobulin E therapy. Biomarkers measured in blood are relatively non-invasive and technically more straightforward than those measured from exhaled breath or directly from the airway. The most well established of these are the blood eosinophil count and serum periostin, both of which have demonstrated utility in identifying patients most likely to benefit from targeted anti-interleukin and anti-immunoglobulin E therapies, and in monitoring subsequent treatment response. For example, serum periostin appears to be a biomarker for responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid therapy and may help identify patients as suitable candidates for anti-IL-13 treatment. The use of biomarkers can therefore potentially help avoid unnecessary morbidity from high-dose corticosteroid therapy and allow the most appropriate and cost-effective use of targeted therapies. Ongoing clinical trials are helping to further elucidate the role of established biomarkers in routine clinical practice, and a range of other circulating novel potential biomarkers are currently being investigated in the research setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Pavord
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Afzalnia
- Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - L G Heaney
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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11
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Hemken PM, Jeanblanc NM, Rae T, Brophy SE, Datwyler MJ, Xu Y, Manetz TS, Vainshtein I, Liang M, Xiao X, Chowdhury PS, Chang CY, Streicher K, Greenlees L, Ranade K, Davis GJ. Development and analytical performance of a new ARCHITECT automated dipeptidyl peptidase-4 immunoassay. Pract Lab Med 2017; 9:58-68. [PMID: 29159257 PMCID: PMC5683673 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) may be a suitable biomarker to identify people with severe asthma who have greater activation of the interleukin-13 (IL-13) pathway and may therefore benefit from IL-13-targeted treatments. We report the analytical performance of an Investigational Use Only immunoassay and provide data on the biological range of DPP-4 concentrations. Methods We assessed assay performance, utilising analyses of precision, linearity and sensitivity; interference from common endogenous assay interferents, and from asthma and anti-diabetic medications, were also assessed. The assay was used to measure the range of serum DPP-4 concentrations in healthy volunteers and subjects with diabetes and severe, uncontrolled asthma. Results The total precision of DPP-4 concentration measurement (determined using percentage coefficient of variation) was ≤5% over 20 days. Dilution analysis yielded linear results from 30 to 1305 ng/mL; the limit of quantitation was 19.2 ng/mL. No notable endogenous or drug interferences were observed at the expected therapeutic concentration. Median DPP-4 concentrations in healthy volunteers and subjects with asthma or Type 1 diabetes were assessed, with concentrations remaining similar in subjects with diabetes and asthma across different demographics. Conclusion These analyses indicate that the ARCHITECT DPP-4 Immunoassay is a reliable and robust method for measuring serum DPP-4 concentration.
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Key Words
- Asthma
- Automated immunoassay
- BGG, bovine gamma globulin
- BMI, body mass index
- Biomarker
- CI, confidence interval
- CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute
- CV, coefficient of variation
- DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- HAMA, human anti-mouse antibodies
- IL-13
- IL-13, interleukin-13
- IUO, Investigational Use Only
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- LoB, Limit of Blank
- LoD, Limit of Detection
- LoQ, Limit of Quantitation
- PI, prediction interval
- RF, rheumatoid factor
- RLU, relative light units
- SRT, serum tube-red top
- SST, serum separator tube
- Th2, T-helper-2
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Hemken
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Nicolette M Jeanblanc
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Tracey Rae
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Susan E Brophy
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Maria J Datwyler
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - T Scott Manetz
- Translational Sciences, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune, 319 N Bernardo Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Meina Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK, MedImmune, 319 N Bernardo Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xiao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Partha S Chowdhury
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Chien-Ying Chang
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Katie Streicher
- Translational Medicine, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Lydia Greenlees
- Translational Medicine, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Koustubh Ranade
- Translational Medicine, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gerard J Davis
- Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
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Soderstrom C, Berstein G, Zhang W, Valdez H, Fitz L, Kuhn M, Fraser S. Ultra-Sensitive Measurement of IL-17A and IL-17F in Psoriasis Patient Serum and Skin. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1218-1222. [PMID: 28534291 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 17 is a family of cytokines that play a central role in many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. IL-17A has been implicated as a key driver of psoriasis, mediating a chronic cycle of T-cell activation, keratinocyte proliferation and angiogenesis. It has been hypothesized that expression of IL-17A and the related cytokine IL-17F could be used as predictive biomarkers for therapeutic response, though they have been difficult to measure locally or in circulation because of their low abundance. We developed ultrasensitive methods for measuring IL-17A and IL-17F in human serum samples and found that serum from psoriasis patients had higher and a broader range of concentrations of both IL-17 proteins compared to healthy volunteers. We also adapted these methods for tissue biopsies and saw higher concentrations of both IL-17 proteins in psoriatic lesions, but they were undetectable in non-lesional skin from the same patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Berstein
- Pfizer Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Pfizer Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hernan Valdez
- Pfizer Global Innovative Pharmaceuticals, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lori Fitz
- Pfizer Precision Medicine Bioanalytical, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Max Kuhn
- Research Statistics, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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13
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Compact MRI for the detection of teratoma development following intrathecal human embryonic stem cell injection in NOD-SCID mice. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:27-32. [PMID: 28069364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are emerging as a promising new treatment modality for a variety of central nervous system disorders. However, their use is hampered by the potential for the development of teratomas and other tumors. Therefore, there is a crucial need for the development of methods for detecting teratomas in preclinical safety studies. The aim of the current study is to assess the ability of a compact Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system to detect teratoma formation in mice. Five NOD-SCID mice were injected intrathecally with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), with two mice serving as controls. In vivo MRI was performed on days 25 and 48, and ex vivo MRI was performed after scheduled euthanization (day 55). MRI results were compared to histopathology findings. Two animals injected with hESCs developed hind-limb paresis and paralysis, necessitating premature euthanization. MRI examination revealed abnormal pale areas in the spinal cord and brain, which correlated histopathologically with teratomas. This preliminary study shows the efficacy of compact MRI systems in the detection of small teratomas following intrathecal injection of hESCs in a highly sensitive manner. Although these results should be validated in larger studies, they provide further evidence that the use of MRI in longitudinal studies offers a new monitoring strategy for preclinical testing of stem cell applications.
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14
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Development of a new ARCHITECT automated periostin immunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 464:228-235. [PMID: 27751727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periostin is being investigated as a potential biomarker for T-helper-2 (Th2)-driven asthma or eosinophilic inflammation and may help to identify patients more likely to benefit from interleukin-13-targeted treatments. We report the development and analytic performance of the investigational use only ARCHITECT Periostin Immunoassay, a new automated assay developed to detect serum periostin concentrations. METHODS We assessed assay performance in terms of precision, sensitivity, linearity, interference from classical immunoassay interferents and representatives of common asthma medications, specimen handling, and isoform reactivity. The assay was also used to assess the biological variability of serum periostin concentrations in samples from healthy volunteers and from subjects with uncontrolled asthma (the intended use population). RESULTS The percentage CVs for 5-day total precision, assessed using two instruments, was <6% across 2 controls and one serum-based panel. Limit of quantitation was 4ng/mL (dilution adjusted concentration), suiting the needs for this application. Dilution analysis yielded linear results and no endogenous sample or drug interferences were observed. All known periostin isoforms expressed in the mature human lung were detected by the assay. CONCLUSION Our studies provide support that the ARCHITECT Periostin Immunoassay is a reliable and robust test for measuring serum periostin concentrations.
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15
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Spengler M, Adler M, Niemeyer CM. Highly sensitive ligand-binding assays in pre-clinical and clinical applications: immuno-PCR and other emerging techniques. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26196036 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology and corresponding innovations in molecular biology, chemistry and medicine have led to novel therapeutic biomacromolecules as lead candidates in the pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. While monoclonal antibodies and other proteins provide therapeutic potential beyond the possibilities of small molecule drugs, the concomitant demand for supportive bioanalytical sample testing creates multiple novel challenges. For example, intact macromolecules can usually not be quantified by mass-spectrometry without enzymatic digestion and isotopically labeled internal standards are costly and/or difficult to prepare. Classical ELISA-type immunoassays, on the other hand, often lack the sensitivity required to obtain pharmacokinetics of low dosed drugs or pharmacodynamics of suitable biomarkers. Here we summarize emerging state-of-the-art ligand-binding assay technologies for pharmaceutical sample testing, which reveal enhanced analytical sensitivity over classical ELISA formats. We focus on immuno-PCR, which combines antibody specificity with the extremely sensitive detection of a tethered DNA marker by quantitative PCR, and alternative nucleic acid-based technologies as well as methods based on electrochemiluminescence or single-molecule counting. Using case studies, we discuss advantages and drawbacks of these methods for preclinical and clinical sample testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spengler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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16
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Tiwari A, Kasaian M, Heatherington AC, Jones HM, Hua F. A mechanistic PK/PD model for two anti-IL13 antibodies explains the difference in total IL-13 accumulation observed in clinical studies. MAbs 2016; 8:983-90. [PMID: 27049478 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1172151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IMA-638 and IMA-026 are humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target non-overlapping epitopes of IL-13. Separate first-in-human single ascending dose studies were conducted for each mAb. These studies had similar study designs, but mild to moderate asthmatics were recruited for the IMA-638 study and healthy subjects were recruited for the IMA-026 study. IMA-638 and IMA-026 showed similar pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, but very different total IL-13 (free and drug bound IL-13) profiles; free IL13 was not measured. IMA-026 treatment induced a dose-dependent accumulation of total IL-13, while IMA-638 treatment led to a much smaller accumulation without any clear dose-response. To understand the differences between the two total IL-13 profiles and to predict the free IL-13 profiles for each mAb treatment, a mechanistic PK/pharmacodynamic model was developed. PK-related parameters were first fit to the mean PK profiles of each mAb separately; thereafter, the target-related parameters were fit to both total IL-13 profiles simultaneously. The IL-13 degradation rate was assumed to be the same for asthma patients and healthy subjects. The model suggests that an approximately 100× faster elimination of IL-13-IMA-638 complex than IL-13-IMA-026 complex could be responsible for the differences observed in total IL-13 profiles for the two mAbs. Furthermore, the model predicts that IMA-638 administration results in greater and more prolonged free IL-13 inhibition than equivalent dosing of IMA-026 despite similar binding KD and PK profile. In conclusion, joint modeling of two similar molecules provided mechanistic insight that the elimination rate of mAb-target complex can regulate the degree of free target inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Tiwari
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, New Biological Entities, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Marion Kasaian
- b Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Anne C Heatherington
- c Quantitative Clinical Sciences, PharmaTherapeutcis R&D, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Hannah M Jones
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, New Biological Entities, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Fei Hua
- c Quantitative Clinical Sciences, PharmaTherapeutcis R&D, Pfizer Inc. , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Bioanalytical challenges and improved detection of circulating levels of IL-13. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:323-32. [PMID: 26847873 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-13 is a key mediator of type 2 inflammation-driven diseases. Circulating IL-13 levels are very low and challenging to detect reliably. We assessed the ability of immunoassays on the Erenna(®) and IMPACT platforms to measure serum IL-13 in asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and in healthy controls (HC). RESULTS The Erenna IL-13 assay exhibited significant specificity issues and had limited ability to detect IL-13 in serum samples. The IMPACT IL-13 assay had excellent specificity and detected IL-13 in 100% of serum samples tested from asthma, IPF and AD patients and HC. Serum IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in asthma, IPF and AD patients, relative to HC. CONCLUSION The IMPACT IL-13 assay had fg/ml sensitivity and excellent specificity, enabling reliable detection of circulating levels of IL-13.
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18
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Increased plasma IL-17F levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients are responsive to methotrexate, anti-TNF, and T cell costimulatory modulation. Inflammation 2015; 38:180-6. [PMID: 25240765 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to compare plasma levels of IL17A, A/F, and F biomarkers in RA patients versus controls, and to determine responsiveness to methotrexate (MTX), anti-TNFs, and abatacept. We selected plasma samples from RA cohorts consisting of a cross-sectional RA cohort (N = 78) not receiving DMARDs at the time of sampling, as well as from longitudinal drug start cohorts (N = 71 patients) with pre/post samples including anti-TNF, abatacept, and MTX-treated patients. We assayed IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL17-A/F using a highly sensitive immunoassay system. Plasma levels of IL-17A, IL-17A/F, and IL-17F were all significantly increased in RA versus controls. The difference was largest in IL-17F, with median IL-17F levels in RA patients being approximately 18-fold higher than controls (81 pg/mL in RA vs. 4.4 pg/mL in controls, p < 0.001). Among the forms of IL-17, only IL-17F was decreased after therapy in the MTX cohort (p = 0.006), abatacept cohort (p < 0.001), and anti-TNF cohorts (p = 0.02), whereas IL-17A and IL-17A/F were not significantly decreased for any of the three drug cohorts. Synovial fluid analysis demonstrated higher IL-17F levels in RA (p = 0.016) than healthy controls. These results suggest a specific role for IL-17F in human RA pathogenesis and as a therapeutic target.
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19
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Gaye B, Sikkema D, Lee TN. Development of an ultra-sensitive single molecule counting assay for the detection of interleukin-13 as a marker for asthmatic severity. J Immunol Methods 2015; 426:82-5. [PMID: 26284890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been difficult to quantify within human serum due to low abundance. Available assays have not been sensitive enough to detect IL-13 at the femtogram level. Thus, there are inconsistencies within the published literature as to IL-13 concentrations in normal or disease populations. To better understand IL-13 serum concentrations, a highly sensitive immunoassay was developed and used to determine concentrations from asthmatics with varying clinical severities. METHODS A single molecule counting (SMC) method was used to analyze serum samples from a total of 145 individuals (60 severe asthma, 60 moderate asthma, 60 mild asthma and 23 healthy donors). RESULTS IL-13 concentrations correlated with severity of asthma, with overlapping ranges. Mean IL-13 levels were highest in severe asthma. Mean IL-13 levels in moderate asthma population were second highest followed by mild asthma with the lowest IL-13 concentration. IL-13 concentrations in healthy donors were similar to the mild asthmatic population. The average concentrations of IL-13 in severe, moderate, mild and healthy donors were 1.286pg/mL, 0.672pg/mL, 0.508pg/mL and 0.155pg/mL respectively. CONCLUSION Severe asthma patients have elevated levels of IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyenoh Gaye
- Clinical Immunology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States.
| | - Dan Sikkema
- Clinical Immunology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
| | - Thomas N Lee
- Clinical Immunology, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
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20
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STRATOS 1 and 2: considerations in clinical trial design for a fully human monoclonal antibody in severe asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.15.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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S. Strasser D, Farine H, Holdener M, Zisowsky J, Roscher R, Hoerner J, Gehin M, N. Sidharta P, Dingemanse J, M.A. Groenen P. Development of a decision-making biomarker for CRTH2 antagonism in clinical studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nhtm.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Ramani T, Auletta CS, Weinstock D, Mounho-Zamora B, Ryan PC, Salcedo TW, Bannish G. Cytokines: The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:355-65. [PMID: 26015504 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815584918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the world of pharmaceutical toxicology has seen an explosion in the area of cytokines. An overview of the many aspects of cytokine safety evaluation currently in progress and evolving strategies for evaluating these important entities was presented at this symposium. Cytokines play a broad role to help the immune system respond to diseases, and drugs which modulate their effect have led to some amazing therapies. Cytokines may be "good" when stimulating the immune system to fight a foreign pathogen or attack tumors. Other "good" cytokine effects include reduction of an immune response, for example interferon β reduction of neuron inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis. They may be "bad" when their expression causes inflammatory diseases, such as the role of tumor necrosis factor α in rheumatoid arthritis or asthma and Crohn's disease. Therapeutic modulation of cytokine expression can help the "good" cytokines to generate or quench the immune system and block the "bad" cytokines to prevent damaging inflammatory events. However, care must be exercised, as some antibody therapeutics can cause "ugly" cytokine release which can be deadly. Well-designed toxicology studies should incorporate careful assessment of cytokine modulation that will allow effective therapies to treat unmet needs. This symposium discussed lessons learned in cytokine toxicology using case studies and suggested future directions.
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23
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Marcelletti JF, Evans CL, Saxena M, Lopez AE. Calculations for Adjusting Endogenous Biomarker Levels During Analytical Recovery Assessments for Ligand-Binding Assay Bioanalytical Method Validation. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:939-47. [PMID: 25903932 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is often necessary to adjust for detectable endogenous biomarker levels in spiked validation samples (VS) and in selectivity determinations during bioanalytical method validation for ligand-binding assays (LBA) with a matrix like normal human serum (NHS). Described herein are case studies of biomarker analyses using multiplex LBA which highlight the challenges associated with such adjustments when calculating percent analytical recovery (%AR). The LBA test methods were the Meso Scale Discovery V-PLEX® proinflammatory and cytokine panels with NHS as test matrix. The NHS matrix blank exhibited varied endogenous content of the 20 individual cytokines before spiking, ranging from undetectable to readily quantifiable. Addition and subtraction methods for adjusting endogenous cytokine levels in %AR calculations are both used in the bioanalytical field. The two methods were compared in %AR calculations following spiking and analysis of VS for cytokines having detectable endogenous levels in NHS. Calculations for %AR obtained by subtracting quantifiable endogenous biomarker concentrations from the respective total analytical VS values yielded reproducible and credible conclusions. The addition method, in contrast, yielded %AR conclusions that were frequently unreliable and discordant with values obtained with the subtraction adjustment method. It is shown that subtraction of assay signal attributable to matrix is a feasible alternative when endogenous biomarkers levels are below the limit of quantitation, but above the limit of detection. These analyses confirm that the subtraction method is preferable over that using addition to adjust for detectable endogenous biomarker levels when calculating %AR for biomarker LBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Marcelletti
- Immunoanalytical Operations, Tandem Labs, Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings, 13112 Evening Creek Drive South, San Diego, California, 92128, USA,
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24
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Solier C, Langen H. Antibody-based proteomics and biomarker research - current status and limitations. Proteomics 2014; 14:774-83. [PMID: 24520068 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteomics play a very important role in biomarker discovery and validation, facilitating the high-throughput evaluation of candidate markers. Most proteomics-driven discovery is nowadays based on the use of MS. MS has many advantages, including its suitability for hypothesis-free biomarker discovery, since information on protein content of a sample is not required prior to analysis. However, MS presents one main caveat which is the limited sensitivity in complex samples, especially for body fluids, where protein expression covers a huge dynamic range. Antibody-based technologies remain the main solution to address this challenge since they reach higher sensitivity. In this article, we review the benefits and limitations of antibody-based proteomics in preclinical and clinical biomarker research for discovery and validation in body fluids and tissue. The combination of antibodies and MS, utilizing the best of both worlds, opens new avenues in biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Solier
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Fischer SK, Joyce A, Spengler M, Yang TY, Zhuang Y, Fjording MS, Mikulskis A. Emerging technologies to increase ligand binding assay sensitivity. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:93-101. [PMID: 25331105 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligand binding assays (LBAs) have been the method of choice for protein analyte measurements for more than four decades. Over the years, LBA methods have improved in sensitivity and achieved larger dynamic ranges by using alternative detection systems and new technologies. As a consequence, the landscape and application of immunoassay platforms has changed dramatically. The introduction of bead-based methods, coupled with single molecule detection standardization and the ability to amplify assay signals, has improved the sensitivity of many immunoassays, in some cases by several logs of magnitude. Three promising immunoassay platforms are described in this article: Single Molecule Counting (SMC™) from Singulex Inc, Single Molecule Arrays (Simoa™) from Quanterix Corporation, and Immuno-PCR (Imperacer®) from Chimera Biotec GmbH. These platforms have the potential to significantly improve immunoassay sensitivity and thereby address the bioanalytical needs and challenges faced during biopharmaceutical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloumeh K Fischer
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080-4990, USA,
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Due diligence in the characterization of matrix effects in a total IL-13 Singulex™ method. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1123-9. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
After obtaining her PhD in Cellular and Molecular biology from the University of Nevada, Reno, Stephanie has spent the last 15 years in the field of bioanalysis. She has held positions in academia, biotech, contract research and large pharma where she has managed ligand binding assay (discovery to Phase IIb clinical) and flow cytometry (preclinical) laboratories as well as taken the lead on implementing new/emergent technologies. Currently Stephanie leads Pfizer’s Regulated Bioanalysis Ligand Binding Assay group, focusing on early clinical biomarker support. Interleukin (IL)-13, a Th2 cytokine, drives a range of physiological responses associated with the induction of allergic airway diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases. Analysis of IL-13 as a biomarker has provided insight into its role in disease mechanisms and progression. Serum IL-13 concentrations are often too low to be measured by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, necessitating the implementation of a highly sensitive assay. Previously, the validation of a Singulex™ Erenna® assay for the quantitation of IL-13 was reported. Herein we describe refinement of this validation; defining the impact of matrix interference on the lower limit of quantification, adding spiked matrix QC samples, and extending endogenous IL-13 stability. A fit-for-purpose validation was conducted and the assay was used to support a Phase II clinical trial.
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Dudal S, Baltrukonis D, Crisino R, Goyal MJ, Joyce A, Osterlund K, Smeraglia J, Taniguchi Y, Yang J. Assay formats: Recommendation for best practices and harmonization from the global bioanalysis consortium harmonization team. AAPS J 2014; 16:194-205. [PMID: 24343771 PMCID: PMC3933581 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the GBC (Global Bioanalysis Consortium), the L3 assay format team has focused on reviewing common platforms used to support ligand binding assays in the detection of biotherapeutics. The following review is an overview of discussions and presentations from around the globe with a group of experts from different companies to allow an international harmonization of common practices and suggestions for different platforms. Some of the major platforms include Gyrolab, Erenna, RIA, AlphaLISA, Delfia, Immuno-PCR, Luminex, BIAcore, and ELISAs. The review is meant to support bioanalysts in taking decisions between different platforms depending on the needs of the analyte with a number of recommendations to help integration of platforms into a GLP environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Dudal
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 144 Klybeckstrasse, 4052, Basel, Switzerland,
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Noninvasive Biomarkers That Predict Treatment Benefit from Biologic Therapies in Asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10 Suppl:S206-13. [DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201303-047aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Bioanalytical laboratories develop and validate ligand-binding assays (LBA) used to quantify the concentration of analytes of interest in various buffers and relevant biological matrices. The building blocks of LBA are reagents that recognize molecular and structural motifs on ligands, which are combined in various LBA formats to minimize biological matrix interferences and specifically detect and quantify the analyte of interest. The use of these LBA-requiring critical reagents, can span decades as programs mature to commercialization. Since critical reagents are generated mostly from biological systems, attention to their life cycle management, quality, characterization and sustainability are vital to the success of bioanalytical laboratories. Integrating de novo reagent generation, reagent biophysical characterization, LBA development, validation, and use, with reagent resupply processes leverages interdisciplinary activities and ensures smooth operations of a bioanalytical laboratory.
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Development and validation of an ELISA at acidic pH for the quantitative determination of IL-13 in human plasma and serum. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:465-74. [PMID: 24222716 PMCID: PMC3810116 DOI: 10.1155/2013/290670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel sandwich ELISA for the quantitative and sensitive determination of IL-13 in human serum and plasma was established. The assay employs an incubation step at acidic pH, which was shown to decrease nonspecific binding and interference from IL-13 binding proteins. The assay was validated and was shown to be accurate and precise over the entire quantification range (0.59 to 68.4 pg/mL in human EDTA plasma). The validated assay was successfully applied to samples from healthy volunteers and patients with atopic seasonal rhinitis. The assay is suitable for use in clinical trials to monitor efficacy or pharmacodynamic effects of drug candidates.
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Abstract
The potential for the formation of teratomas or other neoplasms is a major safety roadblock to clinical application of pluripotent stem cell therapies. Preclinical assessment of the risk of tumor formation in this context poses considerable scientific and regulatory challenges, especially because animal xenograft models may not properly reflect the long-term tumorigenic potential of human cells. A better understanding of the biology of spontaneously occurring teratomas and related tumors in humans can help to guide efforts to assess and minimize the potential hazards of embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell therapeutics. Here we review the features of teratomas derived experimentally from human pluripotent stem cells and argue that they most closely resemble spontaneous benign teratomas that occur early in both mouse and human life. The natural history and pathology of these spontaneously occurring teratomas provide important clues for preclinical safety assessment and patient monitoring in trials of stem cell therapies.
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Arron JR, Scheerens H, Matthews JG. Redefining approaches to asthma: developing targeted biologic therapies. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 66:1-49. [PMID: 23433454 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder canonically associated with type 2 airway inflammation as characterized by elevated levels of eosinophils, immunoglobulin E, and cytokines including interleukin (IL) 4, IL5, IL9, and IL13 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. However, mounting evidence has shown that considerable heterogeneity exists in human asthma in terms of the nature and intensity of airway inflammation. While many asthma patients achieve acceptable control of symptoms with standard-of-care therapies such as β₂-adrenergic agonists and inhaled corticosteroids, a minority remains symptomatic despite maximal standard-of-care therapy and constitutes a significant unmet medical need. A growing number of investigational therapeutics under clinical development for asthma are biologic therapies that specifically target mediators of type 2 airway inflammation. In this chapter, we consider the biological functions of therapeutic targets in asthma and data from clinical trials of biologic agents directed against these targets. We discuss recent clinical trial results in terms of four key components of drug development: target selection, molecule selection, outcome selection, and patient selection, with particular attention paid to the emerging role of biomarkers in clinical development for asthma.
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Liao K, Sikkema D, Wang C, Chen K, DeWall S, Lee TN. Development and validation of a cell-based SEAP reporter assay for the detection of neutralizing antibodies against an anti-IL-13 therapeutic antibody. J Immunol Methods 2011; 375:258-63. [PMID: 22001556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cell-based bioassay capable of detecting neutralizing antibodies (NAb) specific to a therapeutic anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody was developed, validated and used to analyze normal human and asthma serum samples. At the time of this study, a neutralizing assay was unavailable for anti-IL-13 antibody therapeutics with sufficient rigor for validation. Thus, we describe here a method and considerations for validation. The assay used IL-13 responsive HEK293 cells transfected with a secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) reporter gene. Cells were plated at 5.4×10(4) per assay well due to 90% confluence on the subsequent day. Optimal IL-13 and anti-IL-13 concentrations were determined to be 600 pg/mL and 900 ng/mL respectively. We demonstrated the assay's cut point, sensitivity, specificity/cross reactivity, selectivity/matrix interference, and precision. Also, we demonstrated how the drug inhibitory concentration (IC(50), IC(75), and IC(90)) can affect sensitivity and dynamic range/assay window. We characterized the differences in assay response between serum samples of normal population and asthma population. Asthma samples demonstrated an elevated OD ratio in average compared to normal samples. Thus, separate cut points were needed and calculated to be 1.78 and 2.43 for normal and asthma serum, respectively. The assay sensitivity was 670 ng/mL with the positive control (affinity purified rabbit anti-drug polyclonal antibodies). Potential false positives resulting from endogenous serum cytokines including IL-13, IL-4, and Interferon alpha (INF-α) were evaluated and the results indicated that the interfering concentrations for these cytokines are much higher than the respective physiological concentrations. Based on these data, the risk of false positive by endogenous cytokines was considered to be low. In addition, irrelevant anti-drug positive control antibodies were evaluated for assay specificity and did not demonstrate neutralizing capability. Further, no matrix interference in the intended patient population was found when using a final assay serum concentration of 16.7%. The validated assay had acceptable intra- and inter- assay precision in that all %CVs were ≤25%. Overall, this assay successfully proceeded through validation and was used to determine NAb responses within serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Liao
- Clinical Immunology, GlaxoSmithKline, King Of Prussia, PA 19406, United States
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Corren J, Lemanske RF, Hanania NA, Korenblat PE, Parsey MV, Arron JR, Harris JM, Scheerens H, Wu LC, Su Z, Mosesova S, Eisner MD, Bohen SP, Matthews JG. Lebrikizumab treatment in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:1088-98. [PMID: 21812663 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1106469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1161] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with asthma have uncontrolled disease despite treatment with inhaled glucocorticoids. One potential cause of the variability in response to treatment is heterogeneity in the role of interleukin-13 expression in the clinical asthma phenotype. We hypothesized that anti-interleukin-13 therapy would benefit patients with asthma who had a pretreatment profile consistent with interleukin-13 activity. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lebrikizumab, a monoclonal antibody to interleukin-13, in 219 adults who had asthma that was inadequately controlled despite inhaled glucocorticoid therapy. The primary efficacy outcome was the relative change in prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) from baseline to week 12. Among the secondary outcomes was the rate of asthma exacerbations through 24 weeks. Patient subgroups were prespecified according to baseline type 2 helper T-cell (Th2) status (assessed on the basis of total IgE level and blood eosinophil count) and serum periostin level. RESULTS At baseline, patients had a mean FEV(1) that was 65% of the predicted value and were taking a mean dose of inhaled glucocorticoids of 580 μg per day; 80% were also taking a long-acting beta-agonist. At week 12, the mean increase in FEV(1) was 5.5 percentage points higher in the lebrikizumab group than in the placebo group (P = 0.02). Among patients in the high-periostin subgroup, the increase from baseline FEV(1) was 8.2 percentage points higher in the lebrikizumab group than in the placebo group (P = 0.03). Among patients in the low-periostin subgroup, the increase from baseline FEV(1) was 1.6 percentage points higher in the lebrikizumab group than in the placebo group (P = 0.61). Musculoskeletal side effects were more common with lebrikizumab than with placebo (13.2% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Lebrikizumab treatment was associated with improved lung function. Patients with high pretreatment levels of serum periostin had greater improvement in lung function with lebrikizumab than did patients with low periostin levels. (Funded by Genentech; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00930163 .).
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Valentin MA, Ma S, Zhao A, Legay F, Avrameas A. Validation of immunoassay for protein biomarkers: Bioanalytical study plan implementation to support pre-clinical and clinical studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:869-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kasaian MT, Raible D, Marquette K, Cook TA, Zhou S, Tan XY, Tchistiakova L. IL-13 antibodies influence IL-13 clearance in humans by modulating scavenger activity of IL-13Rα2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:561-9. [PMID: 21622864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human studies using Abs to two different, nonoverlapping epitopes of IL-13 suggested that epitope specificity can have a clinically significant impact on clearance of IL-13. We propose that Ab modulation of IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα2 underlies this effect. Two Abs were administered to healthy subjects and mild asthmatics in separate dose-ranging studies and allergen-challenge studies. IMA-638 allows IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα1 or IL-13Rα2 but blocks recruitment of IL-4Rα to the IL-13/IL-13Rα1 complex, whereas IMA-026 competes with IL-13 interaction with IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. We found ∼10-fold higher circulating titer of captured IL-13 in subjects treated with IMA-026 compared with those administered IMA-638. To understand how this difference could be related to epitope, we asked whether either Ab affects IL-13 internalization through cell surface IL-13Rα2. Humans inducibly express cell surface IL-13Rα2 but lack the soluble form that regulates IL-13 responses in mice. Cells with high IL-13Rα2 expression rapidly and efficiently depleted extracellular IL-13, and this activity persisted in the presence of IMA-638 but not IMA-026. The potency and efficiency of this clearance pathway suggest that cell surface IL-13Rα2 acts as a scavenger for IL-13. These findings could have important implications for the design and characterization of IL-13 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion T Kasaian
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, Cockcroft DW, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C, Davis BE, Deschesnes F, Duong M, Durn BL, Howie KJ, Hui L, Kasaian MT, Killian KJ, Strinich TX, Watson RM, Y N, Zhou S, Raible D, O'Byrne PM. Effects of Interleukin-13 Blockade on Allergen-induced Airway Responses in Mild Atopic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1007-14. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201008-1210oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Tarrant JM. Blood cytokines as biomarkers of in vivo toxicity in preclinical safety assessment: considerations for their use. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:4-16. [PMID: 20447938 PMCID: PMC2923281 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the drive to develop drugs with well-characterized and clinically monitorable safety profiles, there is incentive to expand the repertoire of safety biomarkers for toxicities without routine markers or premonitory detection. Biomarkers in blood are pursued because of specimen accessibility, opportunity for serial monitoring, quantitative measurement, and the availability of assay platforms. Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (here referred to collectively as cytokines) show robust modulation in proximal events of inflammation, immune response, and repair. These are key general processes in many toxicities; therefore, cytokines are commonly identified during biomarker discovery studies. In addition, multiplexed cytokine immunoassays are easily applied to biomarker discovery and routine toxicity studies to measure blood cytokines. However, cytokines pose several challenges as safety biomarkers because of a short serum half-life; low to undetectable baseline levels; lack of tissue-specific or toxicity-specific expression; complexities related to cytokine expression with multiorgan involvement; and species, strain, and interindividual differences. Additional challenges to their application are caused by analytical, methodological, and study design-related variables. A final consideration is the strength of the relationship between changes in cytokine levels and the development of phenotypic or functional manifestations of toxicity. These factors should inform the integrated judgment-based qualification of novel biomarkers in preclinical, and potentially clinical, risk assessment. The dearth of robust, predictive cytokine biomarkers for specific toxicities is an indication of the significant complexity of these challenges. This review will consider the current state of the science and recommendations for appropriate application of cytokines in preclinical safety assessment.
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