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Rahman T, Das A, Abir MH, Nafiz IH, Mahmud AR, Sarker MR, Emran TB, Hassan MM. Cytokines and their role as immunotherapeutics and vaccine Adjuvants: The emerging concepts. Cytokine 2023; 169:156268. [PMID: 37320965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are a protein family comprising interleukins, lymphokines, chemokines, monokines and interferons. They are significant constituents of the immune system, and they act in accordance with specific cytokine inhibiting compounds and receptors for the regulation of immune responses. Cytokine studies have resulted in the establishment of newer therapies which are being utilized for the treatment of several malignant diseases. The advancement of these therapies has occurred from two distinct strategies. The first strategy involves administrating the recombinant and purified cytokines, and the second strategy involves administrating the therapeutics which inhibits harmful effects of endogenous and overexpressed cytokines. Colony stimulating factors and interferons are two exemplary therapeutics of cytokines. An important effect of cytokine receptor antagonist is that they can serve as anti-inflammatory agents by altering the treatments of inflammation disorder, therefore inhibiting the effects of tumour necrosis factor. In this article, we have highlighted the research behind the establishment of cytokines as therapeutics and vaccine adjuvants, their role of immunotolerance, and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ayan Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Iqbal Hossain Nafiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rifat Sarker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chattogram 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Targeting IL-21 to tumor-reactive T cells enhances memory T cell responses and anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:951. [PMID: 33574265 PMCID: PMC7878483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell rejuvenation by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, despite emerging as a highly promising therapy for advanced cancers, is only beneficial for a minority of treated patients. There is evidence that a lack of efficient T cell activation may be responsible for the failure. Here, we demonstrate that IL-21 can be targeted to tumor-reactive T cells by fusion of IL-21 to anti-PD-1 antibody. To our surprise, the fusion protein PD-1Ab21 promotes the generation of memory stem T cells (TSCM) with enhanced cell proliferation. PD-1Ab21 treatment show potent antitumor effects in established tumor-bearing mice accompanied with an increased frequency of TSCM and robust expansion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells with a memory phenotype, and is superior to a combination of PD-1 blockade and IL-21 infusion. Therefore, we have developed a potential strategy to improve the therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint blockade by simultaneously targeting cytokines to tumor-reactive T cells.
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Jandl C, Liu SM, Cañete PF, Warren J, Hughes WE, Vogelzang A, Webster K, Craig ME, Uzel G, Dent A, Stepensky P, Keller B, Warnatz K, Sprent J, King C. IL-21 restricts T follicular regulatory T cell proliferation through Bcl-6 mediated inhibition of responsiveness to IL-2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14647. [PMID: 28303891 PMCID: PMC5357862 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells control the magnitude and specificity of the germinal centre reaction, but how regulation is contained to ensure generation of high-affinity antibody is unknown. Here we show that this balance is maintained by the reciprocal influence of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21. The number of IL-2-dependent FoxP3+ regulatory T cells is increased in the peripheral blood of human patients with loss-of-function mutations in the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R). In mice, IL-21:IL-21R interactions influence the phenotype of T follicular cells, reducing the expression of CXCR4 and inhibiting the expansion of Tfr cells after T-cell-dependent immunization. The negative effect of IL-21 on Tfr cells in mice is cell intrinsic and associated with decreased expression of the high affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25). Bcl-6, expressed in abundance in Tfr cells, inhibits CD25 expression and IL-21-mediated inhibition of CD25 is Bcl-6 dependent. These findings identify a mechanism by which IL-21 reinforces humoral immunity by restricting Tfr cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sue M. Liu
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Pablo F. Cañete
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Joanna Warren
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - William E. Hughes
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Kylie Webster
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Maria E. Craig
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9806, USA
| | - Alexander Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 420, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Bärbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Cecile King
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Rouet R, Lowe D, Christ D. Stability engineering of the human antibody repertoire. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:269-77. [PMID: 24291820 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies often display limited thermodynamic and colloidal stabilities. This behavior hinders their production, and places limitations on the development of novel formulation conditions and therapeutic applications. Antibodies are highly diverse molecules, with much of the sequence variation observed within variable domain families and, in particular, their complementarity determining regions. This has complicated the development of comprehensive strategies for the stability engineering of the human antibody repertoire. Here we provide an overview of the field, and discuss recent advances in the development of robust and aggregation resistant antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - David Lowe
- MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Efficient production of recombinant IL-21 proteins for pre-clinical studies by a two-step dilution refolding method. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:376-81. [PMID: 23474188 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Produced by CD4(+) helper T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, interleukin-21 (IL-21) performs broad regulatory functions on B cells, CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, NK cells and NKT cells. Targeting IL-21 to enhance the immune system has attracted great interests in the development of vaccination, anti-infection and anti-tumor therapies. Administration of IL-21 in pre-clinical models is however limited by relatively high expense of the recombinant IL-21 protein. Here, we report a rapid and cost-effective method to produce IL-21 using Escherichia coli (E. coli) by introducing a novel two-step dilution strategy for refolding. The method has been validated to produce milligrams of human IL-21, human IL-21/IL-4 chimera and mouse IL-21 with high bioactivities and low endotoxin, mostly suitable for in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies.
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