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Li C, Hendrikse NW, Mai M, Farooqui MA, Argall-Knapp Z, Kim JS, Wheat EA, Juang T. Microliter Whole Blood Neutrophil Assay Preserving Physiological Lifespan and Functional Heterogeneity. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400373. [PMID: 38984758 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
For in vitro neutrophil functional assays, neutrophils are typically isolated from whole blood, having the target cells exposed to an artificial microenvironment with altered kinetics. Isolated neutrophils exhibit limited lifespans of only a few hours ex vivo, significantly shorter than the 3-5 day lifespan of neutrophils in vivo. In addition, due to neutrophils' inherently high sensitivity, neutrophils removed from whole blood exhibit stochastic non-specific activation that contributes to assay variability. Here, a method - named "µ-Blood" - is presented that enables functional neutrophil assays using a microliter of unprocessed whole blood. µ-Blood allows multiple phenotypic readouts of neutrophil function (including cell/nucleus morphology, motility, recruitment, and pathogen control). In µ-Blood, neutrophils show sustained migration and limited non-specific activation kinetics (<0.1% non-specific activation) over 3-6 days. In contrast, neutrophils isolated using traditional methods show increased and divergent activation kinetics (10-70% non-specific activation) in only 3 h. Finally, µ-Blood allows the capture and quantitative comparison of distinct neutrophil functional heterogeneity between healthy donors and cancer patients in response to microbial stimuli with the preserved physiological lifespan over 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nathan W Hendrikse
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Makenna Mai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mehtab A Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Zach Argall-Knapp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Emily A Wheat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Terry Juang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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2
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Jones C, La Flamme A, Larsen P, Hally K. CPHEN-017: Comprehensive phenotyping of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on peripheral human neutrophils. Cytometry A 2024. [PMID: 38867433 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
With the recent discovery of their ability to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophils are increasingly appreciated as active participants in infection and inflammation. NETs are characterized as large, web-like networks of DNA and proteins extruded from neutrophils, and there is considerable interest in how these structures drive disease in humans. Advancing research in this field is contingent on developing novel tools for quantifying NETosis. To this end, we have developed a 7-marker flow cytometry panel for analyzing NETosis on human peripheral neutrophils following in vitro stimulation, and in fresh circulating neutrophils under inflammatory conditions. This panel was optimized on neutrophils isolated from whole blood and analyzed fresh or in vitro stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or ionomycin, two known NET-inducing agonists. Neutrophils were identified as SSChighFSChighCD15+CD66b+. Neutrophils positive for amine residues and 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD), our DNA dye of choice, were deemed necrotic (Zombie-NIR+7-AAD+) and were removed from downstream analysis. Exclusion of Zombie-NIR and positivity for 7-AAD (Zombie-NIRdim7-AAD+) was used here as a marker of neutrophil-appendant DNA, a key feature of NETs. The presence of two NET-associated proteins - myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) - were utilized to identify neutrophil-appendant NET events (SSChighFSChighCD15+CD66b+Zombie NIRdim7-AAD+MPO+NE+). We also demonstrate that NETotic neutrophils express citrullinated histone H3 (H3cit), are concentration-dependently induced by in vitro PMA and ionomycin stimulation but are disassembled with DNase treatment, and are present in both chronic and acute inflammation. This 7-color flow cytometry panel provides a novel tool for examining NETosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceridwyn Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anne La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter Larsen
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn Hally
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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3
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Speirs ZC, Loynes CA, Mathiessen H, Elks PM, Renshaw SA, Jørgensen LVG. What can we learn about fish neutrophil and macrophage response to immune challenge from studies in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109490. [PMID: 38471626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Fish rely, to a high degree, on the innate immune system to protect them against the constant exposure to potential pathogenic invasion from the surrounding water during homeostasis and injury. Zebrafish larvae have emerged as an outstanding model organism for immunity. The cellular component of zebrafish innate immunity is similar to the mammalian innate immune system and has a high degree of sophistication due to the needs of living in an aquatic environment from early embryonic stages of life. Innate immune cells (leukocytes), including neutrophils and macrophages, have major roles in protecting zebrafish against pathogens, as well as being essential for proper wound healing and regeneration. Zebrafish larvae are visually transparent, with unprecedented in vivo microscopy opportunities that, in combination with transgenic immune reporter lines, have permitted visualisation of the functions of these cells when zebrafish are exposed to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, as well as during injury and healing. Recent findings indicate that leukocytes are even more complex than previously anticipated and are essential for inflammation, infection control, and subsequent wound healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë C Speirs
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Catherine A Loynes
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Experimental Fish Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Philip M Elks
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Experimental Fish Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
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4
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Murphy DM, Walsh A, Stein L, Petrasca A, Cox DJ, Brown K, Duffin E, Jameson G, Connolly SA, O'Connell F, O'Sullivan J, Basdeo SA, Keane J, Phelan JJ. Human Macrophages Activate Bystander Neutrophils' Metabolism and Effector Functions When Challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2898. [PMID: 38474145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are dynamic cells, playing a critical role in pathogen clearance; however, neutrophil infiltration into the tissue can act as a double-edged sword. They are one of the primary sources of excessive inflammation during infection, which has been observed in many infectious diseases including pneumonia and active tuberculosis (TB). Neutrophil function is influenced by interactions with other immune cells within the inflammatory lung milieu; however, how these interactions affect neutrophil function is unclear. Our study examined the macrophage-neutrophil axis by assessing the effects of conditioned medium (MΦ-CM) from primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) stimulated with LPS or a whole bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) on neutrophil function. Stimulated hMDM-derived MΦ-CM boosts neutrophil activation, heightening oxidative and glycolytic metabolism, but diminishes migratory potential. These neutrophils exhibit increased ROS production, elevated NET formation, and heightened CXCL8, IL-13, and IL-6 compared to untreated or unstimulated hMDM-treated neutrophils. Collectively, these data show that MΦ-CM from stimulated hMDMs activates neutrophils, bolsters their energetic profile, increase effector and inflammatory functions, and sequester them at sites of infection by decreasing their migratory capacity. These data may aid in the design of novel immunotherapies for severe pneumonia, active tuberculosis and other diseases driven by pathological inflammation mediated by the macrophage-neutrophil axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dearbhla M Murphy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anastasija Walsh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Stein
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreea Petrasca
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal J Cox
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Brown
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emily Duffin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Jameson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah A Connolly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona O'Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharee A Basdeo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - James J Phelan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Mercado-Evans V, Chew C, Serchejian C, Saltzman A, Mejia ME, Zulk JJ, Cornax I, Nizet V, Patras KA. Tamm-Horsfall protein augments neutrophil NETosis during urinary tract infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578501. [PMID: 38370726 PMCID: PMC10871275 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Urinary neutrophils are a hallmark of urinary tract infection (UTI), yet the mechanisms governing their activation, function, and efficacy in controlling infection remain incompletely understood. Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), the most abundant protein in urine, uses terminal sialic acids to bind an inhibitory receptor and dampen neutrophil inflammatory responses. We hypothesized that neutrophil modulation is an integral part of THP-mediated host protection. In a UTI model, THP-deficient mice showed elevated urinary tract bacterial burdens, increased neutrophil recruitment, and more severe tissue histopathological changes compared to WT mice. Furthermore, THP-deficient mice displayed impaired urinary NETosis during UTI. To investigate the impact of THP on NETosis, we coupled in vitro fluorescence-based NET assays, proteomic analyses, and standard and imaging flow cytometry with peripheral human neutrophils. We found that THP increases proteins involved in respiratory chain, neutrophil granules, and chromatin remodeling pathways, enhances NETosis in an ROS-dependent manner, and drives NET-associated morphologic features including nuclear decondensation. These effects were observed only in the presence of a NETosis stimulus and could not be solely replicated with equivalent levels of sialic acid alone. We conclude that THP is a critical regulator of NETosis in the urinary tract, playing a key role in host defense against UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Mercado-Evans
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Claude Chew
- Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Camille Serchejian
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander Saltzman
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marlyd E. Mejia
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob J. Zulk
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ingrid Cornax
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Patras
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Li C, Farooqui M, Yada RC, Cai JB, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. The effect of whole blood logistics on neutrophil non-specific activation and kinetics ex vivo. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2543. [PMID: 38291060 PMCID: PMC10828393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
While the exquisite sensitivity of neutrophils enables their rapid response to infection in vivo; this same sensitivity complicates the ex vivo study of neutrophils. Handling of neutrophils ex vivo is fraught with unwanted heterogeneity and alterations that can diminish the reproducibility of assays and limit what biological conclusions can be drawn. There is a need to better understand the influence of ex vivo procedures on neutrophil behavior to guide improved protocols for ex vivo neutrophil assessment to improve inter/intra-experimental variability. Here, we investigate how whole blood logistics (i.e., the procedure taken from whole blood collection to delivery of the samples to analytical labs and storage before neutrophil interrogation) affects neutrophil non-specific activation (i.e., baseline apoptosis and NETosis) and kinetics (i.e., activation over time). All the experiments (60+ whole blood neutrophil isolations across 36 blood donors) are performed by a single operator with optimized isolation and culture conditions, and automated image analysis, which together increase rigor and consistency. Our results reveal: (i) Short-term storage (< 8 h) of whole blood does not significantly affect neutrophil kinetics in subsequent two-dimensional (2D) cell culture; (ii) Neutrophils from long-term storage (> 24 h) in whole blood show significantly higher stability (i.e., less non-specific activation) compared to the control group with the isolated cells in 2D culture. (iii) Neutrophils have greater non-specific activation and accelerated kinetic profiles when stored in whole blood beyond 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Mehtab Farooqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ravi Chandra Yada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph B Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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7
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Islam MM, Takeyama N. Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Health and Disease Pathophysiology: Recent Insights and Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15805. [PMID: 37958788 PMCID: PMC10649138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the principal trouper of the innate immune system. Activated neutrophils undergo a noble cell death termed NETosis and release a mesh-like structure called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as a part of their defensive strategy against microbial pathogen attack. This web-like architecture includes a DNA backbone embedded with antimicrobial proteins like myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase (NE), histones and deploys in the entrapment and clearance of encountered pathogens. Thus NETs play an inevitable beneficial role in the host's protection. However, recent accumulated evidence shows that dysregulated and enhanced NET formation has various pathological aspects including the promotion of sepsis, pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic, nephrological, thrombotic, autoimmune, pregnancy, and cancer diseases, and the list is increasing gradually. In this review, we summarize the NET-mediated pathophysiology of different diseases and focus on some updated potential therapeutic approaches against NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monirul Islam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Naoshi Takeyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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8
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Fu D, Jiang J, Fu S, Xie D, Gao C, Feng Y, Liu S, Ye Y, Liu L, Tu Y, Peng F. Real-Time Micromotor Probe for Immune Neutrophil Activation State. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300737. [PMID: 37199571 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil activation is a hallmark of the immune response. Approaches to identify neutrophil activation in real time are necessary but are still lacking. In this study, magnetic Spirulina micromotors are used as label-free probes that exhibit differences in motility under different neutrophil activation states. This is correlated with different secretions into the extracellular environment by activated/non-activated cells and local environmental viscoelasticity. The micromotor platform can bypass non-activated immune cells while being stopped by activated cells. Thus, the micromotors can serve as label-free biomechanical probes of the immune cell state. They can detect the activation state of target immune cells in real time and with single-cell precision, which provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases while deepening understanding of the biomechanics of activated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaoming Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Dazhi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ye Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Suyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yicheng Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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9
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Lelliott PM, Hobro AJ, Pavillon N, Nishide M, Okita Y, Mizuno Y, Obata S, Nameki S, Yoshimura H, Kumanogoh A, Smith NI. Single-cell Raman microscopy with machine learning highlights distinct biochemical features of neutrophil extracellular traps and necrosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10093. [PMID: 37344494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The defining biology that distinguishes neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from other forms of cell death is unresolved, and techniques which unambiguously identify NETs remain elusive. Raman scattering measurement provides a holistic overview of cell molecular composition based on characteristic bond vibrations in components such as lipids and proteins. We collected Raman spectra from NETs and freeze/thaw necrotic cells using a custom built high-throughput platform which is able to rapidly measure spectra from single cells. Principal component analysis of Raman spectra from NETs clearly distinguished them from necrotic cells despite their similar morphology, demonstrating their fundamental molecular differences. In contrast, classical techniques used for NET analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, extracellular DNA, and ELISA, could not differentiate these cells. Additionally, machine learning analysis of Raman spectra indicated subtle differences in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced as opposed to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced NETs, demonstrating the molecular composition of NETs varies depending on the stimulant used. This study demonstrates the benefits of Raman microscopy in discriminating NETs from other types of cell death and by their pathway of induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Michael Lelliott
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Alison Jane Hobro
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nicolas Pavillon
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishide
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Okita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mizuno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Obata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nameki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hanako Yoshimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Open and Transdisciplinary Research Institute (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nicholas Isaac Smith
- Laboratory of Biophotonics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Open and Transdisciplinary Research Institute (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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10
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Azzouz D, Palaniyar N. Mitochondrial ROS and base excision repair steps leading to DNA nick formation drive ultraviolet induced-NETosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198716. [PMID: 37350954 PMCID: PMC10282603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is essential for neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), and generated either by NADPH oxidases (e.g., during infections) or mitochondria (e.g., sterile injury) in neutrophils. We recently showed that ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a sterile injury-inducing agent, dose-dependently induced mitochondrial ROS generation, and increasing levels of ROS shifted the neutrophil death from apoptosis to NETosis. Nevertheless, how ROS executes UV-induced NETosis is unknown. In this study, we first confirmed that UV doses used in our experiments generated mitochondrial ROS, and the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS suppressed NETosis (Mitosox, SYTOX, immunocytochemistry, imaging). Next, we showed that UV irradiation extensively oxidized DNA, by confocal imaging of 8-oxyguanine (8-oxoG) in NETs. Immunofluorescence microscopy further showed that a DNA repair protein, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, was widely distributed throughout the DNA, indicating that the DNA repair machinery was active throughout the genome during UV-induced NETosis. Inhibition of specific steps of base excision repair (BER) pathway showed that steps leading up to DNA nick formation, but not the later steps, suppressed UV-induced NETosis. In summary, this study shows that (i) high levels of mitochondrial ROS produced following UV irradiation induces extensive oxidative DNA damage, and (ii) early steps of the BER pathway leading to DNA nicking results in chromatin decondensation and NETosis. Collectively, these findings reveal how ROS induces NOX-independent NETosis, and also a novel biological mechanism for UV irradiation- and -mitochondrial ROS-mediated NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhia Azzouz
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Wu Y, Wei S, Wu X, Li Y, Han X. Neutrophil extracellular traps in acute coronary syndrome. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:17. [PMID: 37165396 PMCID: PMC10171160 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a group of clinical syndromes caused by acute myocardial ischemia, which can cause heart failure, arrhythmia and even sudden death. It is the major cause of disability and death worldwide. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are reticular structures released by neutrophils activation and have various biological functions. NETs are closely related to the occurrence and development of ACS and also the subsequent damage after myocardial infarction. The mechanisms are complex and interdependent on various pathways, which require further exploration. This article reviewed the role and mechanism of NETs in ACS, thereby providing a valuable reference for the diagnosis and clinical treatment of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shilin Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, No. 80 Cuiyingmen, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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12
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Li C, Farooqui M, Yada RC, Cai JB, Huttenlocher A, Beebe DJ. The effect of whole blood logistics on neutrophil non-specific activation and kinetics ex vivo. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2837704. [PMID: 37214903 PMCID: PMC10197797 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2837704/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While the exquisite sensitivity of neutrophils enables their rapid response to infection in vivo; this same sensitivity complicates the ex vivo study of neutrophils. Handling of neutrophils ex vivo is fraught with unwanted heterogeneity and alterations that can diminish the reproducibility of assays and limit what biological conclusions can be drawn. There is a need to better understand the influence of ex vivo procedures on neutrophil behavior to guide improved protocols for ex vivo neutrophil assessment to improve inter/intra-experimental variability. Here, we investigate how whole blood logistics (i.e., the procedure taken from whole blood collection to delivery of the samples to analytical labs and storage before neutrophil interrogation) affects neutrophil non-specific activation (i.e., baseline apoptosis and NETosis) and kinetics (i.e., activation over time). All the experiments (60+ whole blood neutrophil isolations across 36 blood donors) are performed by a single operator with optimized isolation and culture conditions, and automated image analysis, which together increase rigor and consistency. Our results reveal: i) Short-term storage (<8 h) of whole blood does not significantly affect neutrophil kinetics in subsequent two-dimensional (2D) cell culture; ii) Neutrophils from long-term storage (>24 h) in whole blood show significantly higher stability (i.e., less non-specific activation) compared to the control group with the isolated cells in 2D culture. iii) Neutrophils have greater non-specific activation and accelerated kinetic profiles when stored in whole blood beyond 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
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13
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Zandieh Z, Govahi A, Aghamajidi A, Raoufi E, Amjadi F, Aghajanpour S, Golestan M, Aflatoonian R. TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6 MYD88-dependent signaling pathway: A potential factor in the interaction of high-DNA fragmentation human sperm with fallopian tube epithelial cells. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2023; 50:44-52. [PMID: 36935411 PMCID: PMC10030203 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2022.05610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The DNA integrity of spermatozoa that attach to fallopian tube (FT) cells is higher than spermatozoa that do not attach. FT epithelial cells can distinguish normal and abnormal sperm chromatin. This study investigated the effects of sperm with a high-DNA fragmentation index (DFI) from men with unexplained repeated implantation failure (RIF) on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in human FT cells in vitro. METHODS Ten men with a RIF history and high-DFI and 10 healthy donors with low-DFI comprised the high-DFI (>30%) and control (<30%) groups, respectively. After fresh semen preparation, sperm were co-cultured with a human FT epithelial cell line (OE-E6/E7) for 24 hours. RNA was extracted from the cell line and the human innate and adaptive immune responses were tested using an RT2 profiler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array. RESULTS The PCR array data showed significantly higher TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-3, TLR-6, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, interferon α (IFN-α), IFN-β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), CXCL8, GM-CSF, G-CSF, CD14, ELK1, IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK4, IRF1, IRF3, LY96, MAP2K3, MAP2K4, MAP3K7, MAP4K4, MAPK8, MAPK8IP3, MYD88, NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, TIRAP, and TRAF6 expression in the high-DFI group than in the control group. These factors are all involved in the TLR-MyD88 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The MyD88-dependent pathway through TLR-1, TLR-2, and TLR-6 activation may be one of the main inflammatory pathways activated by high-DFI sperm from men with RIF. Following activation of this pathway, epithelial cells produce inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neutrophil infiltration, activation, phagocytosis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zandieh
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Govahi
- Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Aghamajidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Raoufi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aghajanpour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Golestan
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Srisomboon Y, Iijima K, Colwell M, Maniak PJ, Macchietto M, Faulk C, Kita H, O'Grady SM. Allergen-induced DNA release by the airway epithelium amplifies type 2 immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:494-508.e6. [PMID: 36306937 PMCID: PMC10324884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternaria alternata and house dust mite exposure evokes IL-33 secretion from the airway epithelium, which functions as an alarmin to stimulate type 2 immunity. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is also an alarmin that intensifies inflammation in cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. OBJECTIVE We investigated the mechanisms underlying allergen-evoked DNA mobilization and release from the airway epithelium and determined the role of eDNA in type 2 immunity. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells were used to characterize allergen-induced DNA mobilization and extracellular release using comet assays to measure DNA fragmentation, Qubit double-stranded DNA assays to measure DNA release, and DNA sequencing to determine eDNA composition. Mice were used to investigate the role of eDNA in type 2 immunity. RESULTS Alternaria extract rapidly induces mitochondrial and nuclear DNA release from human bronchial epithelial cells, whereas house dust mite extract induces mitochondrial DNA release. Caspase-3 is responsible for nuclear DNA fragmentation and becomes activated after cleavage by furin. Analysis of secreted nuclear DNA showed disproportionally higher amounts of promotor and exon sequences and lower intron and intergenic regions compared to predictions of random DNA fragmentation. In mice, Alternaria-induced type 2 immune responses were blocked by pretreatment with a DNA scavenger. In caspase-3-deficient mice, Alternaria-induced DNA release was suppressed. Furthermore, intranasal administration of mouse genomic DNA with Alternaria amplified secretion of IL-5 and IL-13 into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid while DNA alone had no effect. CONCLUSION These findings highlight a novel, allergen-induced mechanism of rapid DNA release that amplifies type 2 immunity in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotesawee Srisomboon
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology, and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mathia Colwell
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology, and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology, and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Marissa Macchietto
- Minnesota Super Computing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn
| | - Christopher Faulk
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology, and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz.
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Departments of Animal Science, Integrative Biology, and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn.
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15
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Kapoor D, Shukla D. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Their Possible Implications in Ocular Herpes Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:209. [PMID: 36839481 PMCID: PMC9958879 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures released from neutrophils. NETs predominantly contain cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) decorated with histones and neutrophil granule proteins. Numerous extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli can induce the formation of NETs such as pathogens, cytokines, immune complexes, microcrystals, antibodies, and other physiological stimuli. The mechanism of NETosis induction can either be ROS-dependent or independent based on the catalase producing activity of the pathogen. NADPH is the source of ROS production, which in turn depends on the upregulation of Ca2+ production in the cytoplasm. ROS-independent induction of NETosis is regulated through toll-like receptors (TLRs). Besides capturing and eliminating pathogens, NETs also aggravate the inflammatory response and thus act as a double-edged sword. Currently, there are growing reports of NETosis induction during bacterial and fungal ocular infections leading to different pathologies, but there is no direct report suggesting its role during herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. There are innumerable independent reports showing that the major effectors of NETosis are also directly affected by HSV infection, and thus, there is a strong possibility that HSV interacts with these facilitators that can either result in virally mediated modulation of NETosis or NETosis-mediated suppression of ocular HSV infection. This review focuses on the mechanism of NETs formation during different ocular pathologies, with its prime focus on highlighting their potential implications during HSV ocular infections and acting as prospective targets for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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16
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Characterization, Quantification, and Visualization of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2588:451-472. [PMID: 36418704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in 2004 by Brinkmann and colleagues, there has been extensive research into the role of NETs in a number of inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. This chapter describes the current methods for the isolation of peripheral blood neutrophils as well as of oral neutrophils for subsequent NET experiments, including approaches to quantify and visualize NET production, the ability of NETs to entrap and kill bacteria, and the removal of NETs by nuclease-containing plasma.
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17
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Schweizer TA, Hertegonne S, Vulin C, Zinkernagel AS, Mairpady Shambat S. Antibacterial Neutrophil Effector Response: Ex Vivo Quantification of Regulated Cell Death Associated with Extracellular Trap Release. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2674:235-250. [PMID: 37258972 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3243-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) and the concomitant release of extracellular traps by neutrophils (NETs) constitute an important antibacterial effector response. Usually, the dynamic processes of RCD and NETs release are assessed independently of each other by either unspecific or time-consuming methods. Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based high-throughput analysis method incorporating neutrophil RCD and NETs release with visual live-imaging conformation upon ex vivo bacterial challenge. This combined approach allows to quantify and closely follow the kinetics of the dynamic neutrophil effector response towards bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano A Schweizer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanne Hertegonne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clément Vulin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srikanth Mairpady Shambat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Zhang Y, Song J, Zhang Y, Li T, Peng J, Zhou H, Zong Z. Emerging Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010334. [PMID: 36613779 PMCID: PMC9820455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular fibrous networks consisting of depolymerized chromatin DNA skeletons with a variety of antimicrobial proteins. They are secreted by activated neutrophils and play key roles in host defense and immune responses. Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are globally known for their high mortality and morbidity. Increasing research suggests that NETs contribute to the progression and metastasis of digestive tract tumors, among them gastric, colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers. This article explores the formation of NETs and reviews the role that NETs play in the gastrointestinal oncologic microenvironment, tumor proliferation and metastasis, tumor-related thrombosis, and surgical stress. At the same time, we analyze the qualitative and quantitative detection methods of NETs in recent years and found that NETs are specific markers of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Then, we explore the possibility of NET inhibitors for the treatment of digestive tract tumor diseases to provide a new, efficient, and safe solution for the future therapy of gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- HuanKui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Nanchang University School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Queen Marry College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Haonan Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Queen Marry College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 MinDe Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Methods for the Assessment of NET Formation: From Neutrophil Biology to Translational Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415823. [PMID: 36555464 PMCID: PMC9781911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, apart from its role in host defense, can contribute to or drive pathogenesis in a wide range of inflammatory and thrombotic disorders. Therefore, NETs may serve as a therapeutic target or/and a diagnostic tool. Here, we compare the most commonly used techniques for the assessment of NET formation. Furthermore, we review recent data from the literature on the application of basic laboratory tools for detecting NET release and discuss the challenges and the advantages of these strategies in NET evaluation. Taken together, we provide some important insights into the qualitative and quantitative molecular analysis of NETs in translational medicine today.
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20
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Liu Y, Yan P, Bin Y, Qin X, Wu Z. Neutrophil extracellular traps and complications of liver transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1054753. [PMID: 36466888 PMCID: PMC9712194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1054753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many end-stage liver disease etiologies are attributed to robust inflammatory cell recruitment. Neutrophils play an important role in inflammatory infiltration and neutrophil phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation. It has also been suggested that neutrophils may release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to kill pathogens. It has been proven that neutrophil infiltration within the liver contributes to an inflammatory microenvironment and immune cell activation. Growing evidence implies that NETs are involved in the progression of numerous complications of liver transplantation, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute rejection, thrombosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. NETs are discussed in this comprehensive review, focusing on their effects on liver transplantation complications. Furthermore, we discuss NETs as potential targets for liver transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Bin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qin
- Department of General Surgery and Trauma Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Interaction of sperm cells with the female reproductive tract in cattle: Focus on neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:107056. [PMID: 36031509 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After insemination of cows, either naturally or artificially, the deposition of semen into the vagina or uterus results in an immune reaction which is based on polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity. Sperm must be resistant to immune system actions of the female for an adequate time to allow fertilization to occur. Neutrophils, however, either directly phagocytize sperm through cell-cell attachment or entrap sperm cells in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), structures consisting of neutrophil nuclear DNA and associated proteins. In this review article, the interaction of neutrophils and sperm cells in t cattle will be described, with a special focus on the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
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22
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Humayun M, Ayuso JM, Park KY, Martorelli Di Genova B, Skala MC, Kerr SC, Knoll LJ, Beebe DJ. Innate immune cell response to host-parasite interaction in a human intestinal tissue microphysiological system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8012. [PMID: 35544643 PMCID: PMC9075809 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites that infect humans are widespread and lead to varied clinical manifestations, including life-threatening illnesses in immunocompromised individuals. Animal models have provided insight into innate immunity against parasitic infections; however, species-specific differences and complexity of innate immune responses make translation to humans challenging. Thus, there is a need for in vitro systems that can elucidate mechanisms of immune control and parasite dissemination. We have developed a human microphysiological system of intestinal tissue to evaluate parasite-immune-specific interactions during infection, which integrates primary intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells to investigate the role of innate immune cells during epithelial infection by the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which affects billions of people worldwide. Our data indicate that epithelial infection by parasites stimulates a broad range of effector functions in neutrophils and natural killer cell-mediated cytokine production that play immunomodulatory roles, demonstrating the potential of our system for advancing the study of human-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jose M. Ayuso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keon Young Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Melissa C. Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sheena C. Kerr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura J. Knoll
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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Neuenfeldt F, Schumacher JC, Grieshaber-Bouyer R, Habicht J, Schröder-Braunstein J, Gauss A, Merle U, Niesler B, Heineken N, Dalpke A, Gaida MM, Giese T, Meuer S, Samstag Y, Wabnitz G. Inflammation induces pro-NETotic neutrophils via TNFR2 signaling. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110710. [PMID: 35443164 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines released during chronic inflammatory diseases induce pro-inflammatory properties in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Here, we describe the development of a subgroup of human PMNs expressing CCR5, termed CCR5+ PMNs. Auto- and paracrine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling increases intracellular neutrophil elastase (ELANE) abundance and induces neutrophil extracellular traps formation (NETosis) in CCR5+ PMNs, and triggering of CCR5 amplifies NETosis. Membranous TNF (mTNF) outside-in signaling induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, known activators of NETosis. In vivo, we find an increased number of CCR5+ PMNs in the peripheral blood and inflamed lamina propria of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Notably, failure of anti-TNF therapy is associated with higher frequencies of CCR5+ PMNs. In conclusion, we identify a phenotype of pro-NETotic, CCR5+ PMNs present in inflamed tissue in vivo and inducible in vitro. These cells may reflect an important component of tissue damage during chronic inflammation and could be of diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Neuenfeldt
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Schumacher
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ricardo Grieshaber-Bouyer
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jüri Habicht
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Annika Gauss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niko Heineken
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dalpke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Meuer
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Wabnitz
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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An Imaging and Computational Algorithm for Efficient Identification and Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020191. [PMID: 35053307 PMCID: PMC8773682 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are associated with multiple disease pathologies including sepsis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and COVID-19. NETs, being a disintegrated death form, suffered inconsistency in their identification, nomenclature, and quantifications that hindered therapeutic approaches using NETs as a target. Multiple strategies including microscopy, ELISA, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and image-stream-based methods have exhibited drawbacks such as being subjective, non-specific, error-prone, and not being high throughput, and thus demand the development of innovative and efficient approaches for their analyses. Here, we established an imaging and computational algorithm using high content screening (HCS)-cellomics platform that aid in easy, rapid, and specific detection as well as analyses of NETs. This method employed membrane-permeable and impermeable DNA dyes in situ to identify NET-forming cells. Automated algorithm-driven single-cell analysis of change in nuclear morphology, increase in nuclear area, and change in intensities provided precise detection of NET-forming cells and eliminated user bias with other cell death modalities. Further combination with Annexin V staining in situ detected specific death pathway, e.g., apoptosis, and thus, discriminated between NETs, apoptosis, and necrosis. Our approach does not utilize fixation and permeabilization steps that disturb NETs, and thus, allows the time-dependent monitoring of NETs. Together, this specific imaging-based high throughput method for NETs analyses may provide a good platform for the discovery of potential inhibitors of NET formation and/or agents to modulate neutrophil death, e.g., NETosis-apoptosis switch, as an alternative strategy to enhance the resolution of inflammation.
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25
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Nakabo S, Kaplan MJ, Gupta S. Quantification of Neutrophils Undergoing NET Formation and Distinguishing Mechanisms of Neutrophil Cell Death by Use of a High-Throughput Method. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2543:129-140. [PMID: 36087264 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2553-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cell type in humans, play a crucial role in innate host defenses. Recent studies have revealed additional key roles in the pathogenesis of cancer and autoimmune diseases through multiple mechanisms including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Further research to expand the understanding of neutrophils' role in health and diseases is limited by lack of techniques to quantify neutrophils undergoing NET formation in an objective, reproducible, and efficient manner. In this chapter, we describe an automated high-throughput method to quantify NETting neutrophils in real time using a two-color, live-content imaging platform, the IncuCyte™S3 (Essen BioScience, Inc.) system, coupled to membrane integrity-dependent dual-dye approach to image intracellular and extracellular DNA. Based on characteristic differences in nuclear morphology and membrane integrity, this method may also be used to distinguish between different types of neutrophil cell death. This platform can help to assess neutrophil physiology and to develop and test therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Nakabo
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarthak Gupta
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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26
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D'Cruz AA, Ericsson M, Croker BA. Non-apoptotic Cell Death Control of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2523:253-263. [PMID: 35759202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2449-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of chromatin and microbicidal proteins released by neutrophils in response to infection and tissue damage. Although classically viewed as a discrete biochemical and cellular process in neutrophils, the effector pathways integrating diverse upstream activating signals to control the formation of NETs (NETosis) are poorly defined. Cell death is one such common unifying endpoint of neutrophils, with several bona fide non-apoptotic cell death agonists now described to initiate NETosis. Integrating these new genetic findings into our existing knowledge of NETosis will likely reveal varied cellular and biochemical processes controlling NET release and specific anti-microbial and inflammatory effector functions of NETs triggered by specific non-apoptotic cell death. To facilitate investigation of regulated cell death pathways in NETosis, we offer a detailed protocol for neutrophil purification from mouse bone marrow and human blood, analysis of NETs by flow cytometry, and validation by immunogold electron microscopy. Future studies may better define cell death-specific forms of NETosis and their influence on inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A D'Cruz
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. Akshay.D'
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Mehrpouya-Bahrami P, Moriarty AK, De Melo P, Keeter WC, Alakhras NS, Nelson AS, Hoover M, Barrios MS, Nadler JL, Serezani CH, Kaplan MH, Galkina EV. STAT4 is expressed in neutrophils and promotes antimicrobial immunity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e141326. [PMID: 34138758 PMCID: PMC8410094 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is expressed in hematopoietic cells and plays a key role in the differentiation of T helper 1 cells. Although STAT4 is required for immunity to intracellular pathogens, the T cell-independent protective mechanisms of STAT4 are not clearly defined. In this report, we demonstrate that STAT4-deficient mice were acutely sensitive to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. We show that STAT4 was expressed in neutrophils and activated by IL-12 via a JAK2-dependent pathway. We demonstrate that STAT4 was required for multiple neutrophil functions, including IL-12-induced ROS production, chemotaxis, and production of the neutrophil extracellular traps. Importantly, myeloid-specific and neutrophil-specific deletion of STAT4 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to MRSA, demonstrating the key role of STAT4 in the in vivo function of these cells. Thus, these studies identify STAT4 as an essential regulator of neutrophil functions and a component of innate immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mehrpouya-Bahrami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alina K. Moriarty
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Paulo De Melo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - W. Coles Keeter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Nada S. Alakhras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew S. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Madeline Hoover
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maria S. Barrios
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jerry L. Nadler
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - C. Henrique Serezani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and,Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elena V. Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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28
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Flanders AJ, Ossiboff RJ, Wellehan JFX, Alexander AB, Fredholm DVE, Desiderio TM, Stacy NI. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions. Vet Q 2021; 41:89-96. [PMID: 33416037 PMCID: PMC7833021 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1873453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel cellular mechanism of antimicrobial defense activity. Intravascular neutrophils produce extracellular web-like structures composed of chromatin, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins to attack and kill microbes. They may impact both pathogen and host; NETs correlate strongly with disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in critically ill humans. The mechanism was first discovered in human neutrophils in 2004. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) in a non-avian reptile species were first described in blood films of a gopher tortoise with systemic inflammation. Objective While prior reports are limited to blood film review and in vitro studies, this descriptive case series highlights the cytological identification of presumptive HETs in nine reptile patients. Methods Subjects included six gopher tortoises, one blood python (Python curtus), one Burmese python (P. bivittatus), and one desert king snake (Lampropeltis getula splendida). All six gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) had upper respiratory disease with bacterial etiology (including Helicobacter sp. and/or Mycoplasma sp.), and snakes had upper respiratory tract infection confirmed with serpentovirus (n = 2) or bacterial dermatitis (n = 1). Results Cytology samples with identified HETs included tissue imprints (n = 4), nasal discharge (n = 3), an oral swab (n = 1), and a fine needle aspirate of a skin lesion (n = 1). The identification of specific bacterial (n = 6) and/or viral pathogens (n = 2) was notable. Clinical relevance To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of presumptive HETs recognized in reptile cytology specimens, suggesting an active cellular process in vivo in response to systemic inflammation in non-avian reptiles, and contributing to further understanding of extracellular traps in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Flanders
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A B Alexander
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D V E Fredholm
- Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, FL, USA
| | - T M Desiderio
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - N I Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Disney's Animals, Science and Environment, Disney's Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, FL, USA
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29
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Barbu EA, Dominical VM, Mendelsohn L, Thein SL. An Imaging Flow Cytometry Method to Measure Citrullination of H4 Histone as a Read-out for Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3927. [PMID: 33732814 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is thought to play a critical role in infections and propagating sterile inflammation. Histone citrullination is an essential and early step in NETs formation, detectable prior to the formation of the hallmark extracellular DNA-scaffolded strands. In addition to the classical microscopy method, new technologies are being developed for studies of NETs and their detection, both for research and clinical purposes. Classical microscopy studies of NETs are subjective, low throughput and semi-quantitative, and limited in their ability to capture the early steps. We have developed this novel Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) method that specifically identifies and quantifies citrullination of histone H4 as a NETs marker and its relationship with other alterations at nuclear and cellular level. These include nuclear decondensation and super-condensation, multi-lobulated nuclei versus 1-lobe nuclei and cell membrane damage. NETs markers can be quantified following variable periods of treatment with NETs inducers, prior to the formation of the specific extracellular DNA-scaffolded strands. Because these high throughput image-based cell analysis features can be performed with statistical rigor, this protocol is suited for both experimental and clinical applications as well as clinical evaluations of NETosis as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia A Barbu
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Venina M Dominical
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Laurel Mendelsohn
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Swee Lay Thein
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, USA
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30
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Abstract
Neutrophils are innate immune cells that play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes, including immune defense and cancer metastasis. In addition to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and cytoplasmic granules containing digestive proteins, in recent years, neutrophils have been observed to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that consist of extracellular DNA associated with antimicrobial proteins, such as histones and myeloperoxidase. These NETs are increasingly being recognized as an important mechanism of neutrophil host defense and function. This chapter will summarize the current literature on the known processes of NET formation and describe in detail an immunofluorescence approach that can be employed to visualize and quantify NETs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancy Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Abstract
Neutrophils produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by expelling their extracellular chromatin embedded with citrullinated histone H3, myeloperoxidase, and other intracellular molecules. Since their discovery in 2004, numerous articles have demonstrated the mechanism of NET formation and their function in innate immunity and inflammation. NET components often play an antimicrobial role, but excessive NETs are deleterious and can cause inflammation and tissue damage. This review highlights recent advancements in the identification of novel pathways and mechanisms of NET formation. We also focus on the specific damaging impact of NETs in individual organs. We then discuss the progress and limitations of various NET detection assays. Collectively, these vital aspects of NETs significantly improve our understanding of the pathobiology of NETs and future diagnostics and therapeutic tools for examining and modulating NETs in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Tan
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
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32
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Lelliott PM, Momota M, Shibahara T, Lee MSJ, Smith NI, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Heparin induces neutrophil elastase-dependent vital and lytic NET formation. Int Immunol 2020; 32:359-368. [PMID: 31879779 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is used extensively as an anticoagulant in a broad range of diseases and procedures; however, its biological effects are not limited to coagulation and remain incompletely understood. Heparin usage can lead to the life-threatening complication known as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), caused by the development of antibodies against heparin/PF4 complexes. Here, we demonstrate the ability of heparin to induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs occurred with cell lysis and death, but live neutrophils releasing extracellular DNA strands, known as vital NETs, also occurred abundantly. Formation of NETs was time and dose dependent, and required reactive oxygen species and neutrophil elastase. Other compounds related to heparin such as low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux and heparan sulfate either failed to induce NETs, or did so to a much lesser extent. Our findings suggest the ability of heparin to directly induce NET formation should be considered in the context of heparin treatment and HIT pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shibahara
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michelle S J Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nicholas I Smith
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Saitoasagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Vaccine Science, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Liu X, Fu Y, Wang J, Wu D, Li S, Wang C, Yang Z, Zhou E. β-Conglycinin induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps dependent on NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, PAD4, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways in mice. Food Funct 2020; 12:154-161. [PMID: 33289753 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Conglycinin is one of the key thermostable anti-nutritional factors in soybean, which has strong immunogenicity that usually leads to weaning in some young animals such as piglets and calves and allergic reaction in rats. Neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of an allergy. However, the contribution of functional neutrophils to allergy needs to be clarified. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps is a novel effector mechanism of neutrophils and has been extensively investigated in recent years. To the best of our knowledge, there is no information available on β-conglycinin-induced NETs. In this study, β-conglycinin-induced NET formation in mice was examined via immunofluorescence analysis and fluorescence microplate reader. The mechanism of β-conglycinin-induced NETs was investigated using inhibitors and fluorescent microplate methods. The results showed that β-conglycinin induced the classical characteristics of NETs, which mainly consist of DNA as the backbone and decorated with histones, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Moreover, β-conglycinin significantly induced the formation of NETs in a dose-dependent way. NET degrading enzyme DNase I markedly reduced β-conglycinin-induced NETs, which suggests that β-conglycinin indeed triggered the release of NETs. Further investigation showed that the quantitation of NETs was markedly decreased by the inhibitors of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-derived-NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2, p38, Rac and PAD4 signaling pathways, indicating the crucial role of these signaling pathways in β-conglycinin-induced NETs. Furthermore, our findings revealed that β-conglycinin induced the formation of NETs, which is dependent on NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, ERK1/2, p38, Rac and PAD4 signaling pathways. This study is the first to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms of β-conglycinin-induced NET formation, and it could be helpful to understand diarrhea caused by β-conglycinin overexposure in young animals and provides the corresponding theoretical basis for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China and College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China and College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, People's Republic of China.
| | - Di Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangqiu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ershun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Li M, Lin C, Leso A, Nefedova Y. Quantification of Citrullinated Histone H3 Bound DNA for Detection of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113424. [PMID: 33218159 PMCID: PMC7698949 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been associated with multiple pathologies including cancer. While the visualization of NETs by microscopy is a routine technique, their quantification presents a number of challenges. Commonly, as citrullination of histone H3 is required for NET formation, the presence of this modified histone along with DNA is considered to be a hallmark of NETs. Here, we describe and validate a novel assay for the quantification of NETs based on the detection of citrullinated histone H3 bound to DNA (CitH3DNA binding assay). Using this assay, we investigated the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on NET formation by neutrophils isolated from the bone marrow of control and myeloma-bearing mice. We found that PMA induced citrullination of histone H3, an increase in the level of CitH3DNA, and NET formation in neutrophils from both tumor-free and myeloma-bearing mice. The levels of CitH3DNA in the NET fractions, as measured by our assay, directly correlated with the citrullination of histone H3 in neutrophils, as detected by Western blotting, and were significantly higher in PMA-stimulated compared to unstimulated neutrophils. Neutrophils from tumor-bearing mice produced more NETs than those from tumor-free counterparts following stimulation with PMA. The increase in NET production correlated with significantly higher histone H3 citrullination levels and increased measurements of CitH3DNA. Thus, our data indicate that bone marrow neutrophils from myeloma-bearing hosts are prone to NET formation.
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35
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Gautam S, Stahl Y, Young GM, Howell R, Cohen AJ, Tsang DA, Martin T, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Quantification of bronchoalveolar neutrophil extracellular traps and phagocytosis in murine pneumonia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L661-L669. [PMID: 32783617 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00316.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a resurgence in neutrophil research, inspired in part by the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their myriad roles in health and disease. Within the lung, dysregulation of neutrophils and NETosis have been linked to an array of diseases including pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and severe asthma. However, our understanding of pathologic neutrophil responses in the lung remains incomplete. Two methodologic issues have contributed to this gap: first, an emphasis on studying neutrophils from blood rather than the lung and second, the technical difficulties of interrogating neutrophil responses in mice, which has largely restricted basic murine research to specialized laboratories. To address these limitations, we have developed a suite of techniques for studying neutrophil effector functions specifically in the mouse lung. These include ex vivo assays for phagocytosis and NETosis using bronchoalveolar neutrophils and in situ evaluation of NETosis in a murine model of pneumonia. Throughout, we have prioritized technical ease and robust, quantitative readouts. We hope these assays will help to standardize research on lung neutrophils and improve accessibility to this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yannick Stahl
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Grant M Young
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca Howell
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Avi J Cohen
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Derek A Tsang
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tommy Martin
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Yale School of Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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36
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Barbu EA, Dominical VM, Mendelsohn L, Thein SL. Detection and Quantification of Histone H4 Citrullination in Early NETosis With Image Flow Cytometry Version 4. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1335. [PMID: 32765493 PMCID: PMC7378400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation has been implicated in an increasing number of infectious and non-infectious pathologies. NETosis is a tightly regulated process; the end-stage and read-out is the formation of DNA strands extruded from the nuclei, and traditionally assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Since NETosis has emerged as a possible biomarker of the inflammatory process, there is a need for less time-consuming, consistent, and quantitative approaches to improve its application in clinical assessment of pro-inflammatory conditions. Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) combines features of conventional flow cytometry with qualitative power of fluorescence microscopy and has an added advantage of the capability of assessing the early processes leading up to extrusion of the DNA-scaffolded strands. We explored the optimal imaging-based tools that can be used to measure citrullination of H4 in early NETosis. IFC identified and quantified histone 4 citrullination (H4cit3) induced with several known NETosis stimuli (Ionophore, PMA, LPS, Hemin, and IL-8) following treatment periods ranging from 2 to 60 min. Its relationship with other alterations at nuclear and cellular level, such as nuclear decondensation and super-condensation, multi-lobulated nuclei vs. 1-lobe nuclei and cell membrane damage, were also quantified. We show that the early progress of the H4cit3 response in NETosis depends on the stimulus. Our method identifies fast (Ionophore and Hemin), intermediate and slow (PMA) inducers and shows that H4cit3 appears to have a limited contribution to both early LPS- and IL-8-induced NETosis. While this method is rapid and of a higher throughput compared to fluorescence microscopy, detection and quantification is limited to H4cit3-mediated nuclear events and is likely to be stimulus- and signaling pathway dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia A Barbu
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Venina M Dominical
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laurel Mendelsohn
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Swee Lay Thein
- Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lv D, Xu Y, Cheng H, Ke Y, Zhang X, Ying K. A novel cell-based assay for dynamically detecting neutrophil extracellular traps-induced lung epithelial injuries. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112101. [PMID: 32474064 PMCID: PMC7256615 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common lung disorders characterized by alveolar-capillary barrier disruption and dyspnea, which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Currently, a cluster of acute respiratory illnesses, known as novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP), which allegedly originally occurred in Wuhan, China, has increased rapidly worldwide. The critically ill patients with ARDS have high mortality in subjects with comorbidities. Previously, the excessive recruitment and activation of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]), accompanied by neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation were reported being implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. However, the direct visualization of lung epithelial injuries caused by NETs, and the qualitative and quantitative evaluations of this damage are still lacking. Additionally, those already reported methods are limited for their neglect of the pathological role exerted by NETs and focusing only on the morphological features of NETosis. Therefore, we established a cell-based assay for detecting NETs during lung epithelial cells-neutrophils co-culture using the xCELLigence system, a recognized real-time, dynamic, label-free, sensitive, and high-throughput apparatus. Our results demonstrated that lung epithelial injuries, reflected by declines in cell index (CI) values, could be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated PMNs, or NETs in a time and dose-dependent manner. NETs generation was verified to be the major contributor to the cytotoxicity of activated PMNs; protein components of NETs were the prevailing cytotoxic mediators. Moreover, this cell-based assay identified that PMNs from severe pneumonia patients had a high NETs formative potential. Additionally, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and acetaminophen (APAP) were discovered alleviating NETs formation. Thus, this study not only presents a new methodology for detecting the pathophysiologic role of NETs but also lays down a foundation for exploring therapeutic interventions in an effort to cure ALI/ARDS in the clinical setting of severe pneumonia, including the emerging of NCIP. A real-time, dynamical and label-free assay for detecting NETs is established using the xCELLigence system. This establishment relies on the co-culture of lung epithelia and neutrophils, focusing on evaluating NETs’ effects. This cell-based assay has feasibility and practicality in clinical applications. This methodology builds a solid foundation for exploring therapies for ALI/ARDS, including the emerging NCIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lv
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Respiratory Medicine at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
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Convolutional Neural Networks-Based Image Analysis for the Detection and Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020508. [PMID: 32102320 PMCID: PMC7072771 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a decade ago, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was described as a novel mechanism employed by neutrophils to tackle infections. Currently applied methods for NETs release quantification are often limited by the use of unspecific dyes and technical difficulties. Therefore, we aimed to develop a fully automatic image processing method for the detection and quantification of NETs based on live imaging with the use of DNA-staining dyes. For this purpose, we adopted a recently proposed Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model called Mask R-CNN. The adopted model detected objects with quality comparable to manual counting—Over 90% of detected cells were classified in the same manner as in manual labelling. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of GW 311616A (neutrophil elastase inhibitor) on NETs release, observed microscopically, was confirmed with the use of the CNN model but not by extracellular DNA release measurement. We have demonstrated that a modern CNN model outperforms a widely used quantification method based on the measurement of DNA release and can be a valuable tool to quantitate the formation process of NETs.
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Wagner P, Morath JP, Zychlinsky A, Muller KR, Samek W. Rotation Invariant Clustering of 3D Cell Nuclei Shapes .. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:6022-6027. [PMID: 31947219 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8856734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular imaging with confocal fluorescence laser microscopy gave rise to many new insights into the cellular machinery. One interesting observation suggests that morphology of cell nucleus plays a key role for neutrophilic function, which is an essential part of the innate immune system of most mammals. Due to the increasing availability of high resolution 3D images coming from the microscope, machine learning becomes a promising tool for automatically discovering underlying hidden structures. Here, the major difficulty consists of selecting an appropriate representation for characterizing the morphology of cell nucleus. In this work we tackle this problem and propose a fully unsupervised mechanism for finding structure in high-throughput 3D image data. The key component of our approach is based on Generic Fourier Transform (GFT) for 2D images, which for 3D involves spherical coordinate transformation prior to fast Discrete Fourier Transformation. On top on GFT we apply dimensionality reduction with Principal Component Analysis, followed by generative cluster analysis with a Gaussian Mixture Model. We validate our new approach first on a synthetic 3D-MNIST dataset with random rotations, where quantitative and qualitative results confirm the applicability of the proposed pipeline for exploring shape space in a purely unsupervised manner. Then we apply our proposed technique to a new collected dataset of high resolution 3D images of neutrophile nuclei suggesting a clustering model with six significant clusters of morphological cell nuclei prototypes. We visualize differences in the cell shape clusters by providing prototypical examples of neutrophilic cell nuclei.
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Flow Cytometry-Based Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Shows an Association with Hypercoagulation in Septic Shock and Hypocoagulation in Postsurgical Systemic Inflammation-A Proof-of-Concept Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010174. [PMID: 31936385 PMCID: PMC7019434 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate a novel method of flow cytometry-based quantification of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in septic shock patients and to identify possible interactions between the number of free-circulating NETs and alterations of the coagulatory system. Patients suffering from septic shock, a matched control group (CTRL), and patients suffering from systemic inflammation after cardiac (CABG) or major abdominal surgery (MAS) were enrolled in this prospective proof-of-concept study. Compared to the matched controls, free-circulating NETs were significantly elevated in septic shock and postsurgical patients (data are presented in median (IQR)); septic shock: (2.7 (1.9-3.9); CABG: 2.7 (2.1-3.7); MAS: 2.7 (2.1-3.9); CTRL: 1.6 (1-2); CTRL vs. septic shock: p = 0.001; CTRL vs. CABG: p < 0.001; CTRL vs. MAS: p < 0.001). NETs correlated positively with FIBTEM mean clot firmness (MCF) in septic shock patients (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) while they correlated negatively in surgical patients (CABG: r = -0.28, p < 0.01; MAS: r = -0.25, p = 0.03). Flow-cytometric quantification of NETs showed a significant increase in free-circulating NETs under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, this study hints to an association of the number of NETs with hypercoagulation in septic shock patients and hypocoagulation in surgery-induced inflammation.
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Abstract
We introduce machine learning (ML) to perform classification and quantitation of images of nuclei from human blood neutrophils. Here we assessed the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) using free, open source software to accurately quantitate neutrophil NETosis, a recently discovered process involved in multiple human diseases. CNNs achieved >94% in performance accuracy in differentiating NETotic from non-NETotic cells and vastly facilitated dose-response analysis and screening of the NETotic response in neutrophils from patients. Using only features learned from nuclear morphology, CNNs can distinguish between NETosis and necrosis and between distinct NETosis signaling pathways, making them a precise tool for NETosis detection. Furthermore, by using CNNs and tools to determine object dispersion, we uncovered differences in NETotic nuclei clustering between major NETosis pathways that is useful in understanding NETosis signaling events. Our study also shows that neutrophils from patients with sickle cell disease were unresponsive to one of two major NETosis pathways. Thus, we demonstrate the design, performance, and implementation of ML tools for rapid quantitative and qualitative cell analysis in basic science.
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Stiel L, Mayeur-Rousse C, Helms J, Meziani F, Mauvieux L. First visualization of circulating neutrophil extracellular traps using cell fluorescence during human septic shock-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res 2019; 183:153-158. [PMID: 31678710 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe complication of septic shock. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) may play a key role in septic shock-induced DIC via the release of neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs). NETs capture invading pathogens, but also act as a pro-coagulant surface at the interface between immunity and thrombosis. During septic shock-induced DIC, neutrophil activation may result in excessive NET formation. Herein, we originally report the presence of circulating NETs in human blood during septic shock-induced DIC. To investigate NET formation during shock-induced DIC neutrophils were isolated from patients in septic shock associated with (n = 3) or without (n = 3) DIC. Neutrophils from healthy donors (n = 3) were stimulated in vitro with ionomycin as NET formation positive controls. PMNs smears were stained with mouse anti-human FITC anti-myeloperoxidase antibody and the blue-fluorescent DAPI nucleic acid stain. NETs were identified as elongated extracellular DNA fibers associated to myeloperoxidase detected by immunofluorescence. NETs were unambiguously observed in PMNs from septic shock patients with DIC but not from patients without DIC. NETs features in DIC+ patients were undistinguishable from those observed in ionomycin-induced PMNs from healthy donors. Fluorescence images of NETs were associated to extracellular cytoplasmic expansions. Our data report for the first time the direct visualization of circulating NETs in patients with septic shock-induced DIC. The in vivo relevance of previously reported indirect markers of NETosis (neutrophil side fluorescence) is confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Stiel
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Faculté de Médecine; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Strasbourg, France; UMR 1260, Regenerative Nano Medecine, INSERM, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Mayeur-Rousse
- Laboratoire d'hématologie cellulaire, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Helms
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Faculté de Médecine; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Strasbourg, France; ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ferhat Meziani
- Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Faculté de Médecine; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Strasbourg, France; UMR 1260, Regenerative Nano Medecine, INSERM, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Mauvieux
- Laboratoire d'hématologie cellulaire, Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; INSERM UMR 1113: Interface Recherche Fondamentale et Appliquée en Cancérologie (IRFAC), Strasbourg, France.
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43
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Ramirez GA, Manfredi AA, Maugeri N. Misunderstandings Between Platelets and Neutrophils Build in Chronic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2491. [PMID: 31695699 PMCID: PMC6817594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated hemostasis, inflammation and innate immunity entail extensive interactions between platelets and neutrophils. Under physiological conditions, vascular inflammation offers a template for the establishment of effective intravascular immunity, with platelets providing neutrophils with an array of signals that increase their activation threshold, thus limiting collateral damage to tissues and promoting termination of the inflammatory response. By contrast, persistent systemic inflammation as observed in immune-mediated diseases, such as systemic vasculitides, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by platelet and neutrophil reciprocal activation, which ultimately culminates in the generation of thrombo-inflammatory lesions, fostering vascular injury and organ damage. Here, we discuss recent evidence regarding the multifaceted aspects of platelet-neutrophil interactions from bone marrow precursors to shed microparticles. Moreover, we analyse shared and disease-specific events due to an aberrant deployment of these interactions in human diseases. To restore communications between the pillars of the immune-hemostatic continuum constitutes a fascinating challenge for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Norma Maugeri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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44
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Estúa-Acosta GA, Zamora-Ortiz R, Buentello-Volante B, García-Mejía M, Garfias Y. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Current Perspectives in the Eye. Cells 2019; 8:E979. [PMID: 31461831 PMCID: PMC6769795 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been the subject of research in the field of innate immunity since their first description more than a decade ago. Neutrophils are the first cells recruited at sites of inflammation, where they perform their specific functions, including the release of NETs, which consist of web-like structures composed of granule proteins bound to decondensed chromatin fibres. This process has aroused interest, as it contributes to understanding how pathogenic microorganisms are contained, but they are also associated with pathophysiological processes of a wide range of diseases. Currently, there are growing reports of new molecules involved in the formation and release of NETs. However, whether the release of NETs contributes to eye diseases remains unclear. For this reason, the overall aim of this review is to gather current data of recent research in the ophthalmology field, where there is still much to discover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Zamora-Ortiz
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Buentello-Volante
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Mariana García-Mejía
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Research Unit, Cell and Tissue Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City 06800, Mexico.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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45
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Rayes RF, Mouhanna JG, Nicolau I, Bourdeau F, Giannias B, Rousseau S, Quail D, Walsh L, Sangwan V, Bertos N, Cools-Lartigue J, Ferri LE, Spicer JD. Primary tumors induce neutrophil extracellular traps with targetable metastasis promoting effects. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128008. [PMID: 31343990 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the dynamic tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) can provide effective therapeutic strategies for cancer. Neutrophils are the predominant leukocyte population in mice and humans, and mounting evidence implicates these cells during tumor growth and metastasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular neutrophil DNA fibers that are capable of binding tumor cells to support metastatic progression. Here we demonstrate for the first time that circulating NET levels are elevated in advanced esophageal, gastric and lung cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Using pre-clinical murine models of lung and colon cancer in combination with intravital video microscopy, we show that NETs functionally regulate disease progression and that blocking NETosis through multiple strategies significantly inhibits spontaneous metastasis to the lung and liver. Further, we visualize how inhibiting tumor-induced NETs decreases cancer cell adhesion to liver sinusoids following intrasplenic injection - a mechanism previously thought to be driven primarily by exogenous stimuli. Thus, in addition to neutrophil abundance, the functional contribution of NETosis within the TIME has critical translational relevance and represents a promising target to impede metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Rayes
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jack G Mouhanna
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ioana Nicolau
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - France Bourdeau
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Betty Giannias
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Rousseau
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and the MUHC, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniela Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Logan Walsh
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bertos
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Cools-Lartigue
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lorenzo E Ferri
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Spicer
- Cancer Research Program and the LD MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Goggs R, Jeffery U, LeVine DN, Li RHL. Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:6-23. [PMID: 31342866 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819861721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunothrombosis is a potentially beneficial physiological process that aids innate immunity and host defense against pathogen invasion. However, this process can also be damaging when it occurs to excess or in critical blood vessels. Formation of extracellular traps by leukocytes, particularly neutrophils, is central to our understanding of immunothrombosis. In addition to degranulation and phagocytosis, extracellular traps are the third mechanism by which neutrophils combat potential pathogens. These traps consist of extracellular DNA decorated with bactericidal cellular proteins, including elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathepsins. Neutrophils can release these structures as part of a controlled cell-death process or via a process termed vital NETosis that enables the cells to extrude DNA but remain viable. There is accumulating evidence that NETosis occurs in companion animals, including dogs, horses, and cats, and that it actively contributes to pathogenesis. Numerous studies have been published detailing various methods for identification and quantification of extracellular trap formation, including cell-free DNA, measurements of histones and proteins such as high-mobility group box-1, and techniques involving microscopy and flow cytometry. Here, we outline the present understanding of these phenomena and the mechanisms of extracellular trap formation. We critically review the data regarding measurement of NETosis in companion animals, summarize the existing literature on NETosis in veterinary species, and speculate on what therapeutic options these insights might present to clinicians in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Unity Jeffery
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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van Breda SV, Vokalova L, Neugebauer C, Rossi SW, Hahn S, Hasler P. Computational Methodologies for the in vitro and in situ Quantification of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1562. [PMID: 31354718 PMCID: PMC6635468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a neutrophil defensive mechanism where chromatin is expelled together with antimicrobial proteins in response to a number of stimuli. Even though beneficial in many cases, their dysfunction has been implicated in many diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Accurate quantification of NETs is of utmost importance for correctly studying their role in various diseases, especially when considering them as therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, NET quantification has a number of limitations. However, recent developments in computational methodologies for quantifying NETs have vastly improved the ability to study NETs. Methods range from using ImageJ to user friendly applications and to more sophisticated machine-learning approaches. These various methods are reviewed and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane V van Breda
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Rheumatology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Vokalova
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Neugebauer
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona W Rossi
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Hasler
- Division of Rheumatology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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48
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Lage SL, Dominical VM, Wong CS, Sereti I. Evaluation of Canonical Inflammasome Activation in Human Monocytes by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1284. [PMID: 31214205 PMCID: PMC6558012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical inflammasome activation is a tightly regulated process that has been implicated in a broad spectrum of inflammatory disorders. Inflammasome formation requires assembly of a cytosolic sensor protein with the adapter, ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activating and recruitment domain). Once formed, this multimeric protein structure allows for the activation of caspase-1, responsible for IL-1ß/IL-18 release. During this process, cytoplasmic dispersed ASC molecules cluster in one condensed micrometric-sized complex named ASC “speck,” which is traditionally assessed by fluorescence microscopy and widely accepted as a readout for canonical inflammasome activation. However, equally reliable but less time-consuming quantitative methods have emerged as a significant need in order to improve clinical assessment of inflammasome-related conditions. Multispectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) combines the qualitative power of fluorescence microscopy with high throughput capabilities and multiplexing potential of flow cytometry into one single system. Here we explored the optimal imaging-based tools to measure ASC speck formation via imaging flow cytometry by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with the NLRP3 agonist Nigericin, as a positive control. We demonstrate that this technique is also able to detect the distribution of active caspase-1 within the ASC aggregates by incubating cells with FAM-FLICATM, a fluorochrome inhibitor of caspase-1. By applying these tools in PBMCs from patients with distinct inflammatory disorders we demonstrate that MIFC is able to assess canonical inflammasome activation in a quantitative and statistically robust manner in clinically relevant samples. Therefore, we propose that accurate assessment of specks by MIFC could help guide preventive or therapeutic strategies in an array of human inflammatory diseases in which inflammasomes play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lucena Lage
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Venina Marcela Dominical
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chun-Shu Wong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Lelliott PM, Momota M, Lee MSJ, Kuroda E, Iijima N, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Rapid Quantification of NETs In Vitro and in Whole Blood Samples by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 95:565-578. [PMID: 30985081 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation involves the release of DNA outside the cell to neutralize pathogens. Techniques such as live microscopy, flow cytometry, and intravital imaging allow the characterization of NETs, but these either cannot be applied in vivo, lack specificity or require invasive procedures. We developed an automated analysis method to rapidly acquire and characterize cells as NETs or NET precursors, as opposed to cells undergoing other forms of cell death, using imaging flow cytometry. NETs were maintained in solution using a novel three-dimensional cell culture system in which cells are suspended at the interface of two liquids of different density. Critically, we identify NETs using an image analysis algorithm based on morphological data showing the extrusion of DNA beyond the cell boundaries. In vitro, we used this technique to demonstrate different requirements for NET formation in human and mouse neutrophils. We also measured NETs in whole blood during infection of mice with the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii. We expect this technique will provide a valuable approach to better understand the process of NET formation and its importance in disease. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lelliott
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Michelle S J Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Norifumi Iijima
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita City, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are made of a network of extracellular strings of DNA that bind pathogenic microbes. Histones and several neutrophil granule proteins associated with the DNA framework damage entrapped microorganisms. Reactive oxygen species generated by the neutrophil NADPH oxidase have been shown to be essential to mediate NET release by several stimuli including numerous pathogenic bacteria. Although several methods have been used in the literature to detect NETs in vitro and in vivo, a consensus is urgently needed on the field to standardize the best NET-specific assays. In this chapter, two methods are described in details that can be used to detect NETs and to distinguish them from other mechanisms of neutrophil cell death. While NET-specific, these assays are also relatively simple and straightforward enabling their potential use by a wide audience.
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