1
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Ge S, Dias ACP, Zhang X. Chimerism of avian IgY-scFv and truncated IgG-Fc: A novel strategy in cross-species antibody generation and enhancement. Immunology 2024; 172:46-60. [PMID: 38247105 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken single-chain fragment variable (IgY-scFv) is a functional fragment and an emerging development in genetically engineered antibodies with a wide range of biomedical applications. However, scFvs have considerably shorter serum half-life due to the absence of antibody Fc region compared with the full-length antibody, and usually requires continuous intravenous administration for efficacy. A promising approach to overcome this limitation is to fuse scFv with immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc region, for better recognition and mediation by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the host. In this study, engineered mammalian ΔFc domains (CH2, CH3, and intact Fc region) were fused with anti-canine parvovirus-like particles avian IgY-scFv to produce chimeric antibodies and expressed in the HEK293 cell expression system. The obtained scFv-CH2, scFv-CH3, and scFv-Fc can bind with antigen specifically and dose-dependently. Surface plasmon resonance investigation confirmed that scFv-CH2, scFv-CH3, and scFv-Fc had different degrees of binding to FcRn, with scFv-Fc showing the highest affinity. scFv-Fc had a significantly longer half-life in mice compared with the unfused scFv. The identified ΔFcs are promising for the development of engineered Fc-based therapeutic antibodies and proteins with longer half-lives. The avian IgY-scFv-mammalian IgG Fc region opens up new avenues for antibody engineering, and it is a novel strategy to enhance the rapid development and screening of functional antibodies in veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikun Ge
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Alberto Carlos Pires Dias
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Niehrs A, Fittje P, Indenbirken D, Nakel J, Virdi S, Brias S, Trenkner T, Sauer G, Peine S, Behrens GM, Lehmann C, Meurer A, Pauli R, Postel N, Roider J, Scholten S, Spinner CD, Stephan C, Wolf E, Wyen C, Richert L, Norman PJ, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Hoelzemer A, Altfeld M, Körner C. Host KIR/HLA-C Genotypes Determine HIV-Mediated Changes of the NK Cell Repertoire and Are Associated With Vpu Sequence Variations Impacting Downmodulation of HLA-C. Front Immunol 2022; 13:922252. [PMID: 35911762 PMCID: PMC9334850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.922252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play a pivotal role in viral immunity, utilizing a large array of activating and inhibitory receptors to identify and eliminate virus-infected cells. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) represent a highly polymorphic receptor family, regulating NK cell activity and determining the ability to recognize target cells. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules serve as the primary ligand for KIRs. Herein, HLA-C stands out as being the dominant ligand for the majority of KIRs. Accumulating evidence indicated that interactions between HLA-C and its inhibitory KIR2DL receptors (KIR2DL1/L2/L3) can drive HIV-1-mediated immune evasion and thus may contribute to the intrinsic control of HIV-1 infection. Of particular interest in this context is the recent observation that HIV-1 is able to adapt to host HLA-C genotypes through Vpu-mediated downmodulation of HLA-C. However, our understanding of the complex interplay between KIR/HLA immunogenetics, NK cell-mediated immune pressure and HIV-1 immune escape is still limited. Therefore, we investigated the impact of specific KIR/HLA-C combinations on the NK cell receptor repertoire and HIV-1 Vpu protein sequence variations of 122 viremic, untreated HIV-1+ individuals. Compared to 60 HIV-1- controls, HIV-1 infection was associated with significant changes within the NK cell receptor repertoire, including reduced percentages of NK cells expressing NKG2A, CD8, and KIR2DS4. In contrast, the NKG2C+ and KIR3DL2+ NK cell sub-populations from HIV-1+ individuals was enlarged compared to HIV-1- controls. Stratification along KIR/HLA-C genotypes revealed a genotype-dependent expansion of KIR2DL1+ NK cells that was ultimately associated with increased binding affinities between KIR2DL1 and HLA-C allotypes. Lastly, our data hinted to a preferential selection of Vpu sequence variants that were associated with HLA-C downmodulation in individuals with high KIR2DL/HLA-C binding affinities. Altogether, our study provides evidence that HIV-1-associated changes in the KIR repertoire of NK cells are to some extent predetermined by host KIR2DL/HLA-C genotypes. Furthermore, analysis of Vpu sequence polymorphisms indicates that differential KIR2DL/HLA-C binding affinities may serve as an additional mechanism how host genetics impact immune evasion by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pia Fittje
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sebastien Brias
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gabriel Sauer
- Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg M.N. Behrens
- Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Meurer
- Center for Internal Medicine and Infectiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Pauli
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (MVZ) am Isartor, Munich, Germany
| | - Nils Postel
- Prinzmed, Practice for Infectious Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Roider
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Christoph D. Spinner
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Stephan
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Wyen
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Praxis am Ebertplatz, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Richert
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Inria Sistm, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | | | | | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Körner,
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3
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Liu F, Cocker ATH, Pugh JL, Djaoud Z, Parham P, Guethlein LA. Natural LILRB1 D1-D2 variants show frequency differences in populations and bind to HLA class I with various avidities. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:513-525. [PMID: 35562487 PMCID: PMC9103611 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 (LILRB1) is widely expressed on various immune cells and the engagement of LILRB1 to HLA class I and pathogen-derived proteins can modulate the immune response. In the current study, 108 LILRB1 alleles were identified by screening the LILRB1 locus from the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 database. Forty-six alleles that occurred in three or more individuals encode 28 LILRB1 allotypes, and the inferred LILRB1 allotypes were then grouped into 9 LILRB1 D1-D2 variants for further analysis. We found that variants 1, 2, and 3 represent the three most frequent LILRB1 D1-D2 variants and the nine variants show frequency differences in populations. The binding assay demonstrated that variant 1 bound to HLA class I with the highest avidity, and all tested LILRB1 D1-D2 variants bound to HLA-C with lower avidity than to HLA-A and -B. Locus-specific polymorphisms at positions 183, 189, and 268 in HLA class I and dimorphisms in HLA-A (positions 207 and 253) and in HLA-B (position 194) affect their binding to LILRB1. Notably, the electrostatic interaction plays a critical role in the binding of LILRB1 to HLA class I as revealed by electrostatic analysis and by comparison of different binding avidities caused by polymorphisms at positions 72 and 103 of LILRB1. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the population genetics and binding abilities of LILRB1. The data will help us better understand the LILRB1-related diversity of the immune system and lay a foundation for functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuguo Liu
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander T H Cocker
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jason L Pugh
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zakia Djaoud
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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4
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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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5
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Vollmers S, Lobermeyer A, Körner C. The New Kid on the Block: HLA-C, a Key Regulator of Natural Killer Cells in Viral Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113108. [PMID: 34831331 PMCID: PMC8620871 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen system (HLA) is a cluster of highly polymorphic genes essential for the proper function of the immune system, and it has been associated with a wide range of diseases. HLA class I molecules present intracellular host- and pathogen-derived peptides to effector cells of the immune system, inducing immune tolerance in healthy conditions or triggering effective immune responses in pathological situations. HLA-C is the most recently evolved HLA class I molecule, only present in humans and great apes. Differentiating from its older siblings, HLA-A and HLA-B, HLA-C exhibits distinctive features in its expression and interaction partners. HLA-C serves as a natural ligand for multiple members of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family, which are predominately expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial for the early control of viral infections and accumulating evidence indicates that interactions between HLA-C and its respective KIR receptors determine the outcome and progression of viral infections. In this review, we focus on the unique role of HLA-C in regulating NK cell functions and its consequences in the setting of viral infections.
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6
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Cao Y, Wang X, Jin T, Tian Y, Dai C, Widarma C, Song R, Xu F. Immune checkpoint molecules in natural killer cells as potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:250. [PMID: 33122640 PMCID: PMC7596531 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of natural killer (NK) cells in immunotherapy to treat multiple types of cancer. NK cells are innate lymphoid cells that play essential roles in tumor surveillance and control that efficiently kill the tumor and do not require the major histocompatibility complex. The discovery of the NK's potential as a promising therapeutic target for cancer is a relief to oncologists as they face the challenge of increased chemo-resistant cancers. NK cells show great potential against solid and hematologic tumors and have progressively shown promise as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. The effector role of these cells is reliant on the balance of inhibitory and activating signals. Understanding the role of various immune checkpoint molecules in the exhaustion and impairment of NK cells when their inhibitory receptors are excessively expressed is particularly important in cancer immunotherapy studies and clinical implementation. Emerging immune checkpoint receptors and molecules have been found to mediate NK cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment; this has brought up the need to explore further additional NK cell-related immune checkpoints that may be exploited to enhance the immune response to refractory cancers. Accordingly, this review will focus on the recent findings concerning the roles of immune checkpoint molecules and receptors in the regulation of NK cell function, as well as their potential application in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, 110819, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianqiang Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoliu Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China
| | - Crystal Widarma
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Rui Song
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, Shenyang, China.
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7
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Sim MJW, Rajagopalan S, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ, Sun PD, Long EO. Human NK cell receptor KIR2DS4 detects a conserved bacterial epitope presented by HLA-C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12964-12973. [PMID: 31138701 PMCID: PMC6601252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903781116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have an important role in immune defense against viruses and cancer. Activation of human NK cell cytotoxicity toward infected or tumor cells is regulated by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) that bind to human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I). Combinations of KIR with HLA-I are genetically associated with susceptibility to disease. KIR2DS4, an activating member of the KIR family with poorly defined ligands, is a receptor of unknown function. Here, we show that KIR2DS4 has a strong preference for rare peptides carrying a Trp at position 8 (p8) of 9-mer peptides bound to HLA-C*05:01. The complex of a peptide bound to HLA-C*05:01 with a Trp at p8 was sufficient for activation of primary KIR2DS4+ NK cells, independent of activation by other receptors and of prior NK cell licensing. HLA-C*05:01+ cells that expressed the peptide epitope triggered KIR2DS4+ NK cell degranulation. We show an inverse correlation of the worldwide allele frequency of functional KIR2DS4 with that of HLA-C*05:01, indicative of functional interaction and balancing selection. We found a highly conserved peptide sequence motif for HLA-C*05:01-restricted activation of human KIR2DS4+ NK cells in bacterial recombinase A (RecA). KIR2DS4+ NK cells were stimulated by RecA epitopes from multiple human pathogens, including Helicobacter, Chlamydia, Brucella, and Campylobacter. We predict that over 1,000 bacterial species could activate NK cells through KIR2DS4, and propose that human NK cells also contribute to immune defense against bacteria through recognition of a conserved RecA epitope presented by HLA-C*05:01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J W Sim
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Sumati Rajagopalan
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Lung Immunology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Lung Immunology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Sun
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Eric O Long
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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8
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Pende D, Falco M, Vitale M, Cantoni C, Vitale C, Munari E, Bertaina A, Moretta F, Del Zotto G, Pietra G, Mingari MC, Locatelli F, Moretta L. Killer Ig-Like Receptors (KIRs): Their Role in NK Cell Modulation and Developments Leading to Their Clinical Exploitation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1179. [PMID: 31231370 PMCID: PMC6558367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the first line of defense against viruses and to the control of tumor growth and metastasis spread. The discovery of HLA class I specific inhibitory receptors, primarily of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs), and of activating receptors has been fundamental to unravel NK cell function and the molecular mechanisms of tumor cell killing. Stemmed from the seminal discoveries in early '90s, in which Alessandro Moretta was the major actor, an extraordinary amount of research on KIR specificity, genetics, polymorphism, and repertoire has followed. These basic notions on NK cells and their receptors have been successfully translated to clinical applications, primarily to the haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to cure otherwise fatal leukemia in patients with no HLA compatible donors. The finding that NK cells may express the PD-1 inhibitory checkpoint, particularly in cancer patients, may allow understanding how anti-PD-1 therapy could function also in case of HLA class Ineg tumors, usually susceptible to NK-mediated killing. This, together with the synergy of therapeutic anti-checkpoint monoclonal antibodies, including those directed against NKG2A or KIRs, emerging in recent or ongoing studies, opened new solid perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pende
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Vitale
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Genny Del Zotto
- Core Facilities, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pietra
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Integrated Oncological Therapies, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Oncohematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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9
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Pymm P, Vivian JP. Production of Recombinant Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors for Crystallography and Luminex-Based Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1725:281-299. [PMID: 29322425 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are a highly diverse family of cell-surface receptors that are of importance to the effector function of Natural Killer cells. KIR have been implicated in the detection and clearance of malignantly transformed cells and in the immune-control of viruses including HIV, HCV and CMV. Recently, the mismatching of donor and recipient KIR has been demonstrated to improve success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatments of leukemias. Due to the high degree of diversity amongst the KIR, a number of strategies are required for the production of recombinant protein for medical, biochemical and structural applications. Each of these strategies has advantages and limitations and is suitable for different subsets of the KIR and their intended use. Here we describe the preparation of these proteins for crystallography and the novel adaptation of tetramer production for this protein family that is suitable for a number of assays including single-antigen bead binding by Luminex. These methods are intended to provide comprehensive details for the production and characterization of each KIR and to be broadly applicable to other cell surface receptors of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Pymm
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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10
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Bernard NF, Kiani Z, Tremblay-McLean A, Kant SA, Leeks CE, Dupuy FP. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Education Differentially Influences HIV Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Activation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28883824 PMCID: PMC5574056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) endowed with Fc-mediated effector functions has been shown to be critical for protecting or controlling viral replication in animal models. In human, the RV144 Thai trial was the first trial to demonstrate a significant protection against HIV infection following vaccination. Analysis of the correlates of immune protection in this trial identified an association between the presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Abs) to HIV envelope (Env) V1/V2 loop structures and protection from infection, provided IgA Abs with competing specificity were not present. Systems serology analyses implicated a broader range of Ab-dependent functions in protection from HIV infection, including but not limited to ADCC and Ab-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) for secretion of IFN-γ and CCL4 and expression of the degranulation marker CD107a. The existence of such correlations in the absence of bNAbs in the RV144 trial suggest that NK cells could be instrumental in protecting against HIV infection by limiting viral spread through Fc-mediated functions such as ADCC and the production of antiviral cytokines/chemokines. Beside the engagement of FcγRIIIa or CD16 by the Fc portion of anti-Env IgG1 and IgG3 Abs, natural killer (NK) cells are also able to directly kill infected cells and produce cytokines/chemokines in an Ab-independent manner. Responsiveness of NK cells depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals through NK receptors, which is determined by a process during their development known as education. NK cell education requires the engagement of inhibitory NK receptors by their human leukocyte antigen ligands to establish tolerance to self while allowing NK cells to respond to self cells altered by virus infection, transformation, stress, and to allogeneic cells. Here, we review recent findings regarding the impact of inter-individual differences in NK cell education on Ab-dependent functions such as ADCC and ADNKA, including what is known about the HIV Env epitope specificity of ADCC competent Abs and the conformation of HIV Env on target cells used for ADCC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanket A Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Leeks
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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11
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Blokhuis JH, Hilton HG, Guethlein LA, Norman PJ, Nemat-Gorgani N, Nakimuli A, Chazara O, Moffett A, Parham P. KIR2DS5 allotypes that recognize the C2 epitope of HLA-C are common among Africans and absent from Europeans. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:461-468. [PMID: 28685972 PMCID: PMC5691316 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction KIR2DS5 is an activating human NK cell receptor of lineage III KIR. These include both inhibitory KIR2DL1, 2 and 3 and activating KIR2DS1 that recognize either the C1 or C2 epitope of HLA‐C. In Europeans KIR2DS5 is essentially monomorphic, with KIR2DS5*002 being predominant. Pioneering investigations showed that KIR2DS5*002 has activating potential, but cannot recognize HLA‐A, ‐B, or ‐C. Subsequent studies have shown that KIR2DS5 is highly polymorphic in Africans, and that KIR2DS5*006 protects pregnant Ugandan women from preeclampsia. Because inhibitory C2‐specific KIR2DL1 correlates with preeclampsia, whereas activating C2‐specific KIR2DS1 protects, this association pointed to KIR2DS5*006 being an activating C2‐specific receptor. To test this hypothesis we made KIR‐Fc fusion proteins from all ten KIR2DS5 allotypes and tested their binding to a representative set of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C allotypes. Results Six African‐specific KIR2DS5 bound to C2+HLA‐C but not to other HLA class I. Their avidity for C2 is ∼20% that of C2‐specific KIR2DL1 and ∼40% that of C2‐specific KIR2DS1. Among the African C2 receptors is KIR2DS5*006, which protected a cohort of pregnant Ugandans from pre‐eclampsia. Three African KIR2DS5 allotypes and KIR2DS5*002, bound no HLA‐A, ‐B or ‐C. As a group the C2‐binding KIR2DS5 allotypes protect against pre‐eclampsia compared to the non‐binding KIR2DS5 allotypes. Natural substitutions that contribute to loss or reduction of C2 receptor function are at positions 127, 158, and 176 in the D2 domain. Conclusions KIR2DS5*005 has the KIR2DS5 consensus sequence, is the only allele found at both centromeric and telomeric locations of KIR2DS5, and is likely the common ancestor of all KIR2DS5 alleles. That KIR2DS5*005 has C2 receptor activity, points to KIR2DS5*002, and other allotypes lacking C2 receptor function, being products of attenuation, a characteristic feature of most KIR B haplotype genes. Alleles encoding attenuated and active KIR2DS5 are present in both centromeric and telomeric locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H Blokhuis
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Norman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olympe Chazara
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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Hilton HG, Blokhuis JH, Guethlein LA, Norman PJ, Parham P. Resurrecting KIR2DP1: A Key Intermediate in the Evolution of Human Inhibitory NK Cell Receptors That Recognize HLA-C. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1961-1973. [PMID: 28122963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
KIR2DP1 is an inactive member of the human lineage III KIR family, which includes all HLA-C-specific receptor genes. The lethal, and only, defect in KIR2DP1 is a nucleotide deletion in codon 88. Fixed in modern humans, the deletion is also in archaic human genomes. KIR2DP1 is polymorphic, with dimorphism at specificity-determining position 44. By repairing the deletion, we resurrected 11 alleles of KIR2DP1F , the functional antecedent of KIR2DP1 We demonstrate how K44-KIR2DP1F with lysine 44 recognized C1+HLA-C, whereas T44-KIR2DP1F recognized C2+HLA-C. Dimorphisms at 12 other KIR2DP1F residues modulate receptor avidity or signaling. KIR2DP1 and KIR2DL1 are neighbors in the centromeric KIR region and are in tight linkage disequilibrium. Like KIR2DL1, KIR2DP1 contributed to CenA and CenB KIR haplotype differences. Encoded on CenA, C1-specific K44-KIR2DP1F were stronger receptors than the attenuated C2-specific T44-KIR2DP1F encoded on CenB The last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had diverse lineage III KIR that passed on to chimpanzees but not to humans. Early humans inherited activating KIR2DS4 and an inhibitory lineage III KIR, likely encoding a C1-specific receptor. The latter spawned the modern family of HLA-C receptors. KIR2DP1F has properties consistent with KIR2DP1F having been the founder gene. The first KIR2DP1F alleles encoded K44-C1 receptors; subsequently KIR2DP1F alleles encoding T44-C2 receptors evolved. The emergence of dedicated KIR2DL2/3 and KIR2DL1 genes encoding C1 and C2 receptors, respectively, could have led to obsolescence of KIR2DP1F Alternatively, pathogen subversion caused its demise. Preservation of KIR2DP1F functional polymorphism was a side effect of fixation of the deletion in KIR2DP1F by micro gene conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jeroen H Blokhuis
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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13
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Béziat V, Hilton HG, Norman PJ, Traherne JA. Deciphering the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor system at super-resolution for natural killer and T-cell biology. Immunology 2016; 150:248-264. [PMID: 27779741 PMCID: PMC5290243 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are components of two fundamental biological systems essential for human health and survival. First, they contribute to host immune responses, both innate and adaptive, through their expression by natural killer cells and T cells. Second, KIR play a key role in regulating placentation, and hence reproductive success. Analogous to the diversity of their human leucocyte antigen class I ligands, KIR are extremely polymorphic. In this review, we describe recent developments, fuelled by methodological advances, that are helping to decipher the KIR system in terms of haplotypes, polymorphisms, expression patterns and their ligand interactions. These developments are delivering deeper insight into the relevance of KIR in immune system function, evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Hugo G Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Norman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Boudreau JE, Mulrooney TJ, Le Luduec JB, Barker E, Hsu KC. KIR3DL1 and HLA-B Density and Binding Calibrate NK Education and Response to HIV. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3398-410. [PMID: 26962229 PMCID: PMC4868784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NK cells recognize self-HLA via killer Ig-like receptors (KIR). Homeostatic HLA expression signals for inhibition via KIR, and downregulation of HLA, a common consequence of viral infection, allows NK activation. Like HLA, KIR are highly polymorphic, and allele combinations of the most diverse receptor-ligand pair, KIR3DL1 and HLA-B, correspond to hierarchical HIV control. We used primary cells from healthy human donors to demonstrate how subtype combinations of KIR3DL1 and HLA-B calibrate NK education and their consequent capacity to eliminate HIV-infected cells. High-density KIR3DL1 and Bw4-80I partnerships endow NK cells with the greatest reactivity against HLA-negative targets; NK cells exhibiting the remaining KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 combinations demonstrate intermediate responsiveness; and Bw4-negative KIR3DL1(+) NK cells are poorly responsive. Cytotoxicity against HIV-infected autologous CD4(+) T cells strikingly correlated with reactivity to HLA-negative targets. These findings suggest that the programming of NK effector function results from defined features of receptor and ligand subtypes. KIR3DL1 and HLA-B subtypes exhibit an array of binding strengths. Like KIR3DL1, subtypes of HLA-Bw4 are expressed at distinct, predictable membrane densities. Combinatorial permutations of common receptor and ligand subtypes reveal binding strength, receptor density, and ligand density to be functionally important. These findings have immediate implications for prognosis in patients with HIV infection. Furthermore, they demonstrate how features of KIR and HLA modified by allelic variation calibrate NK cell reactive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette E Boudreau
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tiernan J Mulrooney
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jean-Benoît Le Luduec
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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15
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Torres A, Westover J, Benson M, Johnson R, Dykes A. A Killer Immunoglobulin - Like Receptor Gene - Content Haplotype and A Cognate Human Leukocyte Antigen Ligand are Associated with Autism. AUTISM-OPEN ACCESS 2016; 6:171. [PMID: 27853655 PMCID: PMC5108574 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7890.1000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The killing activity of natural killer cells is largely regulated by the binding of class I human leukocyte antigen cognate ligands to killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptor proteins. The killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptor gene - complex contains genes that activate and others that inhibit the killing state of natural killer cells depending on the binding of specific human leukocyte antigen cognate ligands. It has been suggested in previous publications that activating human leukocyte antigen/killer - cell immunoglobulin - like receptor complexes are increased in people with autism. We present data, which suggests that an activating cB01/tA01 killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptor gene - content haplotype and the cognate ligand human leukocyte antigen - C1k that activates this haplotype is significantly increased in autism. This is an important observation suggesting that the interaction between two proteins encoded on different chromosomes increases natural killer cell killing in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Torres
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jonna Westover
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Michael Benson
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Randall Johnson
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Annelise Dykes
- Center for Persons with Disabilities, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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16
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Hilton HG, Guethlein LA, Goyos A, Nemat-Gorgani N, Bushnell DA, Norman PJ, Parham P. Polymorphic HLA-C Receptors Balance the Functional Characteristics of KIR Haplotypes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3160-70. [PMID: 26311903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) locus comprises two groups of KIR haplotypes, termed A and B. These are present in all human populations but with different relative frequencies, suggesting they have different functional properties that underlie their balancing selection. We studied the genomic organization and functional properties of the alleles of the inhibitory and activating HLA-C receptors encoded by KIR haplotypes. Because every HLA-C allotype functions as a ligand for KIR, the interactions between KIR and HLA-C dominate the HLA class I-mediated regulation of human NK cells. The C2 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1, whereas the C1 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3. This study shows that the KIR2DL1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DL2/3 alleles form distinctive phylogenetic clades that associate with specific KIR haplotypes. KIR A haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode strong inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL3 alleles encoding weak inhibitory C1 receptors. In striking contrast, KIR B haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode weak inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL2 alleles encoding strong inhibitory C1 receptors. The wide-ranging properties of KIR allotypes arise from substitutions throughout the KIR molecule. Such substitutions can influence cell surface expression, as well as the avidity and specificity for HLA-C ligands. Consistent with the crucial role of inhibitory HLA-C receptors in self-recognition, as well as NK cell education and response, most KIR haplotypes have both a functional C1 and C2 receptor, despite the considerable variation that occurs in ligand recognition and surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Hilton
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ana Goyos
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David A Bushnell
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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17
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Hilton HG, Norman PJ, Nemat-Gorgani N, Goyos A, Hollenbach JA, Henn BM, Gignoux CR, Guethlein LA, Parham P. Loss and Gain of Natural Killer Cell Receptor Function in an African Hunter-Gatherer Population. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005439. [PMID: 26292085 PMCID: PMC4546388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating natural killer cell functions in human immunity and reproduction are diverse interactions between the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) of Natural Killer (NK) cells and HLA class I ligands on the surface of tissue cells. Dominant interactions are between KIR2DL1 and the C2 epitope of HLA-C and between KIR2DL2/3 and the C1 epitope of HLA-C. KhoeSan hunter-gatherers of Southern Africa represent the earliest population divergence known and are the most genetically diverse indigenous people, qualities reflected in their KIR and HLA genes. Of the ten KhoeSan KIR2DL1 alleles, KIR2DL1*022 and KIR2DL1*026 likely originated in the KhoeSan, and later were transmitted at low frequency to the neighboring Zulus through gene flow. These alleles arose by point mutation from other KhoeSan KIR2DL1 alleles that are more widespread globally. Mutation of KIR2DL1*001 gave rise to KIR2DL1*022, causing loss of C2 recognition and gain of C1 recognition. This makes KIR2DL1*022 a more avid and specific C1 receptor than any KIR2DL2/3 allotype. Mutation of KIR2DL1*012 gave rise to KIR2DL1*026, causing premature termination of translation at the end of the transmembrane domain. This makes KIR2DL1*026 a membrane-associated receptor that lacks both a cytoplasmic tail and signaling function. At higher frequencies than their parental allotypes, the combined effect of the KhoeSan-specific KIR2DL1*022 and KIR2DL1*026 is to reduce the frequency of strong inhibitory C2 receptors and increase the frequency of strong inhibitory C1 receptors. Because interaction of KIR2DL1 with C2 is associated with risk of pregnancy disorder, these functional changes are potentially advantageous. Whereas all other KhoeSan KIR2DL1 alleles are present on a wide diversity of centromeric KIR haplotypes, KIR2DL1*026 is present on a single KIR haplotype and KIR2DL1*022 is present on two very similar haplotypes. The high linkage disequilibrium across their haplotypes is consistent with a recent emergence for these KIR2DL1 alleles that have distinctive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G. Hilton
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Goyos
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brenna M. Henn
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Gignoux
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Parham
- Departments of Structural Biology and Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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