1
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Eser E, Ekiz OÖ, Ekiz Hİ. Utilizing fab fragment-conjugated surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor for detection of Salmonella Enteritidis. J Mol Recognit 2024; 37:e3078. [PMID: 38400609 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Although antibodies, a key element of biorecognition, are frequently used as biosensor probes, the use of these large molecules can lead to adverse effects. Fab fragments can be reduced to allow proper antigen-binding orientation via thiol groups containing Fab sites that can directly penetrate Au sites chemically. In this study, the ability of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor to detect Salmonella was studied. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine was used as a reducing agent to obtain half antibody fragments. Sensor surface was immobilized with antibody, and bacteria suspensions were injected from low to high concentrations. Response units were changed by binding first reduced antibody fragments, then bacteria. The biosensor was able to determine the bacterial concentrations between 103 and 108 CFU/mL. Based on these results, the half antibody fragmentation method can be generalized for faster, label-free, sensitive, and selective detection of other bacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Eser
- Department of Food Engineering, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Okan Öner Ekiz
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, OSTİM Teknical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Nanodev Scientific, Bilkent Cyberpark, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H İbrahim Ekiz
- Department of Food Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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2
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Robinson C, Juska VB, O'Riordan A. Surface chemistry applications and development of immunosensors using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116877. [PMID: 37579966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunosensors are promising alternatives as detection platforms for the current gold standards methods. Electrochemical immunosensors have already proven their capability for the sensitive, selective, detection of target biomarkers specific to COVID-19, varying cancers or Alzheimer's disease, etc. Among the electrochemical techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a highly sensitive technique which examines the impedance of an electrochemical cell over a range of frequencies. There are several important critical requirements for the construction of successful impedimetric immunosensor. The applied surface chemistry and immobilisation protocol have impact on the electroanalytical performance of the developed immunosensors. In this Review, we summarise the building blocks of immunosensors based on EIS, including self-assembly monolayers, nanomaterials, polymers, immobilisation protocols and antibody orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Robinson
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland
| | - Vuslat B Juska
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland.
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3
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Hadley P, Chen Y, Cline L, Han Z, Tang Q, Huang X, Desai T. Precise surface functionalization of PLGA particles for human T cell modulation. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3289-3321. [PMID: 37853157 PMCID: PMC10775953 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The biofunctionalization of synthetic materials has extensive utility for biomedical applications, but approaches to bioconjugation typically show insufficient efficiency and controllability. We recently developed an approach by building synthetic DNA scaffolds on biomaterial surfaces that enables the precise control of cargo density and ratio, thus improving the assembly and organization of functional cargos. We used this approach to show that the modulation and phenotypic adaptation of immune cells can be regulated using our precisely functionalized biomaterials. Here, we describe the three key procedures, including the fabrication of polymeric particles engrafted with short DNA scaffolds, the attachment of functional cargos with complementary DNA strands, and the surface assembly control and quantification. We also explain the critical checkpoints needed to ensure the overall quality and expected characteristics of the biological product. We provide additional experimental design considerations for modifying the approach by varying the material composition, size or cargo types. As an example, we cover the use of the protocol for human primary T cell activation and for the identification of parameters that affect ex vivo T cell manufacturing. The protocol requires users with diverse expertise ranging from synthetic materials to bioconjugation chemistry to immunology. The fabrication procedures and validation assays to design high-fidelity DNA-scaffolded biomaterials typically require 8 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Hadley
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, UCSF Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuanzhou Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cell Design Institute and Center for Synthetic Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lariana Cline
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Han
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Cell Design Institute and Center for Synthetic Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Tejal Desai
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, UCSF Mission Bay Campus, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Cell Design Institute and Center for Synthetic Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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4
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Conrad M, Proll G, Builes-Münden E, Dietzel A, Wagner S, Gauglitz G. Tools to compare antibody gold nanoparticle conjugates for a small molecule immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:62. [PMID: 36662292 PMCID: PMC9859872 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody gold nanoparticle conjugates as recognition elements are essential for the overall performance of lateral flow assays. When immobilizing antibodies on gold nanoparticles, the challenge is to prevent aggregation and to ensure that the antibodies are correctly oriented so that they remain functional and their paratopes remain accessible. There are many methods available, and it is difficult to decide which one to use. To help selecting the most appropriate conjugate production method, different synthetic routes of binding antibodies to gold nanoparticles are systematically investigated for the purpose of a quantitative lateral flow test for small molecules. The direct comparison of different conjugate syntheses shows how to select a suitable conjugate for a lateral flow assay. The syntheses examined are direct adsorption of antibody, direct adsorption of reduced antibody, covalent binding to polyethylene glycol linker, and binding via biotin-streptavidin interaction. The conjugates are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to determine their stability. Their performance on structured lateral flow test strips is examined using calibrations for different amitriptyline concentrations. It was shown that the best conjugate for quantification of amitriptyline was realized by direct adsorption of an UV-light irradiated antibody to gold nanoparticles. The methods employed can serve as a guide for selecting the most appropriate conjugate for an application and enhance the performance of lateral flow assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Conrad
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Günther Proll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esteban Builes-Münden
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Straße 203, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Straße 203, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Wagner
- OFFIS-Institut für Informatik, Escherweg 2, 26121, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Hatakeyama H, Kanzaki M. Protocol for preparing sensor molecules and analyzing heterotypic endomembrane fusion in insulin-responsive cells using live-cell imaging. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101726. [PMID: 36170109 PMCID: PMC9526234 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotypic endomembrane fusion between static GLUT4-containing vesicles and traveling transferrin receptor-containing endosomes triggers insulin-responsive translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter. Here, we provide a protocol for preparing BODIPY-based fluorescent sensor molecules allowing detection of heterotypic endomembrane fusion through dequenching via streptavidin-biotin binding and ratiometrically analyzing insulin-responsive events with live-cell imaging. Although this protocol is for evaluating specific fusion processes relating GLUT4 translocation, it is also applicable to assessing other processes so long as sensor molecules can properly label target molecules. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hatakeyama et al. (2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Hatakeyama
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan,Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan,Corresponding author
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan,Corresponding author
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Wu SY, Wu FG, Chen X. Antibody-Incorporated Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109210. [PMID: 35142395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based cancer therapy, one of the most significant therapeutic strategies, has achieved considerable success and progress over the past decades. Nevertheless, obstacles including limited tumor penetration, short circulation half-lives, undesired immunogenicity, and off-target side effects remain to be overcome for the antibody-based cancer treatment. Owing to the rapid development of nanotechnology, antibody-containing nanomedicines that have been extensively explored to overcome these obstacles have already demonstrated enhanced anticancer efficacy and clinical translation potential. This review intends to offer an overview of the advancements of antibody-incorporated nanoparticulate systems in cancer treatment, together with the nontrivial challenges faced by these next-generation nanomedicines. Diverse strategies of antibody immobilization, formats of antibodies, types of cancer-associated antigens, and anticancer mechanisms of antibody-containing nanomedicines are provided and discussed in this review, with an emphasis on the latest applications. The current limitations and future research directions on antibody-containing nanomedicines are also discussed from different perspectives to provide new insights into the construction of anticancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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89Zr Immuno-PET Imaging of Tumor PD-1 Reveals That PMA Upregulates Lymphoma PD-1 through NFκB and JNK Signaling. Mol Imaging 2022; 2022:5916692. [PMID: 35250391 PMCID: PMC8865856 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5916692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapy of T-cell lymphoma requires assessment of tumor-expressed programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1). Herein, we developed an immuno-PET technique that quantitatively images and monitors regulation of PD-1 expression on T-cell lymphomas. Methods. Anti-PD-1 IgG underwent sulfhydryl moiety-specific conjugation with maleimide-deferoxamine and 89Zr labeling. Binding assays and Western blotting were performed in EL4 murine T-cell lymphoma cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and PET were performed in mice. Results. 89Zr-PD-1 IgG binding to EL4 cells was completely blocked by cold antibodies, confirming excellent target specificity. Following intravenous injection into mice, 89Zr-PD-1 IgG showed biexponential blood clearance and relatively low normal organ uptake after five days. PET/CT and biodistribution demonstrated high EL4 tumor uptake that was suppressed by cold antibodies. In EL4 cells, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased 89Zr-PD-1 IgG binding (
%) and dose-dependent augmentation of PD-1 expression (
of controls by 200 ng/ml). FACS showed strong PD-1 expression on all EL4 cells and positive but weaker expression on
% of the mouse spleen lymphocytes. PMA stimulation led to
-fold increase in the proportion of the strongest PD-1 expressing EL4 cells but failed to influence that of PD-1+ mouse lymphocytes. In mice, PMA treatment increased 89Zr-PD-1 IgG uptake in EL4 lymphomas from
to
%ID/g (
), and tumor uptake closely correlated with PD-1 level (
,
). On immunohistochemistry of tumor sections, infiltrating CD8α+ T lymphocytes constituted a small fraction of tumor cells. The entire tumor section showed strong PD-1 staining that was even stronger for PMA-treated mice. Investigation of involved signaling revealed that PMA increased EL4 cell and tumor HIF-1α accumulation and NFκB and JNK activation. Conclusion. 89Zr-PD-1 IgG offered high-contrast PET imaging of tumor PD-1 in mice. This was found to mostly represent binding to EL4 tumor cells, although infiltrating T lymphocytes may also have contributed. PD-1 expression on T-cell lymphomas was upregulated by PMA stimulation, and this was reliably monitored by 89Zr-PD-1 IgG PET. This technique may thus be useful for understanding the mechanisms of PD-1 regulation in lymphomas of living subjects.
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8
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Celecoxib-Induced Modulation of Colon Cancer CD133 Expression Occurs through AKT Inhibition and Is Monitored by 89Zr Immuno-PET. Mol Imaging 2022; 2022:4906934. [PMID: 35115900 PMCID: PMC8791662 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4906934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an immuno-PET technique that monitors modulation of tumor CD133 expression, which is required for the success of CD133-targeted therapies. Methods. Anti-CD133 antibodies were subjected to sulfhydryl moiety-specific 89Zr conjugation. 89Zr-CD133 IgG was evaluated for specific activity and radiolabel stability. Colon cancer cells underwent binding assays and Western blotting. Biodistribution and PET studies were performed in mice. Results. 89Zr-CD133 IgG showed excellent target specificity with 97.2 ± 0.7% blocking of HT29 cell binding by an excess antibody. Intravenous 89Zr-CD133 IgG followed biexponential blood clearance and showed CD133-specific uptake in HT29 tumors. 89Zr-CD133 IgG PET/CT and biodistribution studies confirmed high HT29 tumor uptake with lower activities in the blood and normal organs. In HT29 cells, celecoxib dose-dependently decreased CD133 expression and 89Zr-CD133 IgG binding that reached 19.9 ± 2.1% (P < 0.005) and 50.3 ± 10.9% (P < 0.001) of baseline levels by 50 μM, respectively. Celecoxib treatment of mice significantly suppressed tumor CD133 expression to 67.5 ± 7.8% of controls (P < 0.005) and reduced tumor 89Zr-CD133 IgG uptake from 15.5 ± 1.4% at baseline to 12.3 ± 2.0%ID/g (P < 0.01). Celecoxib-induced CD133 reduction in HT29 cells and tumors was associated with substantial suppression of AKT activation. There were also reduced HIF-1α accumulation and IκBα/NFκB phosphorylation. Conclusion. 89Zr-CD133 IgG PET provides high-contrast tumor imaging and monitors celecoxib treatment-induced modulation of tumor CD133 expression, which was found to occur through AKT inhibition. This technique may thus be useful for screening drugs that can effectively suppress colon cancer stem cells.
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Kim HJ, Choi W, San Lee J, Choi J, Choi N, Hwang KS. Clinical application of serological Alzheimer's disease diagnosis using a highly sensitive biosensor with hydrogel-enhanced dielectrophoretic force. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113668. [PMID: 34583104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of a ratio between amyloid beta 1-40 and 1-42 (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) presented in plasm enables a highly accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the analysis of plasma Aβs is not routinely conducted because of the lack of Aβ detection techniques sensitive enough to specifically detect Aβ from thousands of biomaterials present in the plasma. We developed a hydrogel-patterned spiral microelectrode sensor combined with a hopping dielectrophoretic (DEP) force, combining the negative DEP and positive DEP forces, for Aβ detection. The hydrogel effectively increased the number of immobilized fragmented antibodies in the reaction region of the sensor and enabled size-exclusive passive filtration of non-specific plasma proteins from that region. The hopping DEP force further concentrated the Aβs and removed the non-specific plasma proteins. Consequently, our sensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately ∼ 0.15 pg/mL for both Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in the standard plasma. Finally, comparing the ratio between Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 signals, we distinguished AD patients from cognitively normal subjects with 95.83% accuracy and 92.31% precision (n = 24, p < 0.0001, One-way ANOVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongsun Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Lin ZC, Hwang TL, Huang TH, Tahara K, Trousil J, Fang JY. Monovalent antibody-conjugated lipid-polymer nanohybrids for active targeting to desmoglein 3 of keratinocytes to attenuate psoriasiform inflammation. Theranostics 2021; 11:4567-4584. [PMID: 33754014 PMCID: PMC7978323 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the treatment of psoriasiform inflammation, we developed actively targeted nanocarriers loaded with the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor AN2728. Methods: Phospholipid-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanohybrids were prepared and conjugated with monovalent anti-desmoglein 3 antibody to bind keratinocytes. Results: The actively targeted nanohybrids were 229 nm in mean size with a nearly neutral surface charge. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed a 9-fold increase in keratinocyte uptake of targeted nanohybrids relative to non-targeted nanoparticles. The nanoparticles localized mainly in lysosomes after internalization. AN2728-loaded antibody-conjugated nanocarriers inhibited cytokine/chemokine overexpression in activated keratinocytes without affecting cell viability. The targeted nanohybrids also suppressed neutrophil migration by reducing CXCL1 and CXCL2 release from keratinocytes. Following subcutaneous administration in mice, the nanohybrids distributed to the epidermis and hair follicles. In a psoriasis-like skin mouse model, the actively targeted nanoparticles were superior to free drug and non-targeted nanoparticles in mitigating skin inflammation. Intervention with the targeted nanosystem reduced the epidermal thickness of the psoriasiform lesion from 191 to 42 µm, decreased the Psoriasis Area Severity Index by 74%, restored barrier function, and returned chemokine levels to baseline. Conclusions: Our developed nanosystem was safe and demonstrated efficient targeting properties for the treatment of cutaneous inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Chan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kohei Tahara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Jiří Trousil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Lourenço BN, Pereira RF, Barrias CC, Fischbach C, Oliveira C, Granja PL. Engineering Modular Half-Antibody Conjugated Nanoparticles for Targeting CD44v6-Expressing Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:295. [PMID: 33498669 PMCID: PMC7912417 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major cause of death worldwide mainly because of the late detection in advanced stage. Recently, we proposed CD44v6 as a relevant marker for early detection of GC, opening new avenues for GC-targeted theranostics. Here, we designed a modular nanoscale system that selectively targets CD44v6-expressing GC cells by the site-oriented conjugation of a new-engineered CD44v6 half-antibody fragment to maleimide-modified polystyrene nanoparticles (PNPs) via an efficient bioorthogonal thiol-Michael addition click chemistry. PNPs with optimal particle size (200 nm) for crossing a developed biomimetic CD44v6-associated GC stromal model were further modified with a heterobifunctional maleimide crosslinker and click conjugated to the novel CD44v6 half-antibody fragment, obtained by chemical reduction of full antibody, without affecting its bioactivity. Collectively, our results confirmed the specific targeting ability of CD44v6-PNPs to CD44v6-expressing cells (1.65-fold higher than controls), highlighting the potential of CD44v6 half-antibody conjugated nanoparticles as promising and clinically relevant tools for the early diagnosis and therapy of GC. Additionally, the rational design of our nanoscale system may be explored for the development of several other nanotechnology-based disease-targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N. Lourenço
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.F.P.); (C.C.B.); (C.O.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FEUP—Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben F. Pereira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.F.P.); (C.C.B.); (C.O.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina C. Barrias
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.F.P.); (C.C.B.); (C.O.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudia Fischbach
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carla Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.F.P.); (C.C.B.); (C.O.)
- IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro L. Granja
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (R.F.P.); (C.C.B.); (C.O.)
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Arslan FB, Ozturk Atar K, Calis S. Antibody-mediated drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120268. [PMID: 33486037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive and active targeted nanoparticulate delivery systems show promise to compensate for lacking properties of conventional therapy such as side effects, insufficient efficiency and accumulation of the drug at target site, poor pharmacokinetic properties etc. For active targeting, physically or covalently conjugated ligands, including monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, are consistently used and researched for targeting delivery systems or drugs to their target site. Currently, there are several FDA approved actively targeted antibody-drug conjugates, whereas no active targeted delivery system is in clinical use at present. However, efforts to successfully formulate actively targeted delivery systems continue. The scope of this review will be the use of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands. General information about targeted delivery and antibodies will be given at the first half of the review. As for the second half, fragmentation of antibodies and conjugation approaches will be explained. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands and approaches for conjugating these ligands to nanoparticulate delivery systems and drugs will be the main focus of this review, polyclonal antibodies will not be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betul Arslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kivilcim Ozturk Atar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Calis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Susini V, Caponi L, Rossi VL, Sanesi A, Romiti N, Paolicchi A, Franzini M. Sensitivity and reproducibility enhancement in enzyme immunosorbent assays based on half fragment antibodies. Anal Biochem 2020; 616:114090. [PMID: 33383001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.114090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The free sulfhydryl groups of the hinge region of monovalent antibody fragments (rIgG) allow the orientation of rIgG on functionalized surfaces in immunosensors. To evaluate the contribution of reduction and orientation on signal enhancement we compared the performance of whole antibodies and their rIgG in ELISA performed on polystyrene or maleimide-functionalized microplates. Monoclonal anti-horseradish peroxidase (anti-HRP) and monoclonal anti-fPSA antibodies (1 mg/mL) were reduced with 2-mercaptoethylamine (53 mM). Western blot confirmed the presence of rIgG as a band at 75 kDa, detectable only by anti-heavy chain but not by anti-light chain antibodies, suggesting a possible folding rearrangement. Using anti-HRP we confirmed the retention of the antigen binding capacity of rIgG. Moreover, we observed a signal enhancement for rIgG even if randomly absorbed on polystyrene [linear regression slope (95%CI): rIgG 0.524 (0.434-0.614), IgG 0.370 (0.430-0.399); P = 0.0016] suggesting that chemical reduction might affect the antigen binding capacity of antibodies. ELISA with anti-fPSA rIgG coated on polystyrene confirmed these observations. Oriented anti-fPSA rIgG on a maleimide surface showed comparable signals to the assay performed on polystyrene for each analyzed concentration of antigen (PANOVA = 0.1980), anyway, with a significant improvement of the repeatability likely providing a more homogeneous capturing surface (SD rIgGmaleimide-rIgGpolystirene: fPSA 0.725 ng/mL:0.74-2.89; 1.45 ng/mL:1.56-8.69; 3.625 ng/mL:3.52-15.03; 7.25 ng/mL:7.78-18.44).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Susini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Caponi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Veronica Lucia Rossi
- bioMérieux Italia Spa, Via di Campigliano, 58, 50012, Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Sanesi
- bioMérieux Italia Spa, Via di Campigliano, 58, 50012, Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Romiti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Paolicchi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Franzini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Liu Q, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang H, Li W, Tang P, Weng T, Zhou S, Liang L, Yuan J, Wang D, Wang L. Reduction chemistry-assisted nanopore determination method for immunoglobulin isotypes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19711-19718. [PMID: 32966507 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04900j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins can bind to an unlimited array of foreign antigens presented to the immune system. Among those isotypes, IgG and IgM play crucial roles in initial immune defense associated with innate immunity factors. Hence, the determination of IgG and IgM deficiencies or varying concentrations is widely used as a diagnostic indicator for immune deficiency disorders. Herein, we report a reduction chemistry-assisted nanopore method for IgG and IgM determination. TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine) was used to cleave Ig proteins in fragments by means of disulfide bond reduction under different experimental conditions. This strategy enabled the observation of distinguishable current signals afforded by separated polypeptide fragments in an αHL nanopore. Together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results, highly effective electrostatic potentials and H-bonds, the dominant factors for these current signals, facilitated the capture of Ig fragments in an α-HL nanopore. More importantly, the signature signals were applicable for differentiating between IgG and IgM in blood serum without any problems of protein adsorption and clogging in the nanopore sensing. Furthermore, with comparative sensing sensitivity and selectivity, it is concluded that our method is a label-free single-molecule approach to measuring disease states that present as a result of the absence or over presence of immunoglobulin isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianshan Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yunjiao Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Han Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wei Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Ting Weng
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jiahu Yuan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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15
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Zhang L, Mazouzi Y, Salmain M, Liedberg B, Boujday S. Antibody-Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates for Biosensors: Synthesis, Characterization and Selected Applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Tran RJ, Sly KL, Conboy JC. Revealing the Kinetic Advantage of a Competitive Small-Molecule Immunoassay by Direct Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13163-13171. [PMID: 32878441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule detection in an immunoassay format generally employs competition or labeling. A novel direct-detection label-free primary immunoassay utilizing second harmonic generation (SHG) has been developed and the utility of the method has been demonstrated for several small-molecule narcotics. Specifically, the binding of morphine, methadone, and cocaine to antimorphine, antimethadone, and anticocaine antibodies was measured by SHG, allowing binding affinities and rates of dissociation to be obtained. The SHG primary immunoassay has provided the first kinetic measurements of small-molecule hapten interactions with a receptor antibody. The kinetics reveal for the first time that competitive immunoassays achieve their selectivity by taking advantage of the kinetics of association and dissociation of the labeled and unlabeled target and nontarget small-molecule to the capture antibody. In particular, the induced fit of the target small-molecule to their antibody pairs prolongs their residence time, while the nontarget small-molecule dissociate rapidly in comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Krystal L Sly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - John C Conboy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM. 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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17
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Jung KH, Park JW, Lee JH, Moon SH, Cho YS, Lee KH. 89Zr-Labeled Anti-PD-L1 Antibody PET Monitors Gemcitabine Therapy-Induced Modulation of Tumor PD-L1 Expression. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:656-664. [PMID: 32917780 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an 89Zr-labeled anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) immune PET that can monitor chemotherapy-mediated modulation of tumor PD-L1 expression in living subjects. Methods: Anti-PD-L1 underwent sulfohydryl moiety-specific conjugation with maleimide-deferoxamine followed by 89Zr radiolabeling. CT26 colon cancer cells and PD-L1-overexpressing CT26/PD-L1 cells underwent binding assays, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and PET imaging were evaluated in mice. Results: 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 synthesis was straightforward and efficient. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that reduction produced half-antibody fragments, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis estimated 2.18 conjugations per antibody, indicating specific conjugation at the hinge-region disulfide bonds. CT26/PD-L1 cells showed 102.2 ± 6.7-fold greater 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 binding than that of weakly expressing CT26 cells. Excellent target specificity was confirmed by a drastic reduction in binding by excess cold antibody. Intravenous 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 followed biexponential blood clearance. PET/CT image analysis demonstrated decreases in major organ activity over 7 d, whereas high CT26/PD-L1 tumor activity was maintained. Again, this was suppressed by excess cold antibody. Treatment of CT26 cells with gemcitabine for 24 h augmented PD-L1 protein to 592.4% ± 114.2% of the control level and increased 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 binding, accompanied by increased AKT (protein kinase B) activation and reduced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). In CT26 tumor-bearing mice, gemcitabine treatment substantially increased tumor uptake from 1.56% ± 0.48% to 6.24% ± 0.37% injected dose per gram (tumor-to-blood ratio, 34.7). Immunoblots revealed significant increases in tumor PD-L1 and activated AKT and a decrease in PTEN. Conclusion: 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 showed specific targeting with favorable imaging properties. Gemcitabine treatment upregulated cancer cell and tumor PD-L1 expression and increased 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 uptake. 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 PET may thus be useful for monitoring chemotherapy-mediated tumor PD-L1 modulation in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Jin Won Park
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea .,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
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18
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Poellmann MJ, Nair A, Bu J, Kim JKH, Kimple RJ, Hong S. Immunoavidity-Based Capture of Tumor Exosomes Using Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5686-5692. [PMID: 32407121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived blood-circulating exosomes have potential as a biomarker to greatly improve cancer treatment. However, effective isolation of exosomes remains a tremendous technical challenge. This study presents a novel nanostructured polymer surface for highly effective capture of exosomes through strong avidity. Various surface configurations, consisting of multivalent dendrimers, PEG, and tumor-targeting antibodies, were tested using exosomes isolated from tumor cell lines. We found that a dual layer dendrimer configuration exhibited the highest efficiency in capturing cultured exosomes spiked into human serum. Importantly, the optimized surface captured a > 4-fold greater amount of tumor exosomes from head and neck cancer patient plasma samples than that from healthy donors. Nanomechanical analysis using atomic force microscopy also revealed that the enhancement was attributed to multivalent binding (avidity) and augmented short-range adhesion mediated by dendrimers. Our results support that the dendrimer surface detects tumor exosomes at high sensitivity and specificity, demonstrating its potential as a new cancer liquid biopsy platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Poellmann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Ashita Nair
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jiyoon Bu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jack K H Kim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Yonsei Frontier Lab and Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 03722
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19
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Inter-laboratory study of an optimised peptide mapping workflow using automated trypsin digestion for monitoring monoclonal antibody product quality attributes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6833-6848. [PMID: 32710279 PMCID: PMC7496030 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mapping analysis is a regulatory expectation to verify the primary structure of a recombinant product sequence and to monitor post-translational modifications (PTMs). Although proteolytic digestion has been used for decades, it remains a labour-intensive procedure that can be challenging to accurately reproduce. Here, we describe a fast and reproducible protocol for protease digestion that is automated using immobilised trypsin on magnetic beads, which has been incorporated into an optimised peptide mapping workflow to show method transferability across laboratories. The complete workflow has the potential for use within a multi-attribute method (MAM) approach in drug development, production and QC laboratories. The sample preparation workflow is simple, ideally suited to inexperienced operators and has been extensively studied to show global applicability and robustness for mAbs by performing sample digestion and LC-MS analysis at four independent sites in Europe. LC-MS/MS along with database searching was used to characterise the protein and determine relevant product quality attributes (PQAs) for further testing. A list of relevant critical quality attributes (CQAs) was then established by creating a peptide workbook containing the specific mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of the modified and unmodified peptides of the selected CQAs, to be monitored in a subsequent test using LC-MS analysis. Data is provided that shows robust digestion efficiency and low levels of protocol induced PTMs. Graphical abstract ![]()
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20
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Della Ventura B, Banchelli M, Funari R, Illiano A, De Angelis M, Taroni P, Amoresano A, Matteini P, Velotta R. Biosensor surface functionalization by a simple photochemical immobilization of antibodies: experimental characterization by mass spectrometry and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2020; 144:6871-6880. [PMID: 31686068 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00443b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface functionalization is a key step in biosensing since it is the basis of an effective analyte recognition. Among all the bioreceptors, antibodies (Abs) play a key role thanks to their superior specificity, although the available immobilization strategies suffer from several drawbacks. When gold is the interacting surface, the recently introduced Photochemical Immobilization Technique (PIT) has been shown to be a quick, easy-to-use and very effective method to tether Abs oriented upright by means of thiols produced via tryptophan mediated disulphide bridge reduction. Although the molecular mechanism of this process is quite well identified, the detailed morphology of the immobilized antibodies is still elusive due to inherent difficulties related to the microscopy imaging of Abs. The combination of Mass Spectrometry, Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Ellman's assay demonstrates that Abs irradiated under the conditions in which PIT is realized show only two effective disulphide bridges available for binding. They are located in the constant region of the immunoglobulin light chain so that the most likely position Ab assumes is side-on, i.e. with one Fab (i.e. the antigen binding portion of the antibody) exposed to the solution. This is not a limitation of the recognition efficiency in view of the intrinsic flexibility of the Ab structure, which makes the free Fab able to sway in the solution, a feature of great importance in many biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Della Ventura
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 - Milano, Italy
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21
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A disposable fiber optic SPR probe for immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 144:111621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Groysbeck N, Stoessel A, Donzeau M, da Silva EC, Lehmann M, Strub JM, Cianferani S, Dembélé K, Zuber G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2.4 nm thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles conjugated to Cetuximab for targeting glioblastoma cancer cells via the EGFR. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:184005. [PMID: 30650397 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaff0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies benefit to patients and the conjugation to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) might bring additional activities to these macromolecules. However, the behavior of the conjugate will largely depend on the bulkiness of the AuNP and small sizes are moreover preferable for diffusion. Water-soluble thiolate-protected AuNPs having diameters of 2-3 nm can be synthesized with narrow polydispersity and can selectively react with incoming organic thiols via a SN2-like mechanism. We therefore synthesized a mixed thionitrobenzoic acid- , thioaminobenzoic acid-monolayered AuNP of 2.4 nm in diameter and developed a site-selective conjugation strategy to link the AuNP to Cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody used in clinic. The water-soluble 80 kDa AuNP was fully characterized and then reacted to the hinge area of Cetuximab, which was selectively reduced using mild concentration of TCEP. The conjugation proceeded smoothly and could be analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating the formation of a 1:1 AuNP-IgG conjugate as the main product. When added to EGFR expressing glioblastoma cells, the AuNP-Cetuximab conjugate selectively bound to the cell surface receptor, inhibited EGFR autophosphorylation and entered into endosomes like Cetuximab. Altogether, we describe a simple and robust protocol for a site-directed conjugation of a thiolate-protected AuNP to Cetuximab, which could be easily monitored, thereby allowing to assess the quality of the product formation. The conjugated 2.4 nm AuNP did not majorly affect the biological behavior of Cetuximab, but provided it with the electronic properties of the AuNP. This offers the ability to detect the tagged antibody and opens application for targeted cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Groysbeck
- Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, UMR 7242, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, F-67400 Illkirch, France
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23
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Duran B, Castañeda E, Armijo F. Development of an electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor for Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) using half-antibody fragments as elements of biorecognition. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:171-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Gupta J, Hoque M, Ahmad MF, Khan RH, Saleemuddin M. Acid pH promotes bispecific antibody formation by the redox procedure. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:469-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Iwamoto N, Yonezawa A, Matsubara K, Shimada T. Acceleration of nano-surface and molecular-orientation limited (nSMOL) proteolysis with acidified reduction pretreatment for quantification of Tocilizumab. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:467-474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Lee HJ, Kim JY, Roh YH, Kim SM, Bong KW. Linker-free antibody conjugation for sensitive hydrogel microparticle-based multiplex immunoassay. Analyst 2019; 144:6712-6720. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01243e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphically encoded hydrogel microparticles were directly conjugated with reduced antibodies without linkers for highly sensitive multiplex immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jee Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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27
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Alonso R, Jiménez-Meneses P, García-Rupérez J, Bañuls MJ, Maquieira Á. Thiol–ene click chemistry towards easy microarraying of half-antibodies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6144-6147. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UV light catalyses in a few seconds the thiol–ene coupling reaction between half-antibodies and vinyl functionalized surfaces, providing high performance microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Alonso
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
| | - Pilar Jiménez-Meneses
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
| | | | - María-José Bañuls
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Departamento de Química
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- Universitat de València
- Valencia
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Moelleken J, Endesfelder M, Gassner C, Lingke S, Tomaschek S, Tyshchuk O, Lorenz S, Reiff U, Mølhøj M. GingisKHAN™ protease cleavage allows a high-throughput antibody to Fab conversion enabling direct functional assessment during lead identification of human monoclonal and bispecific IgG1 antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:1076-1087. [PMID: 28805498 PMCID: PMC5627592 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1364325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the binding strength of immunoglobulins (IgGs) to targets can be influenced by avidity when the targets are soluble di- or multimeric proteins, or associated to cell surfaces, including surfaces introduced from heterogeneous assays. However, for the understanding of the contribution of a second drug-to-target binding site in molecular design, or for ranking of monovalent binders during lead identification, affinity-based assessment of the binding strength is required. Typically, monovalent binders like antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) are generated by proteolytic cleavage with papain, which often results in a combination of under- and over-digestion, and requires specific optimization and chromatographic purification of the desired Fabs. Alternatively, the Fabs are produced by recombinant approaches. Here, we report a lean approach for the functional assessment of human IgG1s during lead identification based on an in-solution digestion with the GingisKHAN™ protease, generating a homogenous pool of intact Fabs and Fcs and enabling direct assaying of the Fab in the digestion mixture. The digest with GingisKHAN™ is highly specific and quantitative, does not require much optimization, and the protease does not interfere with methods typically applied for lead identification, such as surface plasmon resonance or cell-based assays. GingisKHAN™ is highly suited to differentiate between affinity and avidity driven binding of human IgG1 monoclonal and bispecific antibodies during lead identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Moelleken
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Endesfelder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gassner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Lingke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Simone Tomaschek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Tyshchuk
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Reiff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
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Muraki M, Hirota K. Site-specific chemical conjugation of human Fas ligand extracellular domain using trans-cyclooctene - methyltetrazine reactions. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:56. [PMID: 28673349 PMCID: PMC5496246 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fas ligand plays a key role in the human immune system as a major cell death inducing protein. The extracellular domain of human Fas ligand (hFasLECD) triggers apoptosis of malignant cells, and therefore is expected to have substantial potentials in medical biotechnology. However, the current application of this protein to clinical medicine is hampered by a shortage of the benefits relative to the drawbacks including the side-effects in systemic administration. Effective procedures for the engineering of the protein by attaching useful additional functions are required to overcome the problem. Results A procedure for the site-specific chemical conjugation of hFasLECD with a fluorochrome and functional proteins was devised using an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction between trans-cyclooctene group and methyltetrazine group. The conjugations in the present study were attained by using much less molar excess amounts of the compounds to be attached as compared with the conventional chemical modification reactions using maleimide derivatives in the previous study. The isolated conjugates of hFasLECD with sulfo-Cy3, avidin and rabbit IgG Fab’ domain presented the functional and the structural integrities of the attached molecules without impairing the specific binding activity toward human Fas receptor extracellular domain. Conclusions The present study provided a new fundamental strategy for the production of the engineered hFasLECDs with additional beneficial functions, which will lead to the developments of the improved diagnostic systems and the effective treatment methods of serious diseases by using this protein as a component of novel molecular tools. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-017-0381-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiro Muraki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Kiyonori Hirota
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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