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Chandrappa SM, Xie L, Andueza SG, Sadeghi H, Rashid MH, Niazi M, Qiao K, Dong Q, Vincenti L, Ricci A, Pascottini OB, Opsomer G. Effect of type of anticoagulant, transportation time, and glucose in the culture media on neutrophil viability and function test results in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311742. [PMID: 39388447 PMCID: PMC11466419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In dairy cattle research, in vitro assessment of innate immune function is commonly evaluated by flow cytometry via the quantitative analysis of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functionalities specifically focusing on the capacities for phagocytosis (PC) and oxidative burst (OB). Variations in these PMN functions, however, may not only be influenced by the health status of the animals but also by technical, non-animal related factors. Our objectives were to assess the PMN viability, PC and OB capacities from blood samples collected in tubes coated with different anticoagulants (acid citrate dextrose (ACD) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)) and stored for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h at 4°C (to mimic transportation timeframe). Furthermore, we evaluated the PMN functionalities (PC and OB) in samples incubated in culture medium with glucose (7.2 mM) versus no glucose. Over five replicates, coccygeal blood samples were collected from three nulliparous Holstein heifers (5 ACD and 5 EDTA per heifer) and allocated in a refrigerated container (4°C) for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. At each time point, PMN were isolated using gradient centrifugation. Immunolabeled PMN (CH138A) were subjected to a tricolor fluorescent staining to evaluate their viability (viable, apoptotic, and necrotic PMN). Phagocytosis and OB were assessed by incubating PMN with fluorescent beads and by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation, respectively. The effects of anticoagulant type, storage time, and presence of glucose in the culture medium on PMN viability and function parameters were fitted in mixed linear regression models. The proportion of viable PMN at 0 h was similar for ACD and EDTA (92 ± 4.6% and 93 ± 4.6%, respectively) but it decreased to 78 ± 4.6% for ACD and 79 ± 4.6% for EDTA after 6 h of storage. The proportion of viable PMN was not different between ACD and EDTA at any time point. The proportion of PMN that engulfed beads (PC percentage) and the PC median fluorescence intensity (MFI) reached their highest value after 3 h of storage compared with the other time points. However, the anticoagulant type (ACD versus EDTA) and the presence of glucose in the culture medium did not influence these PC parameters. Oxidative burst MFI was higher in PMN incubated in glucose-supplemented culture medium versus no glucose. We demonstrated that technical factors interfere with the evaluation of PMN viability and functionality, which can potentially lead to bias in the findings of a research hypothesis. To conclude, the present study showed that the optimal timeframe for performing PMN function analyses is within 3 hours after blood sampling. Furthermore, the presence of 7.2 mM glucose in the culture medium, a common concentration in formulation of cell culture medium, increases the in vitro OB capacity, potentially masking any impairments in in vivo PMN dysfunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Malledevarahalli Chandrappa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Lei Xie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Gonzalez Andueza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hafez Sadeghi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Rashid
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mehrnaz Niazi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaixi Qiao
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leila Vincenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium
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Connelly AN, Huijbregts RPH, Pal HC, Kuznetsova V, Davis MD, Ong KL, Fay CX, Greene ME, Overton ET, Hel Z. Optimization of methods for the accurate characterization of whole blood neutrophils. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3667. [PMID: 35256648 PMCID: PMC8901620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocyte population with critical roles in immune defense, regulation of innate and adaptive immune systems, and disease pathogenesis. Our progress in understanding precise mechanisms of neutrophil activation, recruitment, and function has been hampered by the lack of optimized and standardized methods for the characterization and phenotyping of this readily activated population. By comparing eight methods of neutrophil characterization, we demonstrate that the level of neutrophil activation and degranulation is associated with specific experimental conditions and the number and type of manipulation steps employed. Staining whole blood at 4 °C and removal of remaining unbound antibodies prior to one-step fixation and red blood cell lysis minimizes neutrophil activation, decreases phenotypic alterations during processing, and prevents nonspecific antibody binding. The effects of anticoagulants used for collection, processing delays, and time and temperature during sample analysis on neutrophil phenotype are addressed. The presented data provide a foundation for higher quality standards of neutrophil characterization improving consistency and reproducibility among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Connelly
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Richard P. H. Huijbregts
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Harish C. Pal
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Valeriya Kuznetsova
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Marcus D. Davis
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Krystle L. Ong
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Christian X. Fay
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Morgan E. Greene
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Edgar T. Overton
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Division of Infectious Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Zdenek Hel
- grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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3
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Castro-Herrera VM, Lown M, Fisk HL, Owen-Jones E, Lau M, Lowe R, Hood K, Gillespie D, Hobbs FDR, Little P, Butler CC, Miles EA, Calder PC. Relationships Between Age, Frailty, Length of Care Home Residence and Biomarkers of Immunity and Inflammation in Older Care Home Residents in the United Kingdom. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:599084. [PMID: 35821989 PMCID: PMC9261419 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.599084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with changes to the immune system, collectively termed immunosenescence and inflammageing. However, the relationships among age, frailty, and immune parameters in older people resident in care homes are not well described. We assessed immune and inflammatory parameters in 184 United Kingdom care home residents aged over 65 years and how they relate to age, frailty index, and length of care home residence. Linear regression was used to identify the independent contribution of age, frailty, and length of care home residence to the various immune parameters as dependent variables. Participants had a mean age (±SD) of 85.3 ± 7.5 years, had been residing in the care home for a mean (±SD) of 1.9 ± 2.2 years at the time of study commencement, and 40.7% were severely frail. Length of care home residence and frailty index were correlated but age and frailty index and age and length of care home residence were not significantly correlated. All components of the full blood count, apart from total lymphocytes, were within the reference range; 31% of participants had blood lymphocyte numbers below the lower value of the reference range. Among the components of the full blood count, platelet numbers were positively associated with frailty index. Amongst plasma inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), soluble E-selectin and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) were positively associated with frailty. Plasma soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), IP-10 and tumor necrosis factor receptor II (TNFRII) were positively associated with age. Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was positively associated with length of care home residence. Frailty was an independent predictor of platelet numbers, plasma CRP, IL-1ra, IP-10, and sE-selectin. Age was an independent predictor of activated monocytes and plasma IP-10, TNFRII and sVCAM-1. Length of care home residence was an independent predictor of plasma MCP-1. This study concludes that there are independent links between increased frailty and inflammation and between increased age and inflammation amongst older people resident in care homes in the United Kingdom. Since, inflammation is known to contribute to morbidity and mortality in older people, the causes and consequences of inflammation in this population should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Castro-Herrera
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Vivian M. Castro-Herrera,
| | - Mark Lown
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena L. Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleri Owen-Jones
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Lau
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F. D. Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Little
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Castro-Herrera VM, Fisk HL, Wootton M, Lown M, Owen-Jones E, Lau M, Lowe R, Hood K, Gillespie D, Hobbs FDR, Little P, Butler CC, Miles EA, Calder PC. Combination of the Probiotics Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 Has Limited Effect on Biomarkers of Immunity and Inflammation in Older People Resident in Care Homes: Results From the Probiotics to Reduce Infections iN CarE home reSidentS Randomized, Controlled Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643321. [PMID: 33746986 PMCID: PMC7969511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in many components of the immune system (immunosenescence). Probiotics may improve the immune response in older people. The objective was to determine the effect of the combination of two probiotic organisms [Lacticaseibacillus (previously known as Lactobacillus) rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12 (BB-12)] on a range of immune biomarkers measured in the blood of older people resident in care homes in the UK. In a randomized controlled trial, older people [aged 67-97 (mean 86) years] resident in care homes received the combination of LGG+BB-12 (1.3-1.6 × 109 CFU per day) or placebo for up to 12 months. Full blood count, blood immune cell phenotypes, plasma immune mediator concentrations, phagocytosis, and blood culture responses to immune stimulation were all measured. Response to seasonal influenza vaccination was measured in a subset of participants. Paired samples (i.e., before and after intervention) were available for 30 participants per group. LGG and BB-12 were more likely to be present in feces in the probiotic group and were present at higher numbers. There was no significant effect of the probiotics on components of the full blood count, blood immune cell phenotypes, plasma immune mediator concentrations, phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, and blood culture responses to immune stimulation. There was an indication that the probiotics improved the response to seasonal influenza vaccination with significantly (p = 0.04) higher seroconversion to the A/Michigan/2015 vaccine strain in the probiotic group than in the placebo group (47 vs. 15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Castro-Herrera
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena L Fisk
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Wootton
- Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lown
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Eleri Owen-Jones
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy Lau
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Gillespie
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F D Richard Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Little
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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5
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Krabbe J, Beilmann V, Alamzad-Krabbe H, Böll S, Seifert A, Ruske N, Kraus T, Martin C. Blood collection technique, anticoagulants and storing temperature have minor effects on the isolation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14646. [PMID: 32887919 PMCID: PMC7474093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the isolation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) the technique and other external factors can have great influence on the quality and quantity of isolated neutrophils. To elucidate the influence of the blood collection technique, anticoagulants and storing temperature on isolated PMNs healthy volunteers provided blood samples with different needles and collection techniques, anticoagulants (EDTA, heparin, citrate) and storing temperatures (4, 22, 37 °C). From each blood sample PMNs were isolated and compared regarding number of PMNs and oxidative burst. The blood collection technique, anticoagulants and storing temperature had minor impact on isolated PMNs. All three tested cannulas and anticoagulants can be used to obtain blood samples for PMN isolation. For storing temperatures 37 °C should be preferred. Regarding time between the PMN isolation and the actual experiments, a time span of maximum 1 h should be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krabbe
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Viktor Beilmann
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanif Alamzad-Krabbe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Svenja Böll
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Ruske
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Martin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Quach A, Glowik S, Putty T, Ferrante A. Delayed Blood Processing Leads to Rapid Deterioration in the Measurement of the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst by the Dihydrorhodamine‐123 Reduction Assay. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 96:389-396. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Quach
- Department of ImmunopathologySA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine and The Robinson Research InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Shannon Glowik
- Department of ImmunopathologySA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesDivision of Health Sciences, University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Trishni Putty
- Department of ImmunopathologySA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of ImmunopathologySA Pathology at the Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Medicine and The Robinson Research InstituteUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Navas A, Giraldo-Parra L, Prieto MD, Cabrera J, Gómez MA. Phenotypic and functional stability of leukocytes from human peripheral blood samples: considerations for the design of immunological studies. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:5. [PMID: 30658588 PMCID: PMC6339328 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are extensively used for research of immune cell functions, identification of biomarkers and development of diagnostics and therapeutics for human diseases, among others. The assumption that “old blood samples” are not appropriate for isolation of PBMCs for functional assays has been a dogma in the scientific community. However, partial data on the impact of time after phlebotomy on the quality and stability of human PBMCs preparations impairs the design of studies in which time-controlled blood sampling is challenging such as field studies involving multiple sampling centers/sites. In this study, we evaluated the effect of time after phlebotomy over a 24 h time course, on the stability of human blood leukocytes used for immunological analyses. Blood samples from eight healthy adult volunteers were obtained and divided into four aliquots, each of which was left in gentle agitation at room temperature (24 °C) for 2 h (control), 7 h, 12 h and 24 h post phlebotomy. All samples at each time point were independently processed for quantification of mononuclear cell subpopulations, cellular viability, gene expression and cytokine secretion. Results A 24 h time delay in blood sample processing did not affect the viability of PBMCs. However, a significantly lower frequency of CD3+ T cells (p < 0.05) and increased LPS-induced CXCL10 secretion were observed at 12 h post-phlebotomy. Alterations in TNFα, CCL8, CCR2 and CXCL10 gene expression were found as early as 7 h after blood sample procurement. Conclusions These data reveal previously unrecognized early time-points for sample processing control, and provide an assay-specific time reference for the design of studies that involve immunological analyses of human blood samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-019-0286-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Navas
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lina Giraldo-Parra
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | - Miguel Darío Prieto
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juliana Cabrera
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia.,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - María Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas-CIDEIM, Cali, Colombia. .,Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.
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